Participación de enfermeros(as) de la Región de las Américas en una capacitación virtual sobre liderazgo / Participation of nurses from the Region of the Americas in a leadership virtual training / Participação de enfermeiros(as) da Região das Américas em uma capacitação virtual sobre liderança

Resumen Objetivo Analizar la participación de los enfermeros(as) de la Región de las Américas en la iniciativa para desarrollar el liderazgo de enfermería en la Región, a través de un curso virtual de autoaprendizaje. Método Estudio descriptivo, cuantitativo con descripciones cualitativas de datos obtenidos del Campus Virtual de Salud Pública de la OPS/OMS por medio de la Encuesta de calidad del CVSP - cursos de autoaprendizaje del Curso Virtual de Liderazgo en Enfermería: Empoderamiento de los (las) enfermeros(as) líderes en Latinoamérica. Se calcularon medidas de estadística descriptiva. Resultados Participaron en este curso de agosto de 2015 a julio del 2018, tres mil 348 enfermeros. Del total, Ecuador, México y Colombia representan juntos el 83.1% de la participación. Solamente, 8.7% de los participantes en el curso reportaron específicamente que tienen cargos de liderazgo. El curso fue útil para las personas que tienen barreras relacionadas con el acceso a la educación permanente. Discusión La mayor participación en algunos países puede deberse a mayor difusión de estos cursos o del acceso a la plataforma virtual. El entorno virtual tiene beneficios y puede colaborar con el entrenamiento del recurso humano en salud, ya que muchos de ellos tienen barreras físicas para desarrollar sus habilidades profesionales. Conclusiones El entorno virtual colaboró, de forma significativa en la práctica de estos profesionales. Además, fue una iniciativa de fortalecimiento de la enfermería con enfoque en la formación de líderes y puede ser aprovechado para la formulación de futuros programas de educación.

Abstract Objective To analyze the participation of nurses from the Region of the Americas in a nursing leadership development initiative which uses a self-learning virtual training. Method This is a descriptive and quantitative study with qualitative descriptions on data obtained from the Virtual Campus for Public Health PAHO/WHO (VCPH) with the VCPH quality survey - self-learning courses of the Virtual Training of Nursing Leadership: empowerment of nurse leaders in Latin-America. Descriptive statistics were calculated. Results 3348 nurses participated in this course from august 2015 to july 2018. The nurses from Ecuador, Mexico, and Colombia represented 83.1% of the total participation. Only 8.7% reported having a leadership position specifically. The course was found useful among those persons with barriers related to the access to a permanent education. Discussion The larger participation in some countries could be the result of the broader diffusion and access to virtual platforms. The advantages of using a virtual environment include the possibility to further strengthen the training of health human resources, particularly of those with physical barriers related to the development of professional skills. Conclusions The training in a virtual environment strengthened the practice skills of the professionals enrolled in the course. Further education programs can take advantage of this kind of platforms to better prepare the future nursing leaders.

Resumo Objetivo Analisar a participação dos enfermeiros(as) da Região das Américas na iniciativa de desenvolver a liderança de enfermagem na Região, através de um curso virtual de autoaprendizagem. Método Estudo descritivo, quantitativo com descrições qualitativas de dados obtidos do Campus Virtual de Saúde Pública da OPS/OMS por meio da Enquete de qualidade do CVSP - cursos de autoaprendizagem do Curso Virtual de Liderança em Enfermagem: Empoderamento dos(as) enfermeiros(as) líderes na América Latina. Calcularam-se medidas de estatística descritiva. Resultados Participaram neste curso de agosto de 2015 a julho de 2018, três mil 348 enfermeiros. Do total, o Equador, o México e a Colômbia representam juntos o 83.1% da participação. Somente, 8.7% dos participantes no curso reportaram especificamente que têm cargos de liderança. O curso foi útil para as pessoas que têm barreiras relacionadas com o acesso à educação permanente. Discussão A maior participação em alguns países pode se dever a maior difusão destes cursos ou do acesso à plataforma virtual. O entorno virtual tem benefícios e pode colaborar com o treinamento do recurso humano em saúde, já que muitos deles têm barreiras físicas para desenvolver suas habilidades profissionais. Conclusões O entorno virtual colaborou, de forma significativa na prática destes profissionais. Aliás, foi uma iniciativa de fortalecimento da enfermagem com enfoque na formação de líderes e pode ser aproveitado para a formulação de futuros programas de educação.

[Computer aided instruction on medication administration]. / Enseñar la administración de medicamentos con ayuda de la informática.

The authors describe an educational software program to use to administer medicines. They describe how a computer can help become an educational resource in nursing and the phases used to develop and evaluate this program. This program has five modules: 1. General instruction, 2. Avoiding errors, 3. Procedures, materials and supervision, 4. Possible complications, 5. Professional orientation; in addition, there is a summary module. This system has a total of 27 study units, 7 knowledge tests, 17 videos, and 34 photos. 24 students in undergraduate nursing were the study group on which this program was evaluated. Results were positive and some suggestions to improve this program were obtained. The authors concluded that this study is an improvement in teaching since this proposes a technological innovation which has possibilities for future development and due to its application of the latest technology for the nursing profession.

[Development and evaluation of an educational software for pediatric nursing education]. / Desenvolvimento e avaliação de um software educacional para o ensino de enfermagem pediátrica.

Computer Science is being introduced in education at an accelerated pace, thus forcing educators and students to become familiarized with such technology. This study aimed at the development and evaluation of the educational software "Children and medication". The program utilizes multimedia resources in four topics: the child, medication, the person who administers and administration of medication. The evaluation showed a large acceptance of the program, with most of the items being rated as excellent. We emphasize the importance of the development of teaching strategies utilizing computer resources in nursing education and in the development of nurses for the new millenium.

[Nursing responsibility in the administration of medications: some thoughts about a safe practice with care quality]. / Responsabilidade da enfermagem na administração de medicamentos: algumas reflexões para uma prática segura com qualidade de assistência.

A nursing role that is worthy of reflection is the administration of medications, as it involves legal and ethical aspects of impact on professional practice. Errors in the administration of medications point out the responsibility of the nursing category. An adequate performance of this role enables the prevention of real errors. The purpose of this study was to analyze nursing responsibilities in the administration of medications through a bibliographical research in the Medline and Lilacs data bases (1997/1999). Results showed the lack of published works on this theme and, therefore, the need for reflections on nursing professionals participation in the administration of medications, especially concerning publications.

[Internet and nursing: development of a site on drug administration]. / A internet e a enfermagem: construção de um site sobre administração de medicamentos.

This study identified existent sites in the internet about Administration of Medications and developed and evaluated a specific site of this thematic. Of the 158 existent and available sites in the database of the Alta Vista search, 17 of these presented some relationship with pharmacology, marketing and information about drugs, technologies and rules of the medication. After that a site was developed and named The process of Administration of Medications in focus which goal was to present investigations conducted by a group about the following topics: errors, technology, complications, study group and the team. The evaluation of this site was made by 2 analyst of systems, 2 computer science technicians and 4 nursing professors and it showed that the quality of the pages, the time of answer, the link, images and content were considered between excellent and satisfactory.

[Critical thinking: a focus in nursing education]. / Pensamento crítico: um enfoque na educação de enfermagem.

In this study we identify and analyse articles published in national and international journals, that used the term "critical thinking" in the title or summary. The aim of the analysis was to seek answers to educators' queries as to how to improve teaching-learning the process in nursing. We analysed 52 articles published in the indexes Comprehensive Medline, Lilacs and Cinahl, in the last five years, from July, 1992 to July, 1997. Data analysis showed that critical thinking should be implemented in nursing education, what demands syllabus planning and teaching-learning strategies that will favour active participation by both educators and learners.

[Intramuscular administration of drugs: skills of pharmacy personnel]. / Administração de medicamentos injetáveis por via intramuscular: conhecimento dos ocupacionais de farmácias.

Complications from the incorrect administration of intramuscular injections can cause serious organic damages, infections and increase the patient's permanence in health institution or to harm the functions in the work. The previous study detected several cases of patients with local complications after administration of diclofenac in pharmacies and it concluded that the lack of knowledge of this technique can be the causes of these complications. This current study objectives to identify and evaluate the level of knowledge of the professional that administer medications in pharmacies of Ribeirão Preto--SP. The study constituted in a survey, from a questionnaire with 20 open and closed questions, applied to a population constituted for occupational working in pharmacies, selected through the method of the sampling, resulting in a total of 41 pharmacies. It was concluded that the population is receiving medications from occupationals, without a specific formation and with deficit of knowledge regarding the technique. The subjects referred not to receive training to exercise that procedure, learning it with other employee or observing somebody that accomplishes it. It results knowledge gaps that can cause complications in the population that uses the services of those institutions.

[Errors in drug administration: knowledge diffusion and identification of the patients as important aspects]. / Erros na administração de medicamentos: divulgação de conhecimentos e identificação do paciente como aspectos relevantes.

The administration of medications is a multi-system process. Errors can happen in all the stages of that process. Strategies can be used and it should be published to minimize the occurrence of errors. This study had the following objectives: to identify and to analyze publications with themes about the administration of medication in nursing, hospital and pharmacy journals and to verify the identification in the bed and in the patients' forearm in impatient clinics. To reach the first objective it was realized a revision of the literature in three journals of larger national circulation of the described areas, in the period from 1987 to 1997. The identified articles were classified in 5 types: nursing staff, teaching, medications, research and technique. It was identified 19 articles on the thematic studied, being 42.1% of these related to the technical aspects of the administration of medications. To reach the second objective it was taken an investigation of one day, chosen accidentally, being verified the identification of the beds and the patients in the 360 beds of the institution. Of these, 74.7% were busy and 75.8% properly identified. It was observed that 23.8% of the patients have gotten bracelet of placed identification, in the day previous to the surgery and not in the moment of the hospitalization. The results evidenced the need to increase the publication of the studies about errors and to increase actions that minimize the occurrence of errors in the medication in impatient patients.

[Living in constant conflict: the meaning of teaching in intermediate nursing courses]. / Vivendo em constante conflito: o significado da prática docente no ensino médio de enfermagem.

This study was a result of the author's inquiries and reflections, aiming at understanding the meaning that nurses teaching in secondary Nursing courses give to their job. Considering the nature of the problem, this qualitative study used the Grounded Theory as its methodological framework. Data were collected by means of both observation and semi-structured interviews with nine teachers from three schools located in areas of the states of Minas Gerais and São Paulo that offer courses to technicians and/or auxiliary nurses. Data analysis enabled the identification of the "LIVING IN CONSTANT CONFLICT" process as the central theme, especially if we consider that the teachers showed ambiguous feelings and actions regarding their professional practice.

[Medication errors: prevention strategies]. / Erros na medicação: estratégias de prevenção.

Medication errors are an important aspect of health care. The American Institute of Medicine informs that 44,000 to 98,000 Americans die annually as a result of medication errors and that such errors affect 2 to 14% of hospitalized patients. The American Society of Hospital Pharmacists presents strategies that, if implemented, can prevent or reduce medication errors. This review discusses four strategies: electronic prescription, the pharmacist's role, the report of errors and the patient's role. A non-punitive culture that prioritizes patient's safety should be stimulated in institutions.

[Children and medications: educational software on drug administration in pediatrics]. / A criança e o medicamento: software educacional sobre administração de medicamentos em pediatria.

The purpose of this study is the development and evaluation of an educational software on the administration of pediatric medicaments called "Children and medication". The pedagogical framework of Robert M. Gagné and the Three Stages Model, proposed by Price (1991) to develop CAI programs, were used. The software utilizes multimedia resources and is composed of four topics: the child, the medicament, the person who administers it and the administering of the medication. After the development of the program, it went through an evaluation process which was divided in three phases and had the participation of system analyst professionals and the target population to which the software was designed. Data analysis of the software showed that most of the items received excellent approval by the evaluators. It was observed that the software was accepted by the users and that it contributed for the nursing teaching of pediatric medicament administering through a new resource.

[Nursing research, an active process in nursing]. / Pesquisar em enfermagem: um processo de ação da enfermeira.

Nursing knowledge can be produced through academic, assistance and collaborative model. There are few Nursing services in Brazil that stimulate research production by clinical nurses. This study aims to analyze declarations of nurses about the process of conducting research on their work places, having as a framework the symbolic interactionism. The data was collected through interviews with eleven nurses. The analysis led to the process of researching with six phases: the situation; the perception; the interpretation; the act; the manipulation and the consumation. The authors concluded that nurses interact with themselves and others, defining and interpreting their situation, their own actions as well as the other's. Through defining and interpreting the situation, they build their actions directed or not to activities related to research according to the meaning given by them to this "social object".

[The most common errors and risk factors in the administration of medicines at basic health units]. / Erros mais comuns e fatores de risco na administração de medicamentos em unidades básicas de saúde.

The present study identified and analyzed the opinions of nurses and nursing professionals about the more common risk factors regarding errors in medicine administration as well as the consequences, interventions and measures to minimize this problem. Therefore, the authors applied an instrument of data collection with questions on the opinions of the nursing professionals who work at the Basic Health Units from a city of the state of São Paulo. Results showed that the risk factors associated to the professional were lack of attention and difficulty to understand medical prescriptions. The interventions were related to punishment and education and the proposals to minimize the occurrences were orientation and up-date of the involved professionals.

[The computer in nursing education--analysis of the attitudes of students of university schools]. / O computador no ensino de enfermagem--análise das atitudes de discentes de instituições de nível superior.

This study aims at identifying and analyzing the attitudes by students from different institutions regarding the use of the computer in Nursing teaching. Methodology consisted in the elaboration, application and analysis of Likert scales distributed among students of the eighth semester in higher education institutions at the cities of Ribeirão Preto and Bauru. Results indicated the computer as one of the main resources for nursing teaching and the simulation as an excellent bridge between theory and practice as well as the educational softwares useful and interesting. Authors verified the high level of interest and positive attitudes regarding the employment of computer resources in nursing teaching.

[Teaching of scientific methods in eight nursing schools of the south east region of Brazil]. / O ensino da metodologia científica em oito escolas de enfermagem da região sudeste.

Few are the courses of professional formation in nursing that consider teaching activities of the scientific method in the nursing curriculum. This qualitative study identified the real situation of eight undergraduate courses of the southeast region related to the teaching of scientific method. We conclude that, in schools, the discipline in study is compulsory, being denominated Methodology of Nursing Research. The analysed content includes the phases of the research project and the teaching strategy employed was the lecture classes. The evaluations employed were: critical analysis of scientific texts and individual texts. Teachers indicated the importance of a monography at the end of the course and an option for the division of the content in two disciplines with a schedule of 45 hours each.

[Experiences in special training programs in the education of undergraduate nursing students]. / A experiência do programa especial de treinamento na educação de estudantes de graduação em enfermagem.

This study presents the experience of the Special Training Program of the University os São Paulo at Ribeirão Preto College of Nursing-Brazil, since 1989. It is a program, directed to a group of twelve undergraduate students who show potential, abilities and interest. It provides under the orientation of a tutor-professor, the conditions to perform extra-curriculum activities, and develop scientific studies. The activities carried out by this group of students are: a course of foreign language, weekly meetings with the tutor, scientific investigation under the orientation of a teacher and discussion of scientific themes. These students act like of multiplication agent, disseminating ideas and practices borrowed from other students. The program has an excellent reputation in the brazilian academic area, and some of the ex-students are attending graduate programs, and according to its participants, it provides a personal and professional growth, through promoting activities that lead to the integration of the academic formation and the future professional activity.

[Attitudes towards scientific research among nursing students from 3 schools from the Sao Paulo countryside]. / Atitudes acerca da pesquisa científica entre estudantes de enfermagem de três escolas do interior do estado de São Paulo.

The nursing research among undergraduate students develop the logical and critical thinking that are important to the professional. So, it is necessary to have content about research in the beginning of the undergraduate courses. The quantitative study identified the attitudes about nursing research of the undergraduate students. It was investigated 248 undergraduate students of the 1o., 3o. 8o. semesters in three nursing schools of the São Paulo State. It was utilized Likert Scales as a instrument of data collection. The results showed that the students have responsible attitudes of the research. The students from the 1o. semesters are less conscious about the results of research comparable to the intuition and personal experience. They are interested in of discuss the results of the research with colleagues. Most of the students agree that is fundamental to conduct research with the faulty members.

[Communication during injections in children. Interactions between mothers-and-children and nurses' aides]. / O processo de comunicação na administração de medicações injetáveis em crianças sob a perspectiva da interação entre mãe-criança e auxiliares de enfermagem.

In this qualitative study, we have analysed the communication established between mother-child and the nursing auxiliary personal in situations of injection medication in children. Data were classified according to the FORREST Theoretical Model. The non participative observation method was used with field note in twelve situations. The prevalence of blocking categories was confirmed as Disapproval, Depreciation and Tranquilizing the mother with stereotyped comments. The facilitating categories show subcategories such as recognizing feelings and presence of child clarifying and orientating mother or the responsible person. Authors concluded that there was prevalence of blocking categories when verbal communication resources were not used to interact with mother and child, without establishing a relationship of friendship and confidence and making the relation ineffective.