Towards a core outcome set for cranioplasty following traumatic brain injury and stroke 'A systematic review of reported outcomes'.

Background: There is wide-ranging published literature around cranioplasty following traumatic brain injury (TBI) and stroke, but the heterogeneity of outcomes limits the ability for meta-analysis. Consensus on appropriate outcome measures has not been reached, and given the clinical and research interest, a core outcome set (COS) would be beneficial. Objectives: To collate outcomes currently reported across the cranioplasty literature which will subsequently be used in developing a cranioplasty COS. Methods: This systematic review adhered to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement. All full-text English studies with more than ten patients (prospective) or more than 20 patients (retrospective) published after 1990 examining outcomes in CP were eligible for inclusion. Results: The review included 205 studies from which 202 verbatim outcomes were extracted, grouped into 52 domains, and categorised into one or more of the OMERACT 2.0 framework core area(s). The total numbers of studies that reported outcomes in the core areas are 192 (94%) pathophysiological manifestations/ 114 (56%) resource use/economic impact/ 94 (46%) life impact/mortality 20 (10%). In addition, there are 61 outcome measures used in the 205 studies across all domains. Conclusion: This study shows considerable heterogeneity in the types of outcomes used across the cranioplasty literature, demonstrating the importance and necessity of developing a COS to help standardise reporting across the literature.

Apathetic symptoms and white matter integrity after traumatic brain injury.

PRIMARY OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was twofold. First, to study the relationship among apathy in the long term, initial clinical measures, and standard outcome scores after traumatic brain injury (TBI). Second, to describe white matter integrity correlates of apathy symptoms. RESEARCH DESIGN: Correlational study. Methods and Procedures: Correlation and Bayesian networks analyses were performed in a sample of 40 patients with moderate to severe TBI in order to identify the relationship among clinical variables, functionality, and apathy. A diffusion tensor imaging study was developed in 25 participants to describe correlations between fractional anisotropy (FA) measures and apathetic symptoms. MAIN OUTCOMES AND RESULTS: Correlation analysis revealed associations between pairs of variables as apathy in the long term and functional score at discharge from hospital. Bayesian network illustrated the relevant role of axonal injury mediating the relationship between apathy and initial clinical variables. FA in the superior longitudinal fasciculus, the inferior longitudinal fasciculus, and the internal capsule were negatively correlated with apathy measures. Widespread brain areas showed positive correlations between FA and apathy. CONCLUSIONS: These results highlight the relevance of white matter integrity measures in initial assessment after TBI and its relationship with apathetic manifestations in the chronic phase.

¿Existe correlación clínica o radiológica a la existencia de inflamación detectable histológicamente en el disco lumbar herniado? Resultados de una serie consecutiva de pacientes operados de hernia discal lumbar / Is there a clinical or radiological correlate to the histological evidence of an inflammatory infiltrate in the herniated disc? Results of a consecutive series of patients surgically treated of herniated lumbar disc

Objetivo: Establecer la relevancia clínica de la presencia de infiltrados de células inflamatorias evidenciables histológicamente en muestras de hernias de disco lumbares operadas. Material y método: Se obtuvieron muestras de discos lumbares de 50 pacientes operados de forma consecutiva durante el año 2012. Se recogieron los datos clínicos y epidemiológicos de los pacientes antes de la cirugía, el tiempo de evolución de los síntomas, así como la presencia de radiculopatía, déficits neurológicos y la exploración. Se estableció el carácter extruido o contenido de la hernia en RM. Se estableció la presencia y cuantía de celularidad condrocitaria como signo de degeneración discal. Resultados: Aunque casi todos las muestras reflejaban proliferación condrocitaria, la presencia de infiltrados inflamatorios o neovascularización fue escasa. La presencia de inflamación se relacionó invariablemente con la formación de nuevos vasos en el disco, no relacionándose con ninguna variable clínica o radiológica. Conclusión: No hay relación entre la presencia de infiltrados inflamatorios y los datos clínicos registrados. La presencia de infiltrados inflamatorios en el interior del disco herniado no tiene relación ni con la degeneración discal ni con la producción de clínica dolorosa (AU)

Objective: To establish the clinical relevance of the histological evidence of inflammatory cell infiltrates in surgical samples of operated lumbar disc hernia. Material and method: Surgical samples, clinical, and epidemiological data were obtained from 50 patients consecutively operated on of lumbar disc herniation during 2012 were obtained. Also the MR appearance as extruded or contained hernia was recorded. All samples were processed using hematoxilin-eosin staining and different histological parameters were determined such as the presence and quantity of chondrocytes present in the disc as a sign of disc degeneration. Results: Even though the majority of samples examined showed signs of disc degeneration, such as the presence of chondrocyte proliferation, the evidence of neovascularisation or inflammatory infiltrates was scarce. The presence of inflammatory infiltrates was invariably related to the presence of neovascularisation. However, the presence of inflammatory infiltrates was not related to any radiological or clinical variable. Conclusion: There is no relation between the presence of inflammatory infiltrates and the clinical data registered. The presence of histological evidence of inflammation in herniated lumbar disc tissue is not related to disc degeneration or the presence of pain (AU)

Spinal cord injury after blunt cervical spine trauma: correlation of soft-tissue damage and extension of lesion.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: In patients with spinal cord injury after blunt trauma, several studies have observed a correlation between neurologic impairment and radiologic findings. Few studies have been performed to correlate spinal cord injury with ligamentous injury. The purpose of this study was to retrospectively evaluate whether ligamentous injury or disk disruption after spinal cord injury correlates with lesion length. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed 108 patients diagnosed with traumatic spinal cord injury after cervical trauma between 1990-2011. Plain films, CT, and MR imaging were performed on patients and then reviewed for this study. MR imaging was performed within 96 hours after cervical trauma for all patients. Data regarding ligamentous injury, disk injury, and the extent of the spinal cord injury were collected from an adequate number of MR images. We evaluated anterior longitudinal ligaments, posterior longitudinal ligaments, and the ligamentum flavum. Length of lesion, disk disruption, and ligamentous injury association, as well as the extent of the spinal cord injury were statistically assessed by means of univariate analysis, with the use of nonparametric tests and multivariate analysis along with linear regression. RESULTS: There were significant differences in lesion length on T2-weighted images for anterior longitudinal ligaments, posterior longitudinal ligaments, and ligamentum flavum in the univariate analysis; however, when this was adjusted by age, level of injury, sex, and disruption of the soft tissue evaluated (disk, anterior longitudinal ligaments, posterior longitudinal ligaments, and ligamentum flavum) in a multivariable analysis, only ligamentum flavum showed a statistically significant association with lesion length. Furthermore, the number of ligaments affected had a positive correlation with the extension of the lesion. CONCLUSIONS: In cervical spine trauma, a specific pattern of ligamentous injury correlates with the length of the spinal cord lesion in MR imaging studies. Ligamentous injury detected by MR imaging is not a dynamic finding; thus it proved to be useful in predicting neurologic outcome in patients for whom the MR imaging examination was delayed.