Prevalence and predictors of depression and anxiety in adult patients with type 1 diabetes in tertiary care setting.

AIMS: To determine gender and age differences in the prevalence of depression and anxiety and their predictive factors in adult patients with type 1 diabetes (DM1). METHODS: Random sample of DM1 adult patients from a tertiary care hospital cohort. To evaluate the presence of depression and anxiety, psychological evaluation was performed using structured clinical interview (MINI). For the specific evaluation of fear of hypoglycemia (FH), FH-15 questionnaire was used. RESULTS: 339 patients [51.6% male; 38.5 ± 12.9 years; HbA1c 7.5 ± 1.1% (58.5 ± 14.2 mmol/mol); 20.1 ± 12.0 years of DM1] met the inclusion criteria. Prevalence of depression, anxiety, and FH in men vs. women was as follows (%): depression: 15.4 vs. 33.5 (p < 0.05); anxiety: 13.7 vs. 26.2 (p < 0.05); and FH: 42.8 vs. 46.0 (p = NS). Among midlife female patients, prevalence of depression and anxiety was higher compared to male. Moreover, comorbid depressive and anxious symptoms were also higher in midlife female patients compared to age-matched male patients (3.5 vs. 14%, p < 0.05). Apart from age-related vulnerability, female gender, poor glycemic control, and microvascular and macrovascular complications were predictive factors for depressive and anxious symptomatology. Unawareness hypoglycemia and anxiety-prone personality were predictor factors for FH. CONCLUSIONS: In adults with DM1, prevalence of depression and anxiety is higher in women. Midlife patients, in particular women, show a significantly higher prevalence of anxiety symptoms and comorbid depression and anxiety. The presence of secondary complications and sustained poor glycemic control should alert to the possibility of these mental disorders, especially in the most vulnerable age population; clinical, gender and age-related patterns could help to design more effective psychological assessment and support in adult patients with DM1.

[Predictors of the recovery of cognitive functions in patients with traumatic brain injury]. / Predictores de la recuperación funcional cognitiva en pacientes con traumatismo craneoencefálico.

INTRODUCTION: After a traumatic brain injury (TBI), cognitive functionality may be severely altered. Some studies have aimed at identifying the best predictive variables for cognitive recovery, however, results still remain unclear. AIMS: To assess the recovery of cognitive functionality in TBI patients after a rehabilitation programme, and to identify the variables that best predict the cognitive recovery. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We conducted a retrospective pre-post study with 58 adult TBI patients that underwent an intensive rehabilitation programme. All of them were assessed using the cognitive functions sub-scale from the FIM+FAM scale, at admission and discharge. Both scores were compared using non-parametric test Wilcoxon. Cognitive functionality gain percentage was calculated and correlated with all the collected data. A multiple linear regression analysis was carried out to identify the best predictors of cognitive functionality gain percentage by introducing all clinical, demographic and cognitive information. RESULTS: The group's cognitive functionality increased significantly from 33,6% to 85% (p < 0,01). Patients with higher cognitive functionality gain percentage were those with younger age, shorter time post-TBI, and higher scores on cognitive functions sub-scale, conditional attention and Luria's memory word tests. The best predictors for cognitive functionality gain percentage were time post-TBI and cognitive functions at admission (adjusted R(2) = 55,8%). CONCLUSIONS: Patients who started rehabilitation sooner and had a higher cognitive functionality at admission, showed the greatest increase in cognitive functionality gain percentage. Other variables like age, or scores on cognitive tests must also be considered in future studies.

TITLE: Predictores de la recuperacion funcional cognitiva en pacientes con traumatismo craneoencefalico.Introduccion. Tras un traumatismo craneoencefalico (TCE), el funcionamiento cognitivo de los pacientes puede resultar gravemente alterado. Diversos estudios han tratado de identificar las variables que mejor predicen su recuperacion. Objetivos. Evaluar la recuperacion funcional cognitiva de pacientes con TCE tras un programa de neurorrehabilitacion e identificar las variables predictoras de dicha recuperacion. Pacientes y metodos. Estudio pre-post retrospectivo de 58 pacientes adultos con TCE que realizaron un programa de rehabilitacion intensivo. Todos fueron evaluados mediante la subescala de funcionalidad cognitiva de la medida de la independencia funcional + medida de la evaluacion de la funcionalidad (FIM+FAM), al inicio y al final de la rehabilitacion. Ambas puntuaciones fueron comparadas mediante la prueba no parametrica de Wilcoxon. Se calculo el porcentaje de ganancia funcional cognitiva y se correlaciono con todas las variables recogidas. A partir de toda la informacion clinica, demografica y cognitiva recogida, realizamos un analisis de regresion lineal multiple para identificar los mejores predictores de dicha ganancia. Resultados. La funcionalidad cognitiva aumento significativamente del 33,6% al 85% (p < 0,01). Los pacientes con mayor porcentaje de ganancia funcional cognitiva fueron aquellos con menor edad y periodo post-TCE, y mayores puntuaciones en la subescala cognitiva de la FIM+FAM y en las pruebas de atencion condicional y curva de aprendizaje de Luria. Los mejores predictores de la recuperacion funcional fueron el periodo post-TCE y la funcionalidad cognitiva al inicio (R2 ajustado = 55,8%). Conclusiones. El comienzo temprano de la rehabilitacion y la mayor funcionalidad cognitiva al inicio resultaron ser los mejores predictores de la recuperacion funcional cognitiva. Otras variables, como la edad o puntuaciones en pruebas cognitivas, tambien deben considerarse en futuros estudios.