Cytomegalovirus colitis in immunocompetent critically ill patients.

OBJECTIVES: Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a ubiquitous virus and its reactivation may lead to CMV end-organ disease (CMV EOD) in immunocompromised patients and also in immunocompetent patients when they are critically ill. We aimed to investigate the frequency and the clinical features of proven CMV EOD in previously non-immunosuppressed patients admitted to our institution. METHODS: From January 2000 to March 2013, the records of all patients with a histopathological diagnosis of CMV EOD at our teaching hospital were reviewed retrospectively. CMV EOD was diagnosed histologically by the identification of true cytomegalic viral inclusion involving endothelial, stromal, and/or epithelial cells on hematoxylin and eosin staining, and was subsequently confirmed by immunohistochemistry using specific antibody against CMV antigens. Immunocompromised patients were excluded. RESULTS: CMV EOD manifesting as colitis was diagnosed in 14 previously immunocompetent intensive care unit (ICU) patients. The mean age of the patients was 64 years. All had co-morbidities and developed shock before CMV EOD. The major manifestation was gastrointestinal bleeding. The in-hospital mortality rate was 71.4% despite specific treatment with ganciclovir. CONCLUSIONS: Despite being a rare condition, lower gastrointestinal bleeding in this profile of ICU patients could be the clinical manifestation of CMV colitis, and intensivists should be alert to this condition.

Comparative study between ischemic preconditioning and cerebrospinal fluid drainage as methods of spinal cord protection in dogs.

OBJECTIVE: This study compares the effects of immediate ischemic preconditioning based on somatosensory evoked potential (SSEP) monitoring with those of cerebrospinal fluid drainage in a model of descending thoracic aorta occlusion in dogs. METHOD: Eighteen dogs were submitted to spinal cord ischemia induced by descending thoracic aortic cross-clamping for 60 minutes. The Control Group underwent only aortic cross-clamping (n=6). The Ischemic Preconditioning Group (IPC) underwent ischemic preconditioning (n=6) and the Drainage Group underwent cerebrospinal fluid drainage (n=6), immediately before aortic cross-clamping. An independent observer assessed neurological status according to the Tarlov score. The animals were sacrificed and spinal cord harvested for histopathologic study. RESULTS: Aortic pressure before and after the occluded segment was similar in the three groups. Seven days after the procedure, Tarlov scores were significantly higher only in the Drainage Group when compared to the Control Group (p<0.05). Lower SSEP recovery times were also observed with cerebrospinal fluid drainage during the final reperfusion period (p<0.01). In the histopathologic study, stain showed less significant neuronal necrosis in the thoracic and lumbar gray matter in animals submitted to both methods of spinal cord protection, with it being more pronounced in the Ischemic Preconditioning Group (p<0.001). CONCLUSION: Cerebrospinal fluid drainage and immediate ischemic preconditioning seems to protect the spinal cord during descending thoracic aorta cross-clamping. Nevertheless, the obtained level of spinal cord protection seems to be more significant with cerebrospinal fluid drainage.

Estudo comparativo entre o pré-condicionamento isquêmico e a drenagem liquórica como métodos de proteção medular em cães / Comparative study between ischemic preconditioning and cerebrospinal fluid drainage as methods of spinal cord protection in dogs

OBJETIVO: Este estudo compara os efeitos do pré-condicionamento isquêmico imediato, baseado na monitorização do potencial evocado somatossensitivo (PESS), com aqueles da drenagem do líquido cefalorraquidiano, em um modelo de oclusão da aorta torácica descendente em cães. MÉTODO: Dezoito cães foram submetidos à isquemia medular induzida pela oclusão da aorta torácica descendente por 60 minutos. O Grupo Controle foi submetido à oclusão da aorta (n=6), o Grupo Pré-Condicionamento Isquêmico (PCI), ao pré-condicionamento isquêmico (n=6) e o grupo drenagem, à drenagem do líquido cefalorraquidiano (n=6), imediatamente antes da oclusão da aorta. A condição neurológica foi acessada por um observador independente, de acordo com a escala de Tarlov. Os animais foram sacrificados e as medulas retiradas para exame histopatológico. RESULTADOS: Pressões da aorta proximal e distal à oclusão foram semelhantes nos três grupos. Sete dias após o procedimento, o índice de Tarlov foi significativamente maior em comparação ao Grupo Controle, somente no Grupo PCI (p<0,05). Foram observados valores menores no tempo de recuperação do PESS com o uso da drenagem liquórica durante a fase final de reperfusão (p<0,01). Exame histopatológico evidenciou necrose menos grave na substância cinzenta torácica e lombar, nos animais submetidos aos dois métodos de proteção medular, sendo mais pronunciada no Grupo PCI (p<0,001). CONCLUSÃO: A drenagem do líquor e o pré-condicionamento isquêmico parecem proteger a medula espinhal, durante a oclusão da aorta torácica descendente. Entretanto, o nível de proteção medular obtido parece ser mais significativo com a drenagem do líquido cefalorraquidiano.

OBJECTIVE: This study compares the effects of immediate ischemic preconditioning based on somatosensory evoked potential (SSEP) monitoring with those of cerebrospinal fluid drainage in a model of descending thoracic aorta occlusion in dogs. METHOD: Eighteen dogs were submitted to spinal cord ischemia induced by descending thoracic aortic cross-clamping for 60 minutes. The Control Group underwent only aortic cross-clamping (n=6). The Ischemic Preconditioning Group (IPC) underwent ischemic preconditioning (n=6) and the Drainage Group underwent cerebrospinal fluid drainage (n=6), immediately before aortic cross-clamping. An independent observer assessed neurological status according to the Tarlov score. The animals were sacrificed and spinal cord harvested for histopathologic study. RESULTS: Aortic pressure before and after the occluded segment was similar in the three groups. Seven days after the procedure, Tarlov scores were significantly higher only in the Drainage Group when compared to the Control Group (p<0.05). Lower SSEP recovery times were also observed with cerebrospinal fluid drainage during the final reperfusion period (p<0.01). In the histopathologic study, stain showed less significant neuronal necrosis in the thoracic and lumbar gray matter in animals submitted to both methods of spinal cord protection, with it being more pronounced in the Ischemic Preconditioning Group (p<0.001). CONCLUSION: Cerebrospinal fluid drainage and immediate ischemic preconditioning seems to protect the spinal cord during descending thoracic aorta cross-clamping. Nevertheless, the obtained level of spinal cord protection seems to be more significant with cerebrospinal fluid drainage.

Respiratory syncytial virus as a trigger of a pulmonary hypertensive crisis after operative correction of aortic coarctation.

We discuss a 9-month-old male baby, submitted to surgery for correction of aortic coarctation, who showed severe bronchospasm, hypoxaemia, and cardio-respiratory arrest, and who died on the fifth postoperative day. The autopsy revealed histological signs of severe pulmonary vasoconstriction, possibly as a consequence of hypoxaemia secondary to bronchiolitis due to infection with the respiratory syncytial virus. This supposition was confirmed when viruses were detected in pulmonary tissue by immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy.