Seroepidemiology of Toxoplasma gondii in extensively raised Iberian pigs in Spain.

Pigs reared under extensive farming conditions are currently in high commercial demand because they are associated with high-quality products. Nevertheless, the risk of contact with different pathogens of animal and public health concern is also higher in extensive production systems. Toxoplasma gondii is a widely prevalent zoonotic pathogen and transmission by contaminated pork is likely one of the main routes of human toxoplasmosis. The aim of this study was to determine the seroprevalence, risk factors and spatial distribution of T. gondii on extensive Iberian pig herds in Spain. Sera from 2245 Iberian pigs from 114 herds were collected between 2015 and 2017 and analyzed using a commercial ELISA. The apparent individual prevalence of antibodies against T. gondii was 24.1 % (542/2245) and the estimated true seroprevalence was 24.3 % (CI95 %: 22.5-26.1). Seropositivity was detected in 86.0 % (98/114; CI95 %: 77.4-91.1) of 114 herds analyzed. A multi-level logistic regression model showed that T. gondii infection was significantly more frequent in sows than in fattening pigs (OR: 2.6; CI95 %: 1.5-4.8) and in herds with more than three cats compared to no cats (OR: 2.9; CI95 %: 1.1-8.7). Our results indicate a widespread but heterogenous distribution of T. gondii in extensively reared Iberian pig herds, which may have important implications for public health through the consumption of undercooked or improperly cured pork products.

Eficacia del control de larvas de mosquitos (Diptera: Culicidae) con peces larvívoros / Effectiveness of the mosquito larvae control (Diptera: Cullicidae) by larvivorous fish

OBJETIVO: se realizó un estudio de cohorte en los Consejos Populares de Báez y Guaracabulla, pertenecientes al municipio Placetas, provincia Villa Clara, para determinar la eficacia de 3 especies de peces fluviales: Gambusia punctata Poey, 1854, Gambusia puncticulata Poey, 1854 y Poecilia reticulata Peter, 1895, en el control de larvas de mosquitos en depósitos utilizados por la población para almacenar agua. MÉTODOS: la investigación se inició en el mes de abril de 2006 y culminó en mayo de 2007, se seleccionaron solo los tanques bajos (interior y exterior de las viviendas) por ser más factibles de evaluar, se trabajó con una muestra de 1 740 depósitos que se dividieron en 2 grupos, los cuales se evaluaron por espacio de 1 año. RESULTADOS: el riesgo de encontrar focos de mosquitos fue superior en el grupo de depósitos que no estaban expuestos a la presencia de peces, la diferencia de riesgo permitió plantear que por cada 100 depósitos tratados con peces, se logró evitar 8 focos de mosquitos. CONCLUSIONES: los peces larvívoros constituyen una excelente alternativa contra las poblaciones larvales de culícidos en depósitos utilizados por la población para almacenar agua, que resulta un factor de protección ante la incidencia de focos de mosquitos.

OBJECTIVE: a cohort study was conducted in People´s councils in Báez and Guaracabulla located in Placetas municipality, Villa Clara province, for the purpose of determining the effectiveness of three river fish called Gambusia punctata Poey, 1854, Gambusia puncticulata Poey, 1854 y Poecilia reticulata Peter, 1895 in the control of mosquito larvae inside water reservoirs used by the population. METHODS: the study began in April 2006 and ended May, 2007; the selected water tanks were placed inside and outside the houses) since they were more easy to be evaluated. The sample covered 1 740 tanks divided into 2 groups and evaluated for one year. RESULTS: the risk of finding mosquito foci was higher in the group of reservoirs non-exposed to the action of fish; this difference allowed stating that 8 mosquito foci were prevented per every 100 reservoirs treated with fish. CONCLUSIONS: larvivorous fish are an excellent choice to treat Cullicidae larval populations existing in water tanks and also a protective factor against incidence of mosquito foci.

Eficacia del control de larvas de mosquitos (Diptera: Culicidae) con peces larvívoros / Effectiveness of the mosquito larvae control (Diptera: Cullicidae) by larvivorous fish

OBJETIVO: se realizó un estudio de cohorte en los Consejos Populares de Báez y Guaracabulla, pertenecientes al municipio Placetas, provincia Villa Clara, para determinar la eficacia de 3 especies de peces fluviales: Gambusia punctata Poey, 1854, Gambusia puncticulata Poey, 1854 y Poecilia reticulata Peter, 1895, en el control de larvas de mosquitos en depósitos utilizados por la población para almacenar agua. MÉTODOS: la investigación se inició en el mes de abril de 2006 y culminó en mayo de 2007, se seleccionaron solo los tanques bajos (interior y exterior de las viviendas) por ser más factibles de evaluar, se trabajó con una muestra de 1 740 depósitos que se dividieron en 2 grupos, los cuales se evaluaron por espacio de 1 año. RESULTADOS: el riesgo de encontrar focos de mosquitos fue superior en el grupo de depósitos que no estaban expuestos a la presencia de peces, la diferencia de riesgo permitió plantear que por cada 100 depósitos tratados con peces, se logró evitar 8 focos de mosquitos. CONCLUSIONES: los peces larvívoros constituyen una excelente alternativa contra las poblaciones larvales de culícidos en depósitos utilizados por la población para almacenar agua, que resulta un factor de protección ante la incidencia de focos de mosquitos(AU)

OBJECTIVE: a cohort study was conducted in People´s councils in Báez and Guaracabulla located in Placetas municipality, Villa Clara province, for the purpose of determining the effectiveness of three river fish called Gambusia punctata Poey, 1854, Gambusia puncticulata Poey, 1854 y Poecilia reticulata Peter, 1895 in the control of mosquito larvae inside water reservoirs used by the population. METHODS: the study began in April 2006 and ended May, 2007; the selected water tanks were placed inside and outside the houses) since they were more easy to be evaluated. The sample covered 1 740 tanks divided into 2 groups and evaluated for one year. RESULTS: the risk of finding mosquito foci was higher in the group of reservoirs non-exposed to the action of fish; this difference allowed stating that 8 mosquito foci were prevented per every 100 reservoirs treated with fish. CONCLUSIONS: larvivorous fish are an excellent choice to treat Cullicidae larval populations existing in water tanks and also a protective factor against incidence of mosquito foci(AU)