Linoleic acid-derived oxylipins and isoprostanes plasma levels are influenced by 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D levels in middle-aged sedentary adults: The FIT-AGEING study.

INTRODUCTION: Vitamin D - concretely its active form 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25(OH)2D) - maintains several physiological processes. Oxylipins are oxidized lipids derived from ω-6 and ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids involved in inflammation. Little is known about the association of 1,25(OH)2D with inflammatory parameters in middle-aged populations - who could be at risk of vitamin D deficiency -. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between 1,25(OH)2D plasma levels with circulating white blood cells, platelets counts and oxylipins levels. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 74 (53 % women) middle-aged (40-65 years old) adults were recruited for this cross-sectional study. 1,25(OH)2D plasma levels were measured using an immunochemiluminometric assay. White blood cells and platelets were analyzed by hemocytometry. ω-6 and ω-3 oxylipins plasma levels were measured using liquid chromatography - tandem mass spectrometry. Simple and multiple linear regression models, and Pearson correlation analyses, were performed to study the association of 1,25(OH)2D levels with WBC and platelets counts, and oxylipins, respectively. RESULTS: 1,25(OH)2D plasma levels were positively related with linoleic acid-derived oxylipins and isoprostanes plasma levels, whereas an inverse relationship with dihomo-γ-linolenic acid/linoleic acid and arachidonic acid/linoleic acid ratios was unveiled. No significant associations were observed for circulating ω-3 oxylipins, white blood cells levels or platelets count. CONCLUSIONS: Linoleic acid-derived oxylipins and isoprostanes plasma levels may be influenced by 1,25(OH)2D plasma levels. Further investigations are needed to elucidate the impact of other vitamin D forms upon circulating oxylipins levels.

Measuring nutritional knowledge using Item Response Theory and its validity in European adolescents.

OBJECTIVE: To analyse the Nutritional Knowledge Test (NKT) using Item Response Theory (ITR) analysis and to assess the construct validity of the Nutritional Knowledge Scale (NKTS) and its associations with adolescent food group consumption and nutritional biomarkers. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. SETTING: Multicentre investigation conducted in ten European cities.ParticipantsAdolescents aged 12·5-17·5 years (n 3215) who completed over 75 % of the NKT. RESULTS: Factor analysis indicated that the NKT can be analysed with a one-dimensional model. Eleven out of twenty-three items from the NKT presented adequate parameters and were selected to be included in the NKTS. Nutrition knowledge was positively associated with consumption of fruits, cereals, dairy products, pulses, meat and eggs, and fish, as well as with blood concentrations of vitamin C, ß-carotene, n-3 fatty acids, holo-transcobalamin, cobalamin and folate; nutrition knowledge was negatively associated with intake of olives and avocado, alcohol and savoury snacks. CONCLUSIONS: The NKTS assessed nutritional knowledge adequately and it is proposed as a new tool to investigate this subject in future studies.

Aplicación de un programa motivacional para promocionar la actividad física en adultos y mayores / Application of a motivational program to promote physical activity among adults and older adults

La actividad física es esencial para desarrollar un estilo de vida saludable. Desde la investigación aplicada al campo de la actividad física y el deporte, la calidad de vida y su relación con la práctica deportiva, es una línea de trabajo que despierta gran interés, por consiguiente, el objetivo de nuestro estudio fue mejorar el estilo de vida de las personas adultas y mayores a través de un programa de ejercicio físico y fomento de la motivación intrínseca, empleando como marco teórico la Teoría de la Autodeterminación y el Modelo Transteórico del cambio en ejercicio físico. Para ello, se utilizó una muestra de 90 mujeres con edades comprendidas entre los 40 y 88 años (59.66±10.76). Se realizó un estudio cuasi-experimental de manera que los sujetos fueron comparados en diferentes momentos del proyecto para evaluar el impacto de las variables independientes (programa de ejercicio físico con fomento de la motivación intrínseca) sobre las variables dependientes (motivación, necesidades psicológicas básicas, estadio de ejercicio físico, intención de ser físicamente activo y condición física funcional). Los resultados mostraron en la última medición, después de la aplicación del programa de ejercicio físico con fomento de la motivación intrínseca al grupo experimental, que existen diferencias significativas entre el grupo control y el grupo experimental en las variables intención de ser físicamente activo (F1,89= 5.95; p<.05), motivación intrínseca (F1,89=15.70; p<.01), regulación identificada (F1,89= 17.53; p<.051), regulación introyectada (F1,89= 33.41; p<.01), desmotivación (F1,89=7.54; p<.05), autonomía (F1,89= 19.54; p<.01), competencia (F1,89= 21.00; p<.01), relaciones sociales (F1,89= 27.43; p<.01), estadio de contemplación (F1,89= 7.11; p<.05), y en la variable estadio de mantenimiento (F1,89= 4.721; p<.05). Se concluye que el programa de intervención ha tenido éxito en los participantes de nuestro proyecto (AU)

Physical activity is essential to develop a healthy lifestyle in subjects. From the viewpoint of the investigation applied to the field of physical activity and sports, the quality of life and its relation with sports practice is a line of work that arouses great interest, and therefore, the aim of this investigation was to improve the lifestyle of adults and older people through an exercise and foment of intrinsic motivation program, using as a theoretical framework the Self-Determination Theory and the Transtheoretical Model of change for exercise. For it, we used a sample of 90 women aged between 40 and 88 years (59.66±10.76). The investigation was a quasi-experimental study. In this way, the subjects were compared in different moments of the project to evaluate the impact of independent variables (program of physical exercise with foment of intrinsic motivation) on the dependent variables (motivation, basic psychological needs, stage of change for physical exercise, and functional physical condition). The results showed in the last measurement, after applying the physical exercise program based on intrinsic motivation to the experimental group, that there are significant differences between the control group and the experimental group on the variables: intention to be physically active (F1,89= 5.95; p<.05); intrinsic motivation (F1,89=15.70; p<.01); regulation through identification (F1,89= 17.53; p<.051); introjected regulation (F1,89= 33.41; p<.01); demotivation (F1,89= 7.54; p<.05); autonomy (F1,89= 19.54; p<.01); competence (F1,89= 21.00; p<.01); social relationships (F1,89= 27.43; p<.01);contemplation state (F1,89= 7.11; p<.05); and in the variable of maintenance stage (F1,89= 4.721; p<.05). The study concluded that application programs have been successful in the participants of our project (AU)

Climbing time to exhaustion is a determinant of climbing performance in high-level sport climbers.

We studied which physiological and kinanthropometric characteristics determine climbing performance in 16 high-level sports climbers aged 29.9 +/- 4.9 years. Body composition parameters were measured with dual energy X-ray absorptiometry scanner. We also measured kinanthropometric and physical fitness parameters. The sex-specific 75th percentile value of onsight climbing ability was used to divide the sample into expert (<75th) and elite (> or =75th) climbers. All the analyses were adjusted by sex. The 75th percentile value of onsight climbing ability was 7b in women and 8b in men. There were no differences between expert and elite climbers in the studied variables, except in climbing time to exhaustion and bone mineral density. Elite climbers had a significantly higher time to exhaustion than the expert group (770.2 +/- 385 vs. 407.7 +/- 150 s, respectively, P = 0.001). These results suggest that, among climbers with a high level of performance, as those analysed in this study, climbing time to exhaustion is a major determinant of climbing performance.

Anti-aging therapy through fitness enhancement.

Physical exercise is proposed as a highly effective means of treating and preventing the main causes of morbidity and mortality--most of which are associated with aging--in industrialized countries. Low physical fitness is an important risk factor for cardiovascular and all-causes morbidity and mortality; indeed, it is even a predictor of these problems. When properly measured, the assessment of physical fitness can be a highly valuable indicator of health and life expectancy and, therefore, should be performed routinely in the clinical setting. Individually adapted training programs could be prescribed based on fitness assessment results and an adequate knowledge of patient lifestyle and daily physical activity. Such training programs would allow people to develop their maximum physical potential, improve their physical and mental health, and attenuate the negative consequences of aging.

[Improvement of physical fitness as anti-aging intervention]. / Mejora de la forma física como terapia antienvejecimiento.

Several recent important studies have clearly shown that a low physical fitness represents a potent risk factor and even a predictor of both cardiovascular and all-causes morbidity and mortality. As a consequence, physical fitness assessment should be performed at the clinical level since, when properly assessed, it is a highly valuable health and life expectancy indicator. Based on the results of fitness assessment in a particular person and knowing his/her life style and daily physical activity, an individually adapted training program can be prescribed. This training program will allow that person to develop his/her maximal physical potential while improving his/her physical and mental health and attenuating the deleterious consequences of aging. In fact, physical exercise is today proposed as a highly effective means to treat and prevent major morbidity and mortality causes in industrialized countries. Most of these causes are associated with the aging process. In order to be effective, this type of intervention should be directed to improve the aerobic capacity and strength. In addition, it should be complemented with work directed to improve the general coordination and flexibility. Finally, diet optimization and use of nutritional supplements and legal ergogenic aids are key elements to improve the functional capacity and health, all of which is synonymous of anti-aging interventions.

Mejora de la forma física como terapia antienvejecimiento / Improvement of physical fitness as anti-aging intervention

Importantes estudios han demostrado recientemente que un bajo nivel de forma física o condición física constituye un potente factor de riesgo y predictor de morbilidad y mortalidad tanto general (todas las causas) como cardiovascular. En consecuencia, la evaluación de la forma física debería ocupar un lugar privilegiado dentro del ámbito clínico ya que, realizada correctamente, constituye un valioso indicador de salud y expectativa de vida. Partiendo de la evaluación de la forma física, y conociendo el estilo de vida y nivel de actividad física que posee una persona, se puede prescribir un programa adecuado de ejercicio físico que permita al sujeto desarrollar su máximo potencial físico, atenuar las consecuencias del envejecimiento y mejorar el estado de salud físico-mental. De hecho, el ejercicio físico se propone hoy día como un medio altamente eficaz para tratar o prevenir las principales causas de morbimortalidad en los países occidentales, la mayor parte de las cuales se asocian al propio envejecimiento. Este tipo de intervención, para ser efectivo, debe tener como objetivo la mejora de la capacidad aeróbica y el aumento de la fuerza, siendo complementado con trabajo enfocado a mejorar la coordinación general y la movilidad articular. Por último, la optimización de la dieta y el uso de suplementos nutricionales y ayudas ergogénicas legales serán elementos clave para aumentar el rendimiento funcional y la salud, todo lo cual es sinónimo de antienvejecimiento

Several recent important studies have clearly shown that a low physi-calfitness represents a potent risk factor and even a predictor of bothcardiovascular and all-causes morbidity and mortality. As a consequence, physical fitness assessment should be performed at the clinical level since, when properly assessed, it is a highly valuable healt hand life expectancy indicator. Based on the results of fitness assessment in a particular person and knowing his/her life style and daily physical activity, an individually adapted training program can be prescribed. This training program will allow that person to develop his/her maximal physical potential while improving his/her physicaland mental health and attenuating the deleterious consequences of aging. In fact, physical exercise is today proposed as a highly effective means to treat and prevent major morbidity and mortality causes in industrialized countries. Most of these causes are associated with theaging process. In order to be effective, this type of intervention should be directed to improve the aerobic capacity and strength. In addition, it should be complemented with work directed to improve the general coordination and flexibility. Finally, diet optimization and use of nutritional supplements and legal ergogenic aids are key elements to improve the functional capacity and health, all of which is synonymous of antiaging interventions

[Hyponatremia in ultraendurance exercises. Effects on health and performance]. / Hiponatremia en esfuerzos de ultraresistencia: efectos sobre la salud y el rendimiento.

Dehydration is one of the main problems associated to endurance sports. In order to avoid the negative effects of dehydration athletes tend to drink well above their current needs. The negative effect of drinking too much fluid is hyponatremia. Hyponatremia is defined as a plasma sodium concentration lower than 135 mmol/L. Hyponatremia is the first cause of severe illness in ultraendurance sports and has been associated with sudden death. In this article, we analyze the causes, consequences, associated factors, therapeutic treatment and prevention of ultraendurance sports-associated hyponatremia. It is concluded that an adequate fluid ingestion is the best method to avoid hyponatremia. There is not conclusive data about the amount and necessity of sodium supplementation to avoid hyponatremia. However, it might be that it is not necessary to ingest additional sodium to prevent the development of hyponatremia in athletes who only partially replace their fluid losses during prolonged exercise.

Hiponatremia en esfuerzos de ultraresistencia: efectos sobre la salud y el rendimiento / Hyponatremia in ultraendurance exercises: effects on health and performance

La deshidratación es uno de los principales enemigos de los deportes de resistencia. Sin embargo, la ingesta excesiva de líquido con el objetivo de evitar dicha deshidratación, ha provocado en los últimos años numerosos casos de hiponatremia, especialmente en esfuerzos de extrema duración. La hiponatremia se define como la presentación de concentraciones de sodio en plasma por debajo de 135 mmol/L. Representa la primera causa de enfermedad severa en deportes de ultraresistencia, a lo que ha sido asociado numerosos casos de muerte súbita. Las extremadas exigencias físicas de este tipo de deportes de creciente popularidad, junto con el peligro potencial que supone para la salud del deportista, nos ha conducido al estudio profundo de las causas, consecuencias, factores asociados, abordaje terapéutico y prevención de la hiponatremia , tanto desde un punto de vista científico como práctico. La ingesta de la cantidad adecuada de líquido se presenta como el método más importante para prevenir su aparición. No está clara la cantidad idónea y/o necesidad de una suplementación de sodio en la bebida para evitar el desarrollo de hiponatremia y mejorar el rendimiento deportivo en pruebas de ultraresistencia. No obstante, parece ser que esta suplementación sólo sería útil en aquellos individuos que ingirieron una excesiva cantidad de líquido

Acceso telefónico para sordos al Sistema de EmergenciasSanitarias 061 / Facilitation of telephone access to 061 emergency Health Services for deaf people

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Oral creatine supplementation and skeletal muscle metabolism in physical exercise.

Creatine is the object of growing interest in the scientific literature. This is because of the widespread use of creatine by athletes, on the one hand, and to some promising results regarding its therapeutic potential in neuromuscular disease on the other. In fact, since the late 1900s, many studies have examined the effects of creatine supplementation on exercise performance. This article reviews the literature on creatine supplementation as an ergogenic aid, including some basic aspects relating to its metabolism, pharmacokinetics and side effects. The use of creatine supplements to increase muscle creatine content above approximately 20 mmol/kg dry muscle mass leads to improvements in high-intensity, intermittent high-intensity and even endurance exercise (mainly in nonweightbearing endurance activities). An effective supplementation scheme is a dosage of 20 g/day for 4-6 days, and 5 g/day thereafter. Based on recent pharmacokinetic data, new regimens of creatine supplementation could be used. Although there are opinion statements suggesting that creatine supplementation may be implicated in carcinogenesis, data to prove this effect are lacking, and indeed, several studies showing anticarcinogenic effects of creatine and its analogues have been published. There is a shortage of scientific evidence concerning the adverse effects following creatine supplementation in healthy individuals even with long-term dosage. Therefore, creatine may be considered as a widespread, effective and safe ergogenic aid.

Creatina como ayuda ergogénica efectos adversos / Creatine as ergogenic aid. Adverse effects

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