Validación del Cuestionario de Climas Motivacionales empowering y disempowering en jóvenes deportistas mexicanos / Validation of the Empowering and Disempowering Motivational Climates Questionnaire with young Mexican athletes

Resumen Introducción: El objetivo del estudio fue validar el Cuestionario de Climas Motivacionales Empowering y Disempowering (Empowering and Disempowering Motivational Climate Questionnaire-Coach, EDMCQ-C) en jóvenes deportistas mexicanos a través del análisis de sus propiedades psicométricas, fiabilidad, validez convergente-discriminante, concurrente y factorial (de primero y segundo orden). Método: Participaron un total de 1243 jóvenes deportistas mexicanos de 12 a 17 años. Resultados: Los análisis mostraron adecuadas propiedades psicométricas, tanto de fiabilidad por dimensiones y factores, como de validez, convergente-discriminante, concurrente, factorial, de dos dimensiones (AFC de primer orden) y de cinco factores con sus respectivas dos dimensiones (AFC de segundo orden). Conclusión: Estos datos sugieren que la versión adaptada al contexto mexicano es un instrumento válido y fiable para evaluar la percepción de los climas motivacionales que generan los entrenadores en jóvenes deportistas mexicanos.

Abstract Abstract Introduction: The aim of the study was to validate the Empowering and Disempowering Motivational Climate Questionnaire-Coach (EDMCQ-C) in young Mexican athletes through the analysis of its psychometric properties, reliability, convergent-discriminant, concurrent and factorial (first and second order) validity. Method: A total of 1243 young Mexican athletes aged 12 to 17 years participated. Results: Analysis showed adequate psychometric properties, both reliability by dimensions and factors, as well as convergent-discriminant, concurrent, factorial, two-dimensional (first-order CFA) and five-factor validity with their respective two dimensions (second-order CFA). Conclusion: These data suggest that the version adapted to the Mexican context is a valid and reliable instrument to assess the perception of motivational climates generated by coaches in young Mexican athletes.

Empowering and Disempowering Motivational Climates, Mediating Psychological Processes, and Future Intentions of Sport Participation.

Based on the conceptual model of multidimensional and hierarchical motivational climate the objective of this study was to test two models. One model (M1) of total mediation, testing the mediating mechanisms that explain why the motivational climate affects intention of continuity or dropout. Specifically, we test the mediating role of satisfaction/frustration of basic psychological needs and self-determined motivation, in the relationship between the players' perception of the empowering and disempowering climate created by the coach, and the intention of young soccer players to continue/dropout the sport practice. The second model (M2) of partial mediation, contributes to knowing the mechanisms that link the antecedent variables included in the model (perceived empowering and disempowering motivational climate) and the outcomes (intention of continuity or dropout in sport). A total of 381 young male soccer players between 12 and 14 years of age (M = 12.41, SD = 0.89), completed a questionnaire package tapping into the variables of interest: players' perception of the motivational climate created by the coach (empowering and disempowering), satisfaction/thwarting of basic psychological needs, self-determined motivation and the intention to continue/dropout sports participation. The hypothesized model was tested using a structural equation model technique with latent variables. The results of the partial mediation model were satisfactory (χ2= 120.92; df = 68; RMSEA = 0.045; CFI = 0.968; TLI = 0.957) and showed that need satisfaction and self-determined motivation partially mediated the relationship between the perception of the empowering climate and the intention to continue. Moreover, need satisfaction showed a positive and significant relationship with the intention to continue sports participation. Additionally, need thwarting and self-determined motivation totally mediated the relationship between the perception of the disempowering climate and the intention to dropout. Furthermore, needs thwarting was positively and significantly related to the intention to dropout of sports participation. Findings point to the importance of fostering empowering climates and preventing the creation of disempowering climates in the grassroots football.

Contexto social y personalidad resistente en el deportista de Centroamérica / Contexto social e personalidade resistente no atleta da América Central / Social context and hardiness in the Central American athlete

Los objetivos de este trabajo son la identificación de los factores del contexto social que influyen en la resistencia al estrés de los deportistas de alto nivel y a su vez determinar el factor del contexto social que perciben los atletas como de mayor influencia para la personalidad resistente. Los participantes fueron 405 deportistas seleccionados nacionales de 9 países y 23 deportes, durante los XII Juegos Deportivos Centroamericanos y del Caribe, llevado a cabo en Boca del Rio Veracruz, en México, en el 2014. El rango de edad fue de 18 a 47 años (M = 24.2, DT = 5.07). Los deportistas contestaron dos cuestionarios para evaluar la percepción de su contexto social influyente en el rendimiento deportivo y rasgos de personalidad resistente. Los resultados encontrados evidencian desde la perspectiva del deportista, a él mismo y sus habilidades y al entrenador como los factores del contexto social que influye más en la personalidad resistente, lo que demuestra que la implicación en su deporte depende en su mayoría por las propias características y rasgos de los deportistas además de las habilidades de su entrenador (AU)

The objectives of this study are to identify the factors of social context that influence resistance to stress in high-performance athletes; and to determine which social context factor athletes perceive as the most influential for hardiness. Participants were 405 athletes from 23 sports disciplines, selected from national teams of 9 countries participating in the XII Central American and Caribbean Sports Games held in Boca del Rio Veracruz, Mexico, in 2014. The age range was 18 to 47 years (M = 24.2, SD = 5.07). Athletes answered two questionnaires assessing their perception of social context factors that influence athletic performance and traits of hardiness. The results showed that, from athletes’ point of view, themselves and their skills, as well as coaches, are the factors of social context that mostly influence hardiness. This indicates that athletes’ involvement in their sport widely depends on their internal characteristics and traits, besides of their coaches’ abilities (AU)

Os objetivos deste estudo são: identificar os fatores de contexto social que influenciam a resistência ao estresse de atletas de alto nível e por sua vez determinar o fator do contexto social percebido pelos atletas como o mais influente para a personalidade resistente. Os participantes foram 405 atletas da seleção nacional de 9 países e 23 esportes durante os XII Juegos Deportivos Centroamericanos y del Caribe, realizados em Boca del Rio Veracruz, México, em 2014. A faixa etária foi de 18 a 47 anos (M = 24,02, DP = 5,07). Os atletas responderam a dois questionários para avaliar a percepção do seu contexto social influente no desempenho atlético e características de personalidade resistente. Os resultados mostram, a partir da perspectiva do próprio atleta, a ele mesmo e suas habilidades e ao treinador, como fatores de contexto social que influenciam mais na personalidade resistente, o que demonstra que a implicação no seu esporte, depende principalmente das características e traços de atletas, além das habilidades do seu treinador (AU)

Relación del clima empowering con la motivación autodeterminada a través de la satisfacción de las necesidades psicológicas básicas / Relationship of empowering climate and self-determined motivation through the satisfaction of basic psychological needs

Desde el marco conceptual de la AGT (Ames, 1992; Nicholls, 1989), la SDT (Ryan y Deci, 2017) y del modelo de clima motivacional de Duda (2013), el objetivo del estudio fue poner a prueba dos modelos siguiendo la secuencia: Percepción del Clima Empowering creado por el entrenador, satisfacción de las necesidades psicológicas básicas (BPNS) y motivación autodeterminada. En ambos se estudia el papel mediador de la BPNS (competencia, autonomía y relación), como variable compuesta en el primer modelo (M1), y como dimensiones separadas en el segundo (M2). 240 jóvenes jugadores de fútbol base (Medad = 12.41; DT = .1.66) completaron cuestionarios con las variables de interés. Los resultados mostraron que en el M1 el clima empowering favorece la motivación autodeterminada a través de la BPNS, mientras que en el M2 el clima empowering fue predictor positivo de la motivación autodeterminada a través de la satisfacción de la necesidad de autonomía (AU)

From the framework of the AGT (Ames, 1992; Nicholls, 1989), the SDT (Ryan and Deci, 2017) and Duda's (2013) motivational climate model, the aim of the study was to test two models throught the sequence: Perception of the coach created empowering climate, satisfaction of the basic psychological needs (BPNS) and self-determined motivation. In both, we tested the mediational role of the BPNS (competence, autonomy and relationship), as a composite variable in the first model (M1), and as separated dimensions in the second (M2). 240 young soccer players (Mage = 12.41; SD = .1.66), completed the questionnaires assessing the variables of interest. Results showed that in M1 empowering climate was a positive predictor of self-determined motivation through the BPNS, while in M2 empowering climate was a positive predictor of self-determined motivation only through the satisfaction of the need for autonomy (AU)