Maternal control of triploid seed development by the TRANSPARENT TESTA 8 (TT8) transcription factor in Arabidopsis thaliana.

The balance between parental genome dosage is critical to offspring development in both animals and plants. In some angiosperm species, despite the imbalance between maternally and paternally inherited chromosome sets, crosses between parental lines of different ploidy may result in viable offspring. However, many plant species, like Arabidopsis thaliana, present a post-zygotic reproductive barrier, known as triploid block which results in the inability of crosses between individuals of different ploidy to generate viable seeds but also, in defective development of the seed. Several paternal regulators have been proposed as active players in establishing the triploid block. Maternal regulators known to be involved in this process are some flavonoid biosynthetic (FB) genes, expressed in the innermost layer of the seed coat. Here we explore the role of selected flavonoid pathway genes in triploid block, including TRANSPARENT TESTA 4 (TT4), TRANSPARENT TESTA 7 (TT7), SEEDSTICK (STK), TRANSPARENT TESTA 16 (TT16), TT8 and TRANSPARENT TESTA 13 (TT13). This approach allowed us to detect that TT8, a bHLH transcription factor, member of this FB pathway is required for the paternal genome dosage, as loss of function tt8, leads to complete rescue of the triploid block to seed development.

Clinical Performance of Direct RT-PCR Testing of Raw Saliva for Detection of SARS-CoV-2 in Symptomatic and Asymptomatic Individuals.

RT-PCR tests based on RNA extraction from nasopharyngeal swabs (NPS) are promoted as the "gold standard" for SARS-CoV-2 detection. However, the use of saliva samples offers noninvasive self-collection more suitable for high-throughput testing. This study evaluated performance of the TaqPath COVID-19 Fast PCR Combo kit 2.0 assay for detection of SARS-CoV-2 in raw saliva relative to a lab-developed direct RT-PCR test (SalivaDirect-based PCR, SDB-PCR) and an RT-PCR test based on RNA extraction from NPS. Saliva and NPS samples were collected from symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals (N = 615). Saliva samples were tested for SARS-CoV-2 using the TaqPath COVID-19 Fast PCR Combo kit 2.0 and the SDB-PCR, while NPS samples were tested by RT-PCR in RNA extracts according to the Irish national testing system. TaqPath COVID-19 Fast PCR Combo kit 2.0 detected SARS-CoV-2 in 52 saliva samples, of which 51 were also positive with the SDB-PCR. Compared to the NPS "gold standard" biospecimen method, 49 samples displayed concordant results, while three samples (35

Parent-of-Origin Effects on Seed Size Modify Heterosis Responses in Arabidopsis thaliana.

Parent-of-origin effects arise when a phenotype depends on whether it is inherited maternally or paternally. Parent-of-origin effects can exert a strong influence on F1 seed size in flowering plants, an important agronomic and life-history trait that can contribute to biomass heterosis. Here we investigate the natural variation in the relative contributions of the maternal and paternal genomes to F1 seed size across 71 reciprocal pairs of F1 hybrid diploids and the parental effect on F1 seed size heterosis. We demonstrate that the paternally derived genome influences F1 seed size more significantly than previously appreciated. We further demonstrate (by disruption of parental genome dosage balance in F1 triploid seeds) that hybridity acts as an enhancer of genome dosage effects on F1 seed size, beyond that observed from hybridity or genome dosage effects on their own. Our findings indicate that interactions between genetic hybridity and parental genome dosage can enhance heterosis effects in plants, opening new avenues for boosting heterosis breeding in crop plants.

Transgenerational effects of inter-ploidy cross direction on reproduction and F2 seed development of Arabidopsis thaliana F1 hybrid triploids.

KEY MESSAGE: Reproduction in triploid plants is important for understanding polyploid population dynamics. We show that genetically identical reciprocal F1 hybrid triploids can display transgenerational epigenetic effects on viable F2 seed development. The success or failure of reproductive outcomes from intra-species crosses between plants of different ploidy levels is an important factor in flowering plant evolution and crop breeding. However, the effects of inter-ploidy cross directions on F1 hybrid offspring fitness are poorly understood. In Arabidopsis thaliana, hybridization between diploid and tetraploid plants can produce viable F1 triploid plants. When selfed, such F1 triploid plants act as aneuploid gamete production "machines" where the vast majority of gametes generated are aneuploid which, following sexual reproduction, can generate aneuploid swarms of F2 progeny (Henry et al. 2009). There is potential for some aneuploids to cause gametophyte abortion and/or F2 seed abortion (Henry et al. 2009). In this study, we analyse the reproductive success of 178 self-fertilized inter-accession F1 hybrid triploids and demonstrate that the proportions of aborted or normally developed F2 seeds from the selfed F1 triploids depend upon a combination of natural variation and cross direction, with strong interaction between these factors. Single-seed ploidy analysis indicates that the embryonic DNA content of phenotypically normal F2 seeds is highly variable and that these DNA content distributions are also affected by genotype and cross direction. Notably, genetically identical reciprocal F1 hybrid triploids display grandparent-of-origin effects on F2 seed set, and hence on the ability to tolerate aneuploidy in F2 seed. There are differences between reciprocal F1 hybrid triploids regarding the proportions of normal and aborted F2 seeds generated, and also for the DNA content averages and distributions of the F2 seeds. To identify genetic variation for tolerance of aneuploidy in F2 seeds, we carried out a GWAS which identified two SNPs, termed MOT and POT, which represent candidate loci for genetic control of the proportion of normal F2 seeds obtained from selfed F1 triploids. Parental and grandparental effects on F2 seeds obtained from selfed F1 triploids can have transgenerational consequences for asymmetric gene flow, emergence of novel genotypes in polyploid populations, and for control of F2 seed set in triploid crops.