Cardiovascular risk comorbidities in rheumatoid arthritis patients and the use of anti-rheumatic drugs: a cross-sectional real- life study

Abstract Background: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a common autoimmune systemic inflammatory disease. In addition to joint involvement, RA patients frequently have other comorbidities, such as cardiovascular diseases. Drugs used for RA treatment may increase or decrease the risk of a cardiovascular event. This study aims to analyze cardiovascular risk comorbidities in patients with RA and the correlation with the use of anti-rheumatic drugs. Methods: Cross-sectional study conducted based on the real-life rheumatoid arthritis study database - REAL, a prospective observational cohort study. Associations between the use of anti-rheumatic drugs and the presence of comorbidities were represented by their prevalence ratio and evaluated using the Chi-square or Fisher's Exact tests. Results: We assessed 1116 patients, 89.4% women, mean age of 55.15 years and predominance of seropositive disease. 63.3% had some cardiovascular comorbidity, predominantly hypertension (49.9%). The use of glucocorticoids was observed in 47.4% of patients and there was a significant tendency of lower use of these drugs in the presence of dyslipidemia (PR: 0.790; p = 0.007). We observed that the presence of cardiovascular comorbidities was associated with higher use of bDMARDs (PR:1.147; p = 0.003). Conclusions: The presence of cardiovascular risk comorbidities was confirmed to be higher in RA patients. Different treatment strategies using less glucocorticoids in the presence of dyslipidemia and more common use of bDMARDs in patients with cardiovascular comorbidities suggest that rheumatologists are aware of the potential influence of the DMARDs in the risk of cardiovascular event. Reinforcing these results, we highlight the need for a better baseline assessment to guide the choice of anti-rheumatic drugs in RA patients who have comorbidities.

Discordance between the patient's and physician's global assessment in rheumatoid arthritis: Data from the REAL study-Brazil.

BACKGROUND: Discordance between patient's global assessment (PtGA) and physician's global assessment (PhGA) has been described in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Understanding the reasons for this discrepancy is important in the context of treat-to-target treatment strategy. OBJECTIVE: To assess the determinants of PtGA and PhGA and factors associated with discordance between them. METHODS: The REAL study included RA patients from Brazilian public health centers. Clinical, laboratory and outcomes measures were collected. PtGA and the PhGA were rated on a visual analog scale and analyzed. Three groups were defined: no discordance (difference between PtGA and PhGA within 3 cm), positive discordance (PtGA exceeding PhGA by >3 cm), and negative discordance (PtGA less than PhGA by >3 cm). Multivariate regression analysis was used to identify determinants of PtGA and PhGA and their discordance. RESULTS: 1115 patients (89,4% female, mean age 56.7y and median disease duration of 12.7y) were enrolled. Two factors were associated with PtGA in the final multivariate model: one point increase in the pain scale leads to an increase of 0.62 in PtGA; one point increase in HAQ increases by 9,25 points the PtGA. The factors associated with PhGA were pain scale, number of tender and swollen joints (NTJ and NSJ), positive RF, ESR, HAQ-DI and use of corticosteroids. Discordance between patient and physician was found in 30.52%: positive discordance in 24.6% and negative discordance in 5.92%. An increase of one point in the NSJ was associated with a 12% increase in the chance of negative discordance. The chance of positive discordance increased by 90% and 2% for each unit increased in HAQ-DI and pain scale respectively. Finally, the chance of positive discordance decreased by 3% for each point increased in NTJ and by 15% for each point increased in NSJ. CONCLUSION: In one-third of the assessments, there was disagreement between PtGA and PhGA (a positive discordance was found in 80% of them). Pain and function were determinants for patients to estimate disease activity, while swollen joints was the main factor related to a worse physician's evaluation. These data show how different can be the perspectives of patients and assistants.

Determinants of quality of life in Paget's disease of bone / Determinantes da qualidade de vida na doença de Paget óssea

Abstract Objective: To evaluate the parameters associated with quality of life in patients with Paget's disease of bone. Methods: Patients with Paget's disease of bone were evaluated with SF-36 and WHOQOL-bref questionnaires. Patients with other diseases that could cause significant impairment of their quality of life were excluded. We searched for correlations between the results and: age, time from diagnosis, type of involvement, pain related to Paget's disease of bone, limitation to daily activities, deformities, bone specific alkaline phosphatase, the extent of involvement and treatment. Results: Fifty patients were included. Results of the SF-36 total score and its domains, physical and mental health, were significantly correlated with bone pain and deformities. Marital status was significantly correlated with the SF-36 total score and Mental Health Domain. BAP levels and disease extension were significantly correlated to SF-36 Physical Health Domain. After multivariate analysis, the only parameters that remained significantly associated with the SF-36 total score and to its Mental Health and Physical Health Domains were pain and marital status.The WHOQOL-bref total score was significantly associated with pain, physical impairment and deformities. WHOQOL-bref Domain 1 (physical) score was significantly associated with marital status, pain and deformities, while Domain 2 (psychological) score was associated with marital status, physical impairment and kind of involvement. After multivariate analysis, the presence of pain, deformities, and marital status were significantly associated with results of the WHOQOL-bref total score and its Domain 1. WHOQOL-bref domain 2 results were significantly predicted by pain and marital status. Conclusion: The main disease-related factor associated with SF-36 results in Paget's disease of bone patients was bone pain, while bone pain and deformities were associated with WHOQOL-bref.

Resumo Objetivo: Avaliar os parâmetros associados à qualidade de vida em pacientes com doença de Paget óssea (DPO). Métodos: Avaliaram-se pacientes com DPO com os questionários SF-36 e WHOQOL-bref. Excluíram-se pacientes com outras doenças que pudessem causar comprometimento significativo da qualidade de vida. Buscou-se por correlações entre os resultados e idade, tempo de diagnóstico, tipo de envolvimento, dor relacionada com a DPO, limitação às atividades diárias, deformidades, fosfatase alcalina específica do osso, extensão do envolvimento e tratamento. Resultados: Incluíram-se 50 pacientes. Os resultados da pontuação total do SF-36 e seus domínios, saúde física e saúde mental, se correlacionaram significativamente com a dor óssea e deformidades. O estado civil se correlacionou significativamente com a pontuação total do SF-36 e com seu domínio saúde mental. Os níveis de BAP e a extensão da doença se correlacionaram significativamente com o domínio saúde física do SF-36. Depois da análise multivariada, os únicos parâmetros que permaneceram significativamente associados à pontuação total do SF-36 e aos seus domínios saúde mental e saúde física foram a dor e o estado civil. A pontuação total do WHOQOL-bref esteve significativamente associada à dor, ao comprometimento físico e a deformidades. O escore do Domínio 1 (físico) do WHOQOL-bref esteve significativamente associado ao estado civil, dor e deformidades, enquanto o Domínio 2 (psicológico) esteve associado ao estado civil, comprometimento físico e tipo de envolvimento. Depois da análise multivariada, a presença de dor, deformidades e estado civil esteve significativamente associada à pontuação total do WHOQOL-bref e à pontuação do seu Domínio 1. Os resultados do WHOQOL-bref 2 foram significativamente preditos pela dor e pelo estado civil. Conclusão: O principal fator associado aos escores do SF-36 foi a dor óssea, enquanto a dor óssea e as deformidades estiveram associadas ao WHOQOL-bref.

Assessment of cardiovascular risk in patients with rheumatoid arthritis using the SCORE risk index / Avaliação do risco cardiovascular de pacientes com artrite reumatoide utilizando o índice SCORE

ABSTRACT Introduction: Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disease that causes systemic involvement and is associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease. Objective: To analyze the prediction index of 10-year risk of a fatal cardiovascular disease event in female RA patients versus controls. Methods: Case-control study with analysis of 100 female patients matched for age and gender versus 100 patients in the control group. For the prediction of 10-year risk of a fatal cardiovascular disease event, the SCORE and modified SCORE (mSCORE) risk indexes were used, as suggested by EULAR, in the subgroup with two or more of the following: duration of disease ≥10 years, RF and/or anti-CCP positivity, and extra-articular manifestations. Results: The prevalence of analyzed comorbidities was similar in RA patients compared with the control group (p > 0.05). The means of the SCORE risk index in RA patients and in the control group were 1.99 (SD: 1.89) and 1.56 (SD: 1.87) (p = 0.06), respectively. The means of mSCORE index in RA patients and in the control group were 2.84 (SD = 2.86) and 1.56 (SD = 1.87) (p = 0.001), respectively. By using the SCORE risk index, 11% of RA patients were classified as of high risk, and with the use of mSCORE risk index, 36% were at high risk (p< 0.001). Conclusion: The SCORE risk index is similar in both groups, but with the application of the mSCORE index, we recognized that RA patients have a higher 10-year risk of a fatal cardiovascular disease event, and this reinforces the importance of factors inherent to the disease not measured in the SCORE risk index, but considered in mSCORE risk index.

RESUMO Introdução: Artrite reumatoide (AR) é uma doença autoimune que determina manifestações sistêmicas e está associada a aumento do risco de evento cardiovascular. Objetivo: Analisar o índice SCORE de predição de evento cardiovascular em pacientes do gênero feminino portadores de AR comparados com controles sem a doença. Métodos: Estudo de caso-controle com análise de 100 pacientes pareadas por gênero e idade versus 100 pacientes do grupo controle. Para a predição do risco de evento cardiovascular fatal em 10 anos, usamos os índices SCORE e SCORE modificado (mScore), conforme sugerido pela Eular, no subgrupo com 2 ou mais dos seguintes: duração da doença ≥ 10 anos, positividade para fator reumatoide e/ou anti-CCP e manifestações extra-articulares. Resultados: A prevalência das comorbidades analisadas foi similar nas pacientes com AR, em comparação com o grupo controle (p > 0,05). As médias do índice SCORE foram 1,99 (DP: 1,89) e 1,56 (DP: 1,87) nas portadoras de AR e nos controles (p = 0,06), respectivamente. Com o uso do índice mScore, nas pacientes com AR foi encontrada a média de 2,84 (DP: 2,86) versus 1,56 nos controles (DP: 1,87) (p = 0,001). Ao usar o índice SCORE, 11% dos portadores de AR foram classificados como de alto risco; com o índice mScores, 36% obtiveram essa classificação (p < 0,001). Conclusões: O índice SCORE é semelhante nos dois grupos, mas com a aplicação do índice mScore identificamos que os pacientes com AR têm maior risco de evento cardiovascular fatal em 10 anos, com ênfase na importância dos fatores inerentes à doença não mensurados no índice SCORE, mas considerados no índice mScore.

Infliximabe é eficaz em ceratite ulcerada periférica de difícil controle. Um relato de três casos / Infliximab is effective in difficult-to-control peripheral ulcerative keratitis. A report of three cases

Ceratite ulcerada periférica é causada por um processo inflamatório e destrutivo da córnea periférica perilimbar. Essa inflamação se deve à deposição de imunocomplexos nessa região da córnea e nos vasos adjacentes a ela. Pode ser idiopática ou uma manifestação de doença sistêmica como artrite reumatoide, vasculites de pequenos vasos associadas ao ANCA, à policondrite recidivante, ao lúpus eritematoso sistêmico e à doença de Crohn. O tratamento inclui o uso de corticoide em dose alta e em alguns casos o uso concomitante de imunossupressores, como metotrexate, azatioprina, micofenolato mofetil, ciclofosfamida ou ciclosporina. O uso de agentes imunobiológicos pode ser uma estratégia nos casos de difícil controle. Os autores descrevem o tratamento de três pacientes que após falha ao uso de corticoide ou imunossupressores apresentaram boa resposta após o uso de infliximabe.

Peripheral ulcerative keratitis is caused by an inflammatory and destructive process of the perilimbal peripheral cornea. This inflammation is due to immune complex deposition in this region of the cornea and in adjacent vessels. It can be idiopathic, or a manifestation of systemic disease such as rheumatoid arthritis, vasculitis of small vessels associated with ANCA, relapsing polychondritis, systemic lupus erythematosus and Crohn's disease. Its treatment includes the use of high-dose corticosteroids and, in some cases, the concomitant use of immunosuppressants such as methotrexate, azathioprine, mycophenolate mofetil, cyclophosphamide or cyclosporine. The use of immunobiological agents can be a strategy in cases of difficult control. The authors describe the treatment of three patients who, after failure with the use of corticosteroids or immunosuppressants, showed good response after the use of infliximab.

Aterosclerose subclínica em pacientes com espondilite anquilosante: há um papel para a inflamação? / Subclinical atherosclerosis in ankylosing spondylitis: is there a role for inflammation?

OBJETIVOS: Avaliar a prevalência de aterosclerose subclínica em pacientes com espondilite anquilosante (EA) em comparação com controles com fatores de risco cardiovasculares similares. MÉTODOS: Foram recrutados 42 pacientes consecutivos com EA e 42 controles equiparados para idade (43,3 ± 11,7 vs. 43,7 ± 11,3, P = 0,89), gênero, tabagismo, diabetes mellitus e hipertensão arterial. Qualquer participante seria excluído se estivesse presente uma história pessoal de doença cardiovascular (CV). Foi preenchido um questionário registrando dados demográficos e histórias médica e de medicação. Foram determinados: pressão arterial, circunferência abdominal, altura e peso. O perfil lipídico foi determinado em uma amostra de sangue com 12 horas em jejum. Foi realizada uma análise ultrassonográfica da artéria carótida comum por um observador desconhecedor da pesquisa. Foi medida a distância entre a interface lúmen-íntima e a borda de ataque da interface média-adventícia (EIM) e os participantes também foram avaliados para presença de placas. RESULTADOS: A análise comparativa dos fatores de risco demográficos e cardiovasculares entre pacientes com EA e controles não revelou diferenças estatisticamente significativas. Também não foram observadas diferenças significativas entre grupos para TC, HDL-C, T-C/ HDL-C, LDL-C, triglicerídeos ou frequência de dislipidemia. As medidas de EIM não foram diferentes em EA e controles (0,62 ± 0,09 vs. 0,61 ± 0,09, P = 0,39) e nem as frequências de placas (19% vs. 17%, P = 0,78). CONCLUSÕES: A aterosclerose subclínica avaliada por meio de imagens ultrassonográficas da carótida não foi mais prevalente no grupo EA, em comparação com os controles com riscos cardiovasculares similares. Nossas observações podem implicar que os fatores de risco CV podem ter mais influência no sistema CV versus a própria EA. Esses achados devem ser confirmados em uma população maior, por meio de um estudo prospectivo.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the prevalence of subclinical atherosclerosis in patients with ankylosing spondylitis (AS) in comparison to controls with similar cardiovascular risk factors. METHODS: Forty-two consecutive patients with AS and 42 controls matched for age (43.3 ± 11.7 vs. 43.7 ± 11.3, P = 0.89), gender, smoking, diabetes mellitus and arterial hypertension were enrolled. Participants were excluded if a personal cardiovascular disease (CV) history was present. A questionnaire recording demographic data, medical and medication history was fulfilled. Blood pressure, abdominal circumference, height and weight were measured. Lipid profile was determined in a 12-hour fastened blood sample. Ultrasound analysis of the common carotid artery was performed by one blind observer. The distance between the lumen-intima interface and the leading edge of the media-adventitia interface (IMT) was measured and participants were also evaluated for the presence of plaques. RESULTS: The comparative analysis of demographic and cardiovascular risk factors between AS patients and controls did not reveal statistically significant differences. Also, no significant differences between groups were observed for TC, HDL-C, T-C/HDL-C, LDL-C, triglycerides, or dyslipidemia frequency. IMT measures were not different in AS and controls (0.62 ± 0.09 vs. 0.61 ± 0.09, P = 0.39) as well as plaques frequencies (19% vs. 17%, P = 0.78). CONCLUSIONS: Subclinical atherosclerosis assessed through carotid ultrasound imaging was not more prevalent in the AS group when compared to controls with similar cardiovascular risks. Our observations may imply that CV risk factors may have more influence on the CV system than AS itself. These findings should be confirmed in a larger population with a prospective study design.

Micofenolato mofetil na síndrome de Sjögren primária: uma opção para o tratamento da agranulocitose / Mycophenolate mofetil in primary Sjögren's syndrome: a treatment option for agranulocytosis

A síndrome de Sjögren (SS) é uma doença autoimune caracterizada pela presença de infiltrado linfocítico nas glândulas salivares e lacrimais. Manifestações hematológicas da síndrome de Sjögren primária (SSp) geralmente consistem em anemia leve, trombocitopenia, neutropenia moderada e linfopenia. Agranulocitose é raramente descrita e, em geral, responde bem ao tratamento de imunossupressão. Neste trabalho, descrevemos o caso de uma paciente portadora de SSp que apresentou quadro de agranulocitose refratária ao tratamento. A biópsia de medula revelou medula óssea hipocelular com maturação normal da série granulocítica. A paciente foi sucessivamente tratada com prednisona em altas doses, fator estimulador de colônia de macrófagos e ciclosporina, todos sem resposta hematológica. Micofenolato mofetil (MMF) foi iniciado, e após dois meses houve aumento na contagem das células brancas. Após um ano de seguimento a paciente não apresentou novos episódios de neutropenia, nem complicações infecciosas. Concluímos que, na agranulocitose refratária associada à SSp, o tratamento com MMF pode ser uma opção eficaz e bem tolerada.

The Sjögren's syndrome (SS) is an autoimmune disease characterized by a lymphocytic infiltration of salivary and lacrimal glands. Hematological manifestations of primary SS (pSS) usually consist of mild anemia, thrombocytopenia, moderate neutropenia, and lymphopenia. Agranulocytosis is rarely reported and usually responds to immunosuppression. We report the case of a pSS patient who presented with refractory agranulocytosis. Bone marrow biopsy disclosed a hypocellular bone marrow with normal maturation of the granulocytic series. The patient was successively treated with high-dose prednisone, granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulation factor, and cyclosporine, with no hematological response. Mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) was initiated and after two months there was a rise on the white blood cell count. After one year of follow-up, she had neither further neutropenia episodes, nor infectious complications. We conclude that, in pSS refractory agranulocytosis, MMF can be an effective and well-tolerated treatment option.

Mycophenolate mofetil in primary Sjögren's syndrome: a treatment option for agranulocytosis.

The Sjögren's syndrome (SS) is an autoimmune disease characterized by a lymphocytic infiltration of salivary and lacrimal glands. Hematological manifestations of primary SS (pSS) usually consist of mild anemia, thrombocytopenia, moderate neutropenia, and lymphopenia. Agranulocytosis is rarely reported and usually responds to immunosuppression. We report the case of a pSS patient who presented with refractory agranulocytosis. Bone marrow biopsy disclosed a hypocellular bone marrow with normal maturation of the granulocytic series. The patient was successively treated with high-dose prednisone, granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulation factor, and cyclosporine, with no hematological response. Mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) was initiated and after two months there was a rise on the white blood cell count. After one year of follow-up, she had neither further neutropenia episodes, nor infectious complications. We conclude that, in pSS refractory agranulocytosis, MMF can be an effective and well-tolerated treatment option.

Avaliação do sistema musculoesquelético na unidade de emergência / Musculoskeletal system assessment in an emergency room

OBJETIVO: As condições musculoesqueléticas possuem um enorme e crescente impacto no mundo. A despeito disso, alguns médicos não estão confiantes em suas próprias habilidades para a realização do exame clínico musculoesquelético. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a prevalência dos sintomas musculoesqueléticos em uma unidade de emergência e a frequência de descrição do exame físico musculoesquelético nesses casos. MÉTODOS: Trata-se de estudo transversal. Foi realizada uma análise sistemática das fichas de atendimento na unidade de emergência do hospital da Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Brasil, de 24 a 30 de abril de 2009. RESULTADOS:Foram analisadas 392 fichas de atendimento, onde 41,5 por cento dos pacientes eram do sexo masculino e a idade média de 38,7 ± 17,2 anos. Sessenta e nove dos 392 pacientes (17,6 por cento) apresentaram-se com queixa musculoesquelética. A queixa musculoesquelética mais comum foi lombalgia (33/69). Somente 49,2 por cento dos pacientes que apresentavam distúrbios musculoesqueléticos como queixa principal tiveram exame físico específico descrito nas fichas. Pacientes com queixas musculoesqueléticas tiveram menor frequência de registro de exame abdominal (46 por cento versus 62 por cento, P = 0,01) e sinais vitais (46 por cento versus 66 por cento, P = 0,00), porém maior frequência de registro do exame musculoesquelético (49 por cento versus 0,6 por cento, P = 0,00). CONCLUSÕES:Este estudo confirma outras observações em todo o mundo. Queixas musculoesqueléticas são frequentes em uma unidade de emergência e, apesar disso, sugere-se que os sintomas musculoesqueléticos são insuficientemente avaliados, o que pode estar relacionado a uma educação médica insuficiente. É fundamental que escolas médicas coloquem maior ênfase nessas condições para que jovens médicos estejam mais preparados para lidar com essas doenças comuns.

OBJECTIVE: Musculoskeletal conditions have an enormous and growing impact worldwide. In spite of that, some clinicians are not confident in their own musculoskeletal examination skills. This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of musculoskeletal symptoms in an emergency room, and the frequency of musculoskeletal physical examination description on those cases. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study. We performed a systematic analysis of medical files at the emergency room of the University Hospital of the Federal University of Santa Catarina, Brazil, from April 24th to 30th, 2009. RESULTS: We analyzed 392 files, where 41.5 percent of patients were male and mean age was 38.7 ± 17.2 years-old. Sixty nine out of 392 patients (17.6 percent) presented with a musculoskeletal complaint. The most common musculoskeletal complaint was low back pain (33/69). Only 49.2 percent of patients with a musculoskeletal chief complaint had a specific physical examination registered on the files. Patients with musculoskeletal complaints had lower registrations of abdominal examination (46 percent versus 62 percent, P = 0.01) and vital signs (46 percent versus 66 percent, P = 0.002), but a higher frequency of musculoskeletal examination registration (49 percent versus 0.6 percent, P = 0.00). CONCLUSIONS: Our study confirms other observations worldwide. Musculoskeletal complaints are frequent in a emergency room setting and in spite of that it is suggested that musculoskeletal symptoms are poorly evaluated, which is probably related to an insufficient musculoskeletal education. It is essential that medical schools place more emphasis on these conditions so that young physicians will be more prepared to deal with these common diseases.

Arterite de Takayasu: tratamento com anti-TNF em uma casuística brasileira / Takayasu arteritis: anti-TNF therapy in a Brazilian setting

O objetivo deste estudo é descrever as características clínicas e as respostas às intervenções terapêuticas, incluindo a terapia antifator de necrose tumoral (TNF), em uma série de casos brasileiros de arterite de Takayasu (AT). Foi realizado um estudo observacional, retrospectivo, com base na revisão de prontuários, incluindo todos os pacientes com AT, de acordo com os critérios de classificação do American College of Rheumatology, em acompanhamento no Serviço de Reumatologia do Hospital Universitário da Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Brasil. Foram incluídos 15 pacientes, sendo 14 (93,3 por cento) mulheres, com idade média ao diagnóstico de 29,6 anos. Hipertensão arterial sistêmica (60,0 por cento) e ausência de pulsos em membros superiores (53,3 por cento) foram os achados clínicos mais comuns ao diagnóstico. As artérias subclávias e carotídeas foram os vasos mais frequentemente acometidos. Doze pacientes (80,0 por cento) não obtiveram remissão sustentada em terapia isolada com corticosteroide, tendo sido empregada terapia imunossupressora, sendo metotrexato, azatioprina e ciclofosfamida as drogas utilizadas. Intervenções cirúrgicas foram necessárias em 53,3 por cento dos casos. Três casos (20,0 por cento) foram refratários à terapia com corticoides e imunossupressores e foram tratados com agentes anti-TNF, com subsequente remissão da doença. Em conclusão, observou-se que uma parcela importante dos casos de AT é refratária à terapia tradicional e os agentes anti-TNF podem representar uma opção promissora para o controle da doença nesses casos.

The aim of this study was to describe clinical features and response to different therapeutic interventions, including anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF) agents, in a case series of Takayasu arteritis (TA) from Brazil. A retrospective observational chart-review study was performed including all patients meeting the American College of Rheumatology TA classification criteria followed at the rheumatology outpatient clinic of a Brazilian university hospital. Fifteen patients were included, of which 14 (93.3 percent) were females, with a mean age of 29.6 years at diagnosis. Systemic hypertension (60.0 percent) and abolished upper limb pulses (53.3 percent) were the most common clinical features at the diagnosis. Subclavian and carotid arteries were the most commonly affected vessels. Twelve patients (80.0 percent) did not achieve sustained remission on therapy with corticosteroids alone and received immunosuppressive agents including methotrexate, azathioprine and cyclophosphamide. Surgical intervention was necessary and performed in 53.3 percent of cases. Three cases (20.0 percent) were refractory to corticosteroid plus diverse immunosuppressive therapy and were treated with anti-TNF agents, all of them with disease remission. In conclusion, a significant proportion of TA cases are refractory to traditional therapy. The use of anti-TNF agents may become a possible therapy for these patients.