Lymph node distribution in patients with remnant gastric cancer.

BACKGROUND: Remnant gastric cancer (RGC) is defined as a carcinoma that develops in the gastric remnant from 5 years after gastrectomy, regardless of the primary gastric disease. The pattern of lymph node dissemination in these patients is not well understood. The present study aims to understand the lymph node distribution of patients with RGC in a single center. METHODS: In a total of 1380 patients with gastric cancer, between 1998 and 2020, 43 patients operated on for RGC were analyzed. The pattern of lymph node dissemination was evaluated based on the number of dissected lymph node stations, the number of positive lymph node stations, the positivity index at each analyzed station, the number of dissected lymph nodes per patient, and the positivity index per lymph node station. RESULTS: A mean of 13.0 ± 8.1 lymph nodes were dissected. The incidence of lymph node involvement by dissected station was higher at Stations 19, 11p, 3, 4sb and 7 (50, 40, 37.5, 36 and 31.7%, respectively). Among the positive dissected stations, Station 3 with 52.2%, 4sb with 39.1% and 4sa with 34.8% were the most affected. CONCLUSION: There was no predilection for lymph node involvement when comparing the lesser and greater gastric curvature. The dissection of Stations 3, 4sb and 4sa is fundamental in surgical treatment with curative purposes. The totalization of gastrectomy with lymphadenectomy of the perigastric and supra-pancreatic stations should be the surgery of choice.

BRAZILIAN GASTRIC CANCER ASSOCIATION GUIDELINES (PART 2): UPDATE ON TREATMENT.

BACKGROUND: : The II Brazilian Consensus on Gastric Cancer of the Brazilian Gastric Cancer Association BGCA (Part 1) was recently published. On this occasion, countless specialists working in the treatment of this disease expressed their opinion in the face of the statements presented. AIM: : To present the BGCA Guidelines (Part 2) regarding indications for surgical treatment, operative techniques, extension of resection and multimodal treatment. METHODS: To formulate these guidelines, the authors carried out an extensive and current review regarding each declaration present in the II Consensus, using the Medline/PubMed, Cochrane Library and SciELO databases initially with the following descriptors: gastric cancer, gastrectomy, lymphadenectomy, multimodal treatment. In addition, each statement was classified according to the level of evidence and degree of recommendation. RESULTS: : Of the 43 statements present in this study, 11 (25,6%) were classified with level of evidence A, 20 (46,5%) B and 12 (27,9%) C. Regarding the degree of recommendation, 18 (41,9%) statements obtained grade of recommendation 1, 14 (32,6%) 2a, 10 (23,3%) 2b e one (2,3%) 3. CONCLUSION: : The guidelines complement of the guidelines presented here allows surgeons and oncologists who work to combat gastric cancer to offer the best possible treatment, according to the local conditions available.

Brazilian gastric cancer association guidelines (part 2): update on treatment / Diretrizes da associação brasileira de câncer gástrico (parte 2): atualização sobre o tratamento

ABSTRACT Background : The II Brazilian Consensus on Gastric Cancer of the Brazilian Gastric Cancer Association BGCA (Part 1) was recently published. On this occasion, countless specialists working in the treatment of this disease expressed their opinion in the face of the statements presented. Aim : To present the BGCA Guidelines (Part 2) regarding indications for surgical treatment, operative techniques, extension of resection and multimodal treatment. Methods: To formulate these guidelines, the authors carried out an extensive and current review regarding each declaration present in the II Consensus, using the Medline/PubMed, Cochrane Library and SciELO databases initially with the following descriptors: gastric cancer, gastrectomy, lymphadenectomy, multimodal treatment. In addition, each statement was classified according to the level of evidence and degree of recommendation. Results : Of the 43 statements present in this study, 11 (25,6%) were classified with level of evidence A, 20 (46,5%) B and 12 (27,9%) C. Regarding the degree of recommendation, 18 (41,9%) statements obtained grade of recommendation 1, 14 (32,6%) 2a, 10 (23,3%) 2b e one (2,3%) 3. Conclusion : The guidelines complement of the guidelines presented here allows surgeons and oncologists who work to combat gastric cancer to offer the best possible treatment, according to the local conditions available.

RESUMO Racional: O II Consenso Brasileiro de Câncer Gástrico da Associação Brasileira de Câncer Gástrico ABCG (Parte 1) foi recentemente publicado. Nesta ocasião inúmeros especialistas que atuam no tratamento desta doença expressaram suas opiniões diante declarações apresentadas. Objetivo: Apresentar as Diretrizes da ABCG (Parte 2) quanto às indicações de tratamento cirúrgico, técnicas operatórias, extensão de ressecção e terapia combinada. Métodos: Para formulação destas diretrizes os autores realizaram extensa e atual revisão referente a cada declaração presente no II Consenso, utilizando as bases Medline/PubMed, Cochrane Library e SciELO, inicialmente com os seguintes descritores: câncer gástrico, gastrectomia, linfadenectomia, terapia combinada. Ainda, cada declaração foi classificada de acordo com o nível de evidência e grau de recomendação. Resultados: Das 43 declarações presentes neste estudo, 11 (25,6%) foram classificadas com nível de evidência A, 20 (46,5%) B e 12 (27,9%) C. Quanto ao grau de recomendação, 18 (41,9%) declarações obtiveram grau de recomendação 1, 14 (32,6%) 2a, 10 (23,3%) 2b e um (2,3%) 3. Conclusão: O complemento das diretrizes aqui presentes possibilita que cirurgiões e oncologistas que atuam no combate ao câncer gástrico possam oferecer o melhor tratamento possível, de acordo com as condições locais disponíveis.

BRAZILIAN GASTRIC CANCER ASSOCIATION GUIDELINES (PART 1): AN UPDATE ON DIAGNOSIS, STAGING, ENDOSCOPIC TREATMENT AND FOLLOW-UP.

BACKGROUND: The II Brazilian Consensus on Gastric Cancer by the Brazilian Gastric Cancer Association (ABCG) was recently published. On this occasion, several experts in gastric cancer expressed their opinion before the statements presented. AIM: To present the ABCG Guidelines (part 1) regarding the diagnosis, staging, endoscopic treatment and follow-up of gastric cancer patients. METHODS: To forge these Guidelines, the authors carried out an extensive and current review regarding each statement present in the II Consensus, using the Medline/PubMed, Cochrane Library and SciELO databases with the following descriptors: gastric cancer, staging, endoscopic treatment and follow-up. In addition, each statement was classified according to the level of evidence and degree of recommendation. RESULTS: Of the 24 statements, two (8.3%) were classified with level of evidence A, 11 (45.8%) with B and 11 (45.8%) with C. As for the degree of recommendation, six (25%) statements obtained grade of recommendation 1, nine (37.5%) recommendation 2a, six (25%) 2b and three (12.5%) grade 3. CONCLUSION: The guidelines presented here are intended to assist professionals working in the fight against gastric cancer with relevant and current information, granting them to be applied in the daily medical practice.

Ii brazilian consensus on gastric cancer by the brazilian gastric cancer association / Ii consenso brasileiro de câncer gástrico realizado pela associação brasileira de câncer gástrico

ABSTRACT Background: Since the publication of the first Brazilian Consensus on Gastric Cancer (GC) in 2012 carried out by the Brazilian Gastric Cancer Association, new concepts on diagnosis, staging, treatment and follow-up have been incorporated. Aim: This new consensus is to promote an update to professionals working in the fight against GC and to provide guidelines for the management of patients with this condition. Methods: Fifty-nine experts answered 67 statements regarding the diagnosis, staging, treatment and prognosis of GC with five possible alternatives: 1) fully agree; 2) partially agree; 3) undecided; 4) disagree and 5) strongly disagree A consensus was adopted when at least 80% of the sum of the answers "fully agree" and "partially agree" was reached. This article presents only the responses of the participating experts. Comments on each statement, as well as a literature review, will be presented in future publications. Results: Of the 67 statements, there was consensus in 50 (74%). In 10 declarations, there was 100% agreement. Conclusion: The gastric cancer treatment has evolved considerably in recent years. This consensus gathers consolidated principles in the last decades, new knowledge acquired recently, as well as promising perspectives on the management of this disease.

RESUMO Racional: Desde a publicação do primeiro Consenso Brasileiro sobre Câncer Gástrico em 2012 realizado pela Associação Brasileira de Câncer Gástrico (ABCG), novos conceitos sobre o diagnóstico, estadiamento, tratamento e seguimento foram incorporados. Objetivo: Promover uma atualização aos profissionais que atuam no combate ao câncer gástrico (CG) e fornecer diretrizes quanto ao manejo dos pacientes portadores desta afecção. Métodos: Cinquenta e nove especialistas responderam 67 declarações sobre o diagnóstico, estadiamento, tratamento e prognóstico do CG com cinco alternativas possíveis: 1) concordo plenamente; 2) concordo parcialmente; 3) indeciso; 4) discordo e 5) discordo fortemente. Foi considerado consenso a concordância de pelo menos 80% da soma das respostas "concordo plenamente" e "concordo parcialmente". Este artigo apresenta apenas as respostas dos especialistas participantes. Os comentários sobre cada declaração, assim como uma revisão da literatura serão apresentados em publicações futuras. Resultados: Das 67 declarações, houve consenso em 50 (74%). Em 10 declarações, houve concordância de 100%. Conclusão: O tratamento do câncer gástrico evoluiu consideravelmente nos últimos anos. Este consenso reúne princípios consolidados nas últimas décadas, novos conhecimentos adquiridos recentemente, assim como perspectivas promissoras sobre o manejo desta doença.

Minimally invasive surgery for gastric cancer in Brazil: current status and perspectives-a report from the Brazilian Laparoscopic Oncologic Gastrectomy Group (BLOGG).

The minimally invasive surgery for gastric cancer in Brazil has begun about two years after the first laparoscopic gastrectomy (LG) performed by Kitano in Japan, in 1991. Although the report of first surgeries shows the year of 1993, there was no dissemination of the technique until the years 2010. At that time with the improvement of optical devices, laparoscopic instruments and with the publications coming from Asia, several Brazilian surgeons felt encouraged to go to Korea and Japan to learn the standardization of the LG. After that there was a significant increase in that type of surgery, especially after the IRCAD opened a branch in Brazil. The growing interest for the subject led some services to begin their own experience with the LG and, since the beginning, the results were similar with those found in the open surgery. Nevertheless, there were some differences with the papers published initially in Japan and Korea. In those countries, the surgeries were laparoscopic assisted, meaning that, in the majority of cases, the anastomoses were done through a mini-incision in the end of the procedure. In Brazil since the beginning it was performed completely through laparoscopic approach due to the skills acquired by Brazilian surgeons in bariatric surgeries. Another difference was the stage. While in the east the majority of cases were done in T1 patients, in Brazil, probably due to the lack of early cases, the surgeries were done also in advanced cases. The initial experience of Zilberstein et al. revealed low rates of morbidity without mortality. Comparing laparoscopic and open surgery, the group from Barretos/IRCAD showed shorter surgical time (216×255 minutes), earlier oral or enteral feeding and earlier hospital discharge, with a smaller number of harvested lymph nodes (28 in laparoscopic against 33 in open surgery). There was no significant difference regarding morbidity, mortality and reoperation rate. In the first efforts to publish a multicentric study the Brazilian Gastric Cancer Association (BGCA) collected data from three institutions analyzing 148 patients operated from 2006 to 2016. There were 98 subtotal, 48 total and 2 proximal gastrectomies. The anastomoses were totally laparoscopic in 105, laparoscopic assisted in 21, cervical in 2, and 20 open (after conversion). The reconstruction methods were: 142 Roux-en-Y, two Billroth I, and three other types. The conversion rate was 13.5% (20/148). The D2 dissection was performed in 139 patients. The mean number of harvested lymph nodes was 34.4. If we take only the D2 cases the mean number was 39.5. The morbidity rate was 22.3%. The mortality was 2.7%. The stages were: IA-59, IB-14, IIA-11, IIB-15, IIIA-9, IIIB-19, IIIC-11 and stage IV-three cases. Four patients died from the disease and 10 are alive with disease. The participating services have already begun the robotic gastrectomy with satisfactory results. The intention of this group is to begin now a prospective multicentric study to confirm the data already obtained with the retrospective studies.

Meshless treatment of open inguinal hernia repair: a prospective study.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate two types of meshless open inguinal repair and to evaluate the recurrence rate. METHODS: We operated on sequentially 98 men and 15 women with 144 unilateral or bilateral inguinal hernias between December 1988 and April 2007. The surgeries were performed by two experienced surgeons and divided into two groups: Bassini or McVay reconstructive surgery techniques. Bassini type reinforcements were employed for Nyhus II and IIIB with minor destruction of the posterior wall. Patients with Nyhus type IIIA, type IIIB with major destruction of the fascia transversalis, and type IIIC were subjected to the McVay technique. RESULTS: Seventy-five hernias were corrected using the McVay technique. Only two recurrences (2.67%) were observed in this group. For group Bassini, two recurrences for 69 hernias (2.89%) were observed (p = 0.658). Mean age for the recurrent group was 56 years. No differences were observed between the ages of males and females (52 years). CONCLUSIONS: Non-mesh repair in inguinal hernia can be safely used if performed by experienced surgeons.

Tratamento sem uso de tela em herniorrafia inguinal por via aberta: estudo prospectivo / Meshless treatment of open inguinal hernia repair: a prospective study

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate two types of meshless open inguinal repair and to evaluate the recurrence rate. METHODS: We operated on sequentially 98 men and 15 women with 144 unilateral or bilateral inguinal hernias between December 1988 and April 2007. The surgeries were performed by two experienced surgeons and divided into two groups: Bassini or McVay reconstructive surgery techniques. Bassini type reinforcements were employed for Nyhus II and IIIB with minor destruction of the posterior wall. Patients with Nyhus type IIIA, type IIIB with major destruction of the fascia transversalis, and type IIIC were subjected to the McVay technique. RESULTS: Seventy-five hernias were corrected using the McVay technique. Only two recurrences (2.67%) were observed in this group. For group Bassini, two recurrences for 69 hernias (2.89%) were observed (p=0.658). Mean age for the recurrent group was 56 years. No differences were observed between the ages of males and females (52 years). CONCLUSIONS: Non-mesh repair in inguinal hernia can be safely used if performed by experienced surgeons.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar dois tipos de correção de hérnias inguinais sem o uso de tela e avaliar a taxa de recidiva. MÉTODOS: Foram operados sequencialmente 98 homens e 15 mulheres portadores de 144 hérnias inguinais unilaterais ou bilaterais entre dezembro de 1988 e abril de 2007. As cirurgias foram realizadas por dois cirurgiões experientes e divididas em dois grupos: reconstruções pela técnica de Bassini ou McVay. Os reforços tipo Bassini foram utilizados para hérnias do tipo Nyhus II e IIIB, em que havia menor destruição da parede posterior do canal inguinal. Os pacientes com hérnias do tipo Nyhus IIIA e Nyhus IIIB, em que havia maior destruição da fáscia transversalis, e Nyhus IIIC foram submetidos à técnica de McVay. RESULTADOS: Setenta e cinco hérnias foram corrigidas utilizando-se a técnica de McVay. Somente duas recidivas (2,67%) foram observadas nesse grupo. No grupo Bassini, foram observadas duas recidivas (2,89%) entre 69 hérnias operadas (p=0,658). A média de idade para o grupo de pacientes com recidiva foi de 56 anos. Não foram observadas diferenças de idades entre homens e mulheres (52 anos). CONCLUSÃO: Os reparos sem telas nas hérnias inguinais podem ser seguramente utilizados, se realizados por cirurgiões experientes.

Fatores prognósticos nas gastrectomias com linfadenectomia D2 por adenocarcinoma gástrico / Prognostic factors in D2 gastrectomy for gastric adenocarcinoma

RACIONAL: A disseminação linfática é significativamente mais prevalente do que a hematogênica no câncer gástrico e assim torna-se importante o tratamento loco-regional, ou seja, a ressecção cirúrgica associada à linfadenectomia, preferencialmente do tipo D2. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a sobrevivência global nos pacientes submetidos à gastrectomia D2 por adenocarcinoma gástrico; determinar os principais fatores prognósticos e definir variáveis que possuam valor prognóstico independente. MÉTODOS: Estudo prospectivo em 125 pacientes submetidos à gastrectomia D2, entre agosto de 1997 e outubro de 2005. A técnica adotada seguiu rigorosamente o protocolo proposto pelo Centro Nacional de Câncer de Tóquio. RESULTADOS: Havia 73 homens e 52 mulheres com idades que variaram de 28 a 84 anos (média de 58,96 ± 14,01). Setenta por cento das lesões situavam-se na porção distal do estômago, 20 por cento eram proximais e 10 por cento ocupavam os três segmentos anatômicos do órgão. Os estádios estavam assim distribuídos: I - 37 casos (29,6 por cento), II - 20 casos (16 por cento), III - 37 casos (29,6 por cento), e IV - 31 casos (24,8 por cento). Realizou-se 87 gastrectomias subtotais e 38 totais. A morbidade total foi de 26,4 por cento, constituindo-se predominantemente de fístulas e complicações pulmonares. A letalidade foi de 9,6 por cento. Após seguimento médio de 48 meses, 68 (54,4 por cento) pacientes tinham falecido, representando sobrevivência global de 45,6 por cento. As análises univariada e multivariada revelaram que: tumores que acometiam grandes segmentos do estômago, lesões que acometiam além da serosa (T3 ou T4), comprometimento neoplásico em mais de sete linfonodos (N2 ou N3), presença de metástases à distância (M1) e o estádio III e IV da doença, estavam relacionados diretamente com pior prognóstico. CONCLUSÃO: Menos da metade dos pacientes encontrava-se vivo após seguimento médio de quatro anos; o estádio TNM isolado constituiu-se no principal...

BACKGROUND: Lymphatic spread is more common in gastric cancer than the hematogenic one. Thus, the locoregional dissection type D2 seems to be important. AIM: To evaluate the overall survival after D2 gastrectomy for gastric adenocarcinoma and to determine the most important prognostic factors, including those with independent statistical value. METHODS: Prospective study with 125 patients operated between August 1997 and October 2005. The technique employed followed strictly the protocol of the National Cancer Center - Tokyo. RESULTS: There were 73 men and 52 women with ages ranging 28 to 84 years (mean of 58.96 ± 14.01). Seventy per cent of the lesions were located at the distal portion of the stomach, 20 percent were proximal and 10 percent comprised the whole organ. The stage distributions were: I - 37 cases (29.6 percent), II - 20 cases (16 percent), III - 37 cases (29.6 percent), and IV - 31 cases (24.8 percent). It was performed the amount of 73 subtotal gastrectomies and 52 totals. The morbidity rate was 26.4 percent, mainly, due to leakage and pulmonary complications. The overall mortality rate was 9.6 percent. After a mean follow-up of 48 months, 68 (54.4 percent) patients were dead, representing an overall survival rate of 45.6 percent. Univariate and multivariate statistical analysis revealed that: tumors comprising the whole stomach, beyond the serosal layer (T3 or T4), with more than seven metastatic lymph nodes (N2 or N3), with distant metastasis (M1), and belonging to the stage III or IV of the disease, were related to a poor prognosis. CONCLUSIONS: Less than a half of the patients were alive after a mean follow-up of almost four years; the TNM stage system was the main prognostic factor, ergo, the extension of the lesions, the stage of the disease, metastatic occurrence and mainly the lymph node involvement were define as an independent prognostic factors.

[Simulation of D1 lymphadenectomy in patients submitted to D2 lymphadenectomy. Prospective study of 57 patients with gastric adenocarcinoma]. / Linfadenectomia no adenocarcinoma gástrico.

BACKGROUND: To simulate a D1 lymphadenectomy in 57 patients who had already been submitted to D2 lymphadenectomy, and analyze stage migration using the Japanese Gastric Cancer Association (JGCA) staging system. METHODS: All patients underwent a D2 lymphadenectomy between August 1997 and November 2001. At the end of surgery, the surgeon himself separated all lymph node stations. The parameters analyzed were: sex, age, lymph node invasion and number of dissected nodes. All patients were re-staged based on the new data, in order to evaluate the stage migration according to the JGCA staging system. RESULTS: The advanced tumors corresponded to 80.70% and the early ones to 19.30%. In 43.90% there were positive nodes at N1 and N2 levels. The mean number of dissected lymph nodes was 28.63 in each patient. In IA, IB and II tumors, there were no changes in the stage after simulation of D1 lymphadenectomy. In ten IIIA tumors, three migrated to stage II and IB; in 21 tumors staged as IIIB, a migration was observed in 18; all stage IV tumors migrated to IIIB after the D1 simulation. CONCLUSION: a) D2 lymphadenectomy is important for the correct staging of gastric cancer; b) simulation of D1 lymphadenectomy changed the stage of advanced tumors, particularly in stages IIIA, IIIB, and IV; c) D2 lymphadenectomy avoided residual lymph node disease in almost half of the patients operated.

Linfadenectomia no adenocarcinoma gástrico / Simulation of D1 lymphadenectomy in patients submitted to D2 lymphadenectomy. Prospective study of 57 patients with gastric adenocarcinoma

OBJETIVOS: Realizar uma simulação de linfadenectomia D1 em 57 pacientes submetidos a gastrectomia com linfadenectomia D2 e analisar a migração do estádio na classificação da Associação Japonesa de Câncer Gástrico (JGCA). MÉTODOS: Os pacientes foram submetidos a linfadenectomia D2 entre agosto de 1997 e novembro de 2001 na Faculdade de Medicina da UNISA. Os linfonodos eram dissecados pelo próprio cirurgião, selecionados de acordo com a estação linfonodal. Analisaram-se as variáveis: sexo, idade, comprometimento linfonodal e número de linfonodos dissecados. RESULTADOS: Após a simulação de linfadenectomia D1 realizou-se novo estadiamento para estudar a migração na classificação da JGCA. Os tumores precoces corresponderam a 19,3 por cento dos casos e os avançados a 80,7 por cento. Linfonodos positivos em N1 e N2 em 43,9 por cento dos pacientes. A média de linfonodos dissecados foi de 28,63 por paciente. Nos tumores IA, IB e II não houve mudança no estádio após a simulação D1. Nos tumores IIIA, de dez pacientes, três migraram para estádios II e IB; nos IIIB, houve migração de 18 em 21; e, no estádio IV, todos migraram para IIIB. CONCLUSÃO: Linfadenectomia D2 é importante para o estadiamento mais apurado do câncer gástrico, principalmente nos tumores avançados. A simulação de linfadenectomia D1 alterou o estádio dos tumores avançados sendo que os estádios que mais sofreram migração na classificação da JGCA foram o IIIA, IIIB e IV. A linfadenectomia D2 evitou a presença de doença residual nos linfonodos após a cirurgia em quase metade dos pacientes.