The first sixty-five craniopharyngioma operations in France.

Craniopharyngiomas (CPs) are benign epithelial tumors that develop along the hypothalamus-hypophyseal axis and were first described by Jakob Erdheim in 1904. These tumors have represented a challenge for surgeons since the rise of modern neurosurgery. The study of CPs is linked to the development of this surgical discipline in parallel with neuroendocrinology within the French school of neurology, led by Joseph Babinski. For the present study, all CP cases published in the French scientific literature before the development of modern neuroradiology were gathered, and 65 cases that underwent surgical procedures between 1921 and 1973 were selected. From our analysis of them, useful information has been obtained that can be applied to the management of CPs today. Most tumors were adamantinomatous CPs (62 patients) with an infundibulo-tuberal location (40.6%). The most frequent surgical route employed was subfrontal (69%). Selection of the surgical approach and degree of removal did not appear to have been influenced by the presumed topography of the tumor, and resulted in a poor outcome in 47% of patients. However, the authors were able to recognize the presence of symptoms indicating that the tumor had caused hypothalamic and/or infundibular damage, such as seen in the infundibulo-tuberal syndrome, first described by Claude and Lhermitte in 1917. At present, the optimal surgical approach and degree of removal are still the subject of debate, although the presence of clinical signs pointing to hypothalamic involvement by CPs should always be preoperatively accurately assessed to improve surgical outcomes.

Body weight, weight gain and hyperglycaemia are associated with hypertensive disorders of pregnancy in women with gestational diabetes.

AIM: The aim of this study was to measure the capacity of glucose- and weight-related parameters to predict pregnancy-induced hypertensive disorders in women with gestational diabetes. METHODS: An observational study was conducted involving 2037 women with gestational diabetes. The associations of glycaemic and weight-related parameters with pregnancy-induced hypertensive disorders were obtained by univariate and adjusted multivariate analyses. Also, model predictability and attributable predictor risk percentages were calculated, and collinearity and factor interactions examined. RESULTS: Multivariate analyses revealed that hypertensive disorders were mainly predicted by average third-trimester glycated haemoglobin (HbA(1c)) levels ≥ 5.9%, by being overweight or obese before pregnancy and by excess gestational weight gain after adjusting for age, tobacco use, chronic hypertension, parity, urinary tract infections and gestational age at delivery. Prepregnancy body weight (overweight and obesity) had the strongest impact on pregnancy-related hypertensive disorders (attributable risk percentages were 51.5% and 88.8%, respectively). The effect of being overweight or obese on hypertensive disorders was enhanced by HbA(1c) levels and gestational weight gain, with elevated HbA(1c) levels multiplying the effect of being overweight before pregnancy. CONCLUSION: The average third-trimester HbA1c level is a novel risk factor for pregnancy-induced hypertensive disorders in women with gestational diabetes. HbA(1c) levels ≥ 5.9%, prepregnancy overweight or obesity and excess gestational weight gain are all independent risk factors of pregnancy-related hypertensive disorders in such women. In treated gestational diabetes patients, the strongest influence on hypertensive disorders is prepregnancy obesity.

[Metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance: prevalence in women with prior gestational diabetes, using two different classifications]. / Síndrome metabólico y resistencia insulínica: prevalencia según distintas clasificaciones en mujeres con diabetes gestacional previa.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the metabolic syndrome prevalence using the ATPIII and the IDF definitions and that of each criterion and to study the differences. To relate the presence of insulin resistance with metabolic syndrome diagnostic. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 1,080 women diagnosed of gestational diabetes who came to follow up were studied. Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome was determined using the ATPIII and the IDF classification and prevalence of each criterion independently. The HOMA insulin resistance index was determined in 575 patients. RESULTS: Metabolic syndrome prevalence was 9.3% according to the ATPIII classification and 17.4% according to the IDF, this coinciding in 94 cases. Only the IDF classification criteria were fulfilled in 94 cases due to abdominal obesity in 13.8%, to fasting glucose in 17% and to both criteria in 69.8%. Six cases only met the ATPIII classification due to absence of abdominal obesity. The HOMA index value was 4.9 (+/- 3.5) and 4.0 (+/- 3) for women diagnosed of metabolic syndrome using the ATPIII or the IDF classification, respectively. Insulin resistance prevalence was 13.7%. The Kappa index of agreement was 0.411 between metabolic syndrome diagnostic by ATPIII and insulin resistance and 0.352 for IDF. CONCLUSIONS: Metabolic syndrome prevalence is almost double when the IDF classification is used than with the ATPIII due to the more strict value of fasting glucose and abdominal obesity. The ATPIII classification better identifies insulin resistance presence than that of IDF.

Síndrome metabólico y resistencia insulínica: prevalencia según distintas clasificaciones en mujeres con diabetes gestacional previa / Metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance: prevalence in women with prior gestational diabetes, using two different classifications

Objetivos. Determinar la prevalencia del síndrome metabólico según las definiciones del ATPIII y de la IDF y la de cada criterio y estudiar las discrepancias. Relacionar la presencia de resistencia insulínica con el diagnóstico de síndrome metabólico. Material y métodos. Se estudiaron 1.080 pacientes diagnosticadas de diabetes gestacional que acudían a revisión. Se determinó la prevalencia de síndrome metabólico utilizando las dos definiciones y la de cada criterio. En 575 pacientes se determinó el índice de resistencia insulínica HOMA. Resultados. La prevalencia de síndrome metabólico fue del 9,3% según la clasificación del ATPIII y de 17,4% con la de la IDF coincidiendo en 94 casos. Noventa y cuatro casos cumplían únicamente los criterios de la IDF debido a la obesidad central en un 13,8%, a la glucemia basal en el 17% y a los dos criterios en 69,8%. Seis casos sólo cumplían los criterios del ATPIII debido a la ausencia de obesidad central. El valor del índice HOMA fue de 4,9 (± 3,5) y de 4,0 (± 3) en las que presentaban síndrome metabólico por el ATPIII y la IDF respectivamente. La prevalencia de resistencia insulínica fue del 13,7%. Resultó un índice de concordancia kappa de 0,411 entre el diagnóstico de síndrome metabólico por el ATPIII y la presencia de resistencia a la insulina y de 0,352 para la IDF. Conclusión. La prevalencia de síndrome metabólico es casi el doble con la definición de la IDF que con la del ATPIII condicionado por los criterios de GBA (glucemia basal alterada) y obesidad central. La definición del ATPIII identifica mejor la presencia de resistencia insulínica que la de la IDF (AU)

Objective. To determine the metabolic syndrome prevalence using the ATPIII and the IDF definitions and that of each criterion and to study the differences. To relate the presence of insulin resistance with metabolic syndrome diagnostic. Materials and methods. A total of 1,080 women diagnosed of gestational diabetes who came to follow up were studied. Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome was determined using the ATPIII and the IDF classification and prevalence of each criterion independently. The HOMA insulin resistance index was determined in 575 patients. Results. Metabolic syndrome prevalence was 9.3% according to the ATPIII classification and 17.4% according to the IDF, this coinciding in 94 cases. Only the IDF classification criteria were fulfilled in 94 cases due to abdominal obesity in 13.8%, to fasting glucose in 17% and to both criteria in 69.8%. Six cases only met the ATPIII classification due to absence of abdominal obesity. The HOMA index value was 4.9 (± 3.5) and 4.0 (± 3) for women diagnosed of metabolic syndrome using the ATPIII or the IDF classification, respectively. Insulin resistance prevalence was 13.7%. The Kappa index of agreement was 0.411 between metabolic syndrome diagnostic by ATPIII and insulin resistance and 0.352 for IDF. Conclusions. Metabolic syndrome prevalence is almost double when the IDF classification is used than with the ATPIII due to the more strict value of fasting glucose and abdominal obesity. The ATPIII classification better identifies insulin resistance presence than that of IDF (AU)

[Diabetic foot and risk factors]. / Factores de riesgo y pie diabético.

OBJECTIVE: To identify clinic and metabolic risk factors for diabetic neuropathy and peripheral arterial disease in patients evaluated in a diabetic foot unit care. METHOD: From 2000 to 2005 we evaluated the presence of diabetic neuropathy (monofilament, tuning fork and Boulton's clinic scale) and peripheral arterial disease (ankle-brachial index and toe-brachial index) in 304 diabetic patients. We classified patients in four groups: patients without pathology (normal group), with neuropathy (neuropathic group), with peripheral arterial disease (vascular group) and with both pathologies (mixed group) and we compared the characteristics of each group. We analysed other poblational characteristics: age, gender, type of diabetes, duration, microvascular and macrovascular complications, hypertension, smoking habit, antiagregation and mean HbA1c in the last year. RESULTS: Age, frequency of hypertension and coronary disease were significantly higher (p < 0.005) in vascular and mixed group than in normal group (63 +/- 13 and 65 +/- 10 vs. 55 +/- 14; 69.2 and 70.3 vs. 45.5%; 46,2% and 39.2% vs 23.8%, respectively). Frequency of retinopathy, nephropathy and HbA1c were significantly higher (p < 0.05) in neuropathic and mix group than in normal group (62.5 and 66.2 vs. 32.7%; 45.3 and 47.3 vs. 24.8%; 8.1 +/- 1.6 and 8.0 +/- 1.3 vs 7.4 +/- 1.2 respectively). CONCLUSION: This study indicates that the development of diabetic neuropathy is related with worse metabolic control and the presence of other microvascular complications; while age, hypertension and coronary disease are risk factors for peripheral arterial disease.

Factores de riesgo y pie diabético / Diabetic foot and risk factors

Objetivo: Identificar factores clínico-metabólicos relacionados con la neuropatía diabética y la enfermedad arterial periférica en pacientes evaluados en una unidad de pie diabético. Método: Desde 2000 a 2005 se evaluó, en una población de 304 diabéticos, la presencia de neuropatía (monofilamento, diapasón graduado y escala clínica de Boulton) y de enfermedad arterial periférica (índice tobillo-brazo y/o dedo-brazo). Se clasificaron los pacientes en cuatro grupos: sin patología (grupo normal), con neuropatía (grupo neuropático), con enfermedad arterial periférica (grupo vascular) y con ambas patologías (grupo mixto). Se compararon las características de los pacientes de cada grupo. Se recogieron las variables: edad, sexo, tipo de diabetes, duración, complicaciones microvasculares y macrovasculares, hipertensión, dislipemia, tabaquismo, antiagregación y HbA1C media del último año. Resultados: Comparado con el grupo normal, la edad media, la frecuencia de hipertensión y la de cardiopatía isquémica fue significativamente mayor (p < 0,005) en el grupo vascular y mixto (55 ± 14 vs. 63 ± 13 y 65 ± 10; 45,5 vs. 69,2 y 70,3%; 23,8 vs. 46,2 y 39,2%, respectivamente). Comparado con el grupo normal, la frecuencia de retinopatía , la de nefropatía y HbA1c media fue significativamente mayor (p < 0,05) en el grupo neuropático y mixto (32,7 vs. 62,5 y 66,2%; 24,8 vs. 45,3 y 47,3%; 7,4 ± 1,2 vs. 8,1 ± 1,6 y 8,0 ± 1,3 respectivamente). Conclusiones: Este estudio indica que el desarrollo de neuropatía diabética está en relación con un peor control metabólico y con la existencia de otras complicaciones microvasculares; mientras que la edad, la hipertensión y la enfermedad coronaria constituyen factores de riesgo para la coexistencia de arteriopatía periférica

Objective: To identify clinic and metabolic risk factors for diabetic neuropathy and peripheral arterial disease in patients evaluated in a diabetic foot unit care. Method: From 2000 to 2005 we evaluated the presence of diabetic neuropathy (monofilament, tuning fork and Boulton´s clinic scale) and peripheral arterial disease (ankle-brachial index and toe-brachial index) in 304 diabetic patients. We classified patients in four groups: patients without pathology (normal group), with neuropathy (neuropathic group), with peripheral arterial disease (vascular group) and with both pathologies (mixed group) and we compared the characteristics of each group. We analysed other poblational characteristics: age, gender, type of diabetes, duration, microvascular and macrovascular complications, hypertension, smoking habit, antiagregation and mean HbA1c in the last year. Results: Age, frequency of hypertension and coronary disease were significantly higher (p < 0.005) in vascular and mixed group than in normal group (63 ± 13 and 65 ± 10 vs. 55 ± 14; 69.2 and 70.3 vs. 45.5%; 46,2% and 39.2% vs 23.8%, respectively). Frequency of retinopathy, nephropathy and HbA1c were significantly higher (p < 0.05) in neuropathic and mix group than in normal group (62.5 and 66.2 vs. 32.7%; 45.3 and 47.3 vs. 24.8%; 8.1 ± 1.6 and 8.0 ± 1.3 vs 7.4 ± 1.2 respectively). Conclusion: This study indicates that the development of diabetic neuropathy is related with worse metabolic control and the presence of other microvascular complications; while age, hypertension and coronary disease are risk factors for peripheral arterial disease