Contribución del personal de salud en la implementación del programa Meta Salud Diabetes en el norte de México / Contribution of health personnel in the implementation of the Meta Salud Diabetes program in northern Mexico / Contribuição do pessoal de saúde na implementação do programa Meta Salud Diabetes no norte do México / Contribution du personnel de santé à la mise en œuvre du programme Meta Salud Diabetes dans le nord du Mexique

Resumen Objetivo: Identificar facilitadores y obstáculos en la implementación del programa Meta Salud Diabetes, una intervención educativa diseñada para disminuir el riesgo de padecer enfermedades cardiovasculares en personas con diabetes, que participan en Grupos de Ayuda Mutua de la Secretaría de Salud, en el norte de México. Materiales y métodos: Estudio de corte cualitativo. A partir de la Teoría del Proceso de Normalización, en particular del constructo de contribución, se analiza la información que da cuenta de la experiencia del personal encargado de la implementación del programa, en cuatro centros de salud seleccionados para este trabajo. Las fuentes constan de bitácoras de contacto con las encargadas de los Grupos de Ayuda Mutua, relatorías de reuniones de retroalimentación con éstas, diarios de campo de la observación no participante de las sesiones de Meta Salud Diabetes y entrevistas semiestructuradas. Resultados: Meta Salud Diabetes pudo ser implementado durante 13 semanas, en los centros de salud que participaron en el estudio. Quienes lo facilitaron, reconocieron su utilidad como un modelo educativo para mejorar las prácticas de autocuidado en las personas con diabetes. Se documentó que el acompañamiento institucional es muy importante para la implementación del programa. Conclusiones: Para la implementación del programa en el futuro, se requiere la asignación sistemática de recursos a los Grupos de Ayuda Mutua, el reconocimiento del trabajo de quienes los coordinan, la mejora en los procesos de supervisión, la contratación de más personal y la colaboración de diferentes profesionales de la salud. El enfoque de la Teoría del Proceso de Normalización para el análisis de la contribución de los agentes, permitió identificar los factores que facilitaron u obstaculizaron la implementación de Meta Salud Diabetes en los casos estudiados. Una limitación de este tipo de investigaciones es la dificultad de aislar el impacto que tienen en los diferentes agentes.

Abstract Objective: Identify facilitators and barriers to implementing Meta Salud Diabetes program, an educational intervention designed to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease in people with diabetes who participate in Grupos de Ayuda Mutua [Self-help groups] organized by the Ministry of Health in northern Mexico. Materials and methods: This is a qualitative study based on Normalization Process Theory, mainly the "contribution" construct, which analyzes information describing the experience of health personnel in charge of implementing the intervention in four health care centers selected for this article. Data sources include contact logs with Grupos de Ayuda Mutua facilitators and reports from feedback meetings, field notes from non-participant observation of the Meta Salud Diabetes sessions and semi-structured interviews. Results: Meta Salud Diabetes was succesfully implemented for 13 weeks in the health care centers selected for this study. Facilitators recognized its usefulness as an educational model that improves the self-care practices of people with diabetes. The importance of institutional support for the implementation of Meta Salud Diabetes was also documented. Conclusions: Future implementation of the program requires the systematic allocation of resources to the Grupos de Ayuda Mutua, recognition of the work of those who coordinate them, improvement of supervision processes, employing of more staff and collaboration between different health professionals. Using Normalization Process Theory to analyze agentic contribution allowed us to identify the factors that facilitated or hindered the implementation of Meta Salud Diabetes in the studied groups. However, a limitation of this type of study is the difficulty of isolating the specific impact on different agents.

Resumo Objetivo: Identificar facilitadores e obstáculos na implementação do programa Meta Salud Diabetes, uma intervenção educacional destinada a reduzir o risco de doença cardiovascular em pessoas com diabetes que participam de Grupos de Ajuda Mútua do Ministério da Saúde no norte do México. Materiais e métodos: Estudo qualitativo baseado na Teoria do Processo de Normalização, particularmente no construto "contribuição", são analisadas informações que explicam a experiência do equipe na implementação e coordenação do programa em quatro centros de saúde selecionados para este trabalho. As fontes de informação incluem registros de contatos com os funcionarios dos Grupos de Ajuda Mútua, relatórios sobre reuniões de feedback com eles, jornais de observação de campo não participante das sessões de Meta Salud Diabetes e entrevistas semiestruturadas. Resultados: Meta Salud Diabetes pôde ser implementado por 13 semanas nos centros de saúde que participaram do estudo. Os facilitadores reconheceram sua utilidade como um modelo educacional que aprimora as práticas de autocuidado para pessoas com diabetes. A importância do apoio institucional para a implementação da Meta Salud Diabetes foi documentada. Conclusões: Para a implementação do programa no futuro, é necessária a alocação sistemática de recursos aos Grupos de Ajuda Mútua, o reconhecimento do trabalho daqueles que os coordenam, a melhoria dos processos de supervisão, a contratação de mais pessoal e a colaboração de diferentes profissionais de saúde. A abordagem da Teoria do Processo de Normalização para analisar a contribuição dos agentes, permitiu identificar os fatores que facilitaram ou dificultaram a implementação do Meta Salud Diabetes nos casos estudados. Uma limitação desse tipo de pesquisa é a dificuldade de isolar o impacto que eles têm sobre diferentes agentes.

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The Meta Salud Diabetes Implementation Study: Qualitative Methods to Assess Integration of a Health Promotion Intervention Into Primary Care to Reduce CVD Risk Among an Underserved Population With Diabetes in Sonora, Mexico.

Background: Within health promotion research, there is a need to assess strategies for integration and scale up in primary care settings. Hybrid interventions that combine clinical effectiveness trials with implementation studies can elicit important contextual information on facilitators and barriers to integration within a health care system. This article describes lessons learned in developing and implementing a qualitative study of a cluster-randomized controlled trial (RCT) to reduce cardiovascular disease (CVD) among people with diabetes in Sonora, Mexico, 2015-2019. Methods:The research team worked cooperatively with health center personnel from 12 Centers that implemented the intervention. The study used observations, stakeholder meetings, case studies, staff interviews and decision maker interviews to explore issues such as staff capacity, authority, workflow, space, and conflicting priorities, as well as patients' response to the program within the clinical context and their immediate social environments. Applying a multi-layered contextual framework, two members of the research team coded an initial sample of the data to establish inclusion criteria for each contextual factor. The full team finalized definitions and identified sub nodes for the final codebook. Results: Characteristics of management, staffing, and the local environment were identified as essential to integration and eventual adoption and scale up across the health system. Issues included absence of standardized training and capacity building in chronic disease and health promotion, inadequate medical supplies, a need for program monitoring and feedback, and lack of interdisciplinary support for center staff. Lack of institutional support stemming from a curative vs. preventive approach to care was a barrier for health promotion efforts. Evolving analysis, interpretation, and discussion resulted in modifications of flexible aspects of the intervention to realities of the health center environment. Conclusion: This study illustrates that a robust and comprehensive qualitative study of contextual factors across a social ecological spectrum is critical to elucidating factors that will promote future adoption and scale up of health promotion programs in primary care. Application of conceptual frameworks and health behavior theory facilitates identification of facilitators and barriers across contexts. Trial registration: www.ClinicalTrials.gov, identifier: NCT02804698 Registered on June 17, 2016.

Meta Salud Diabetes study protocol: a cluster-randomised trial to reduce cardiovascular risk among a diabetic population of Mexico.

INTRODUCTION: Northern Mexico has among the highest rates of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and diabetes in the world. This research addresses core gaps in implementation science to develop, test and scale-up CVD risk-reduction interventions in diabetics through a national primary care health system. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: The Meta Salud Diabetes (MSD) research project is a parallel two-arm cluster-randomised clinical behavioural trial based in 22 (n=22) health centres in Sonora, Mexico. MSD aims to evaluate the effectiveness of the MSD intervention for the secondary prevention of CVD risk factors among a diabetic population (n=320) compared with the study control of usual care. The MSD intervention consists of 2-hour class sessions delivered over a 13-week period providing educational information to encourage sustainable behavioural change to prevent disease complications including the adoption of physical activity. MSD is delivered within the context of Mexico's national primary care health centre system by health professionals, including nurses, physicians and community health workers via existing social support groups for individuals diagnosed with chronic disease. Mixed models are used to estimate the effect of MSD by comparing cardiovascular risk, as measured by the Framingham Risk Score, between the trial arms. Secondary outcomes include hypertension, behavioural risk factors and psychosocial factors. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: This work is supported by the National Institutes of Health, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute (1R01HL125996-01) and approved by the University of Arizona Research Institutional Review Board (Protocol 1508040144) and the Research Bioethics Committee at the University of Sonora. The first Internal Review Board approval date was 31 August 2015 with five subsequent approved amendments. This article refers to protocol V.0.2, dated 30 January 2017. Results will be disseminated via peer-reviewed publication and presentation at international conferences and will be shared through meetings with health systems officials. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: NCT0280469; Pre-results.

[A gender perspective analysis of perception and practices in coronary disease in women from northern México]. / Análisis con perspectiva de género sobre percepción y prácticas en enfermedad coronaria en mujeres en el norte de México.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the perception of coronary risk and health care practices in a group of Mexican women, from a gendered perspective. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Mixed methods: survey of 140 women; nine in-depth interviews to women with coronary disease; eight semi-structured interviews to physicians. ANALYSIS: proportions contrast for quantitative data; and procedures of grounded theory for qualitative information. RESULTS: More than 50% of women don't know their coronary risk and how to reduce it. Despite having information about heart disease, vulnerable women with chest pain sought medical attendance less than non-vulnerable women (p=0.0l); and are blamed by physicians. Women consider they lack sufficient information about how to reduce the risk of coronary disease, and blame themselves when ill. CONCLUSIONS: There are vulnerability conditions in women that modulate a low perception of their being at risk, and the scarcity of health care practices.

Análisis con perspectiva de género sobre percepción y prácticas en enfermedad coronaria en mujeres en el norte de México / A gender perspective analysis of perception and practices in coronary disease in women from northern México

Resumen: Objetivo: Analizar la percepción de riesgo coronario y prácticas de cuidados de un grupo de mujeres mexicanas, desde una perspectiva de género. Material y métodos: Estudio realizado de septiembre de 2013 a diciembre de 2014 en el estado de Sonora, México. Diseño mixto: encuesta a 140 mujeres. Análisis: contraste de proporciones; nueve entrevistas en profundidad a mujeres con enfermedad coronaria; ocho entrevistas semiestructuradas a médicos. Aplicación de técnicas de la teoría fundamentada. Resultados: Más de 50% desconoce su riesgo y cómo reducirlo. Mujeres informadas vulnerables con dolor de pecho buscan menos atención médica que las no vulnerables p=0.01 y son responsabilizadas por parte del personal médico sobre su enfermedad. Las mujeres consideran que están desinformadas sobre cómo reducir el riesgo de enfermedad coronaria; sin embargo, se culpabilizan por enfermar. Conclusiones: Las condiciones de vulnerabilidad de las mujeres modulan una baja percepción de riesgo coronario y mínimas prácticas de cuidados.

Abstract: Objective: To analyze the perception of coronary risk and health care practices in a group of Mexican women, from a gendered perspective. Materials and methods: Mixed methods: survey of 140 women; nine in-depth interviews to women with coronary disease; eight semi-structured interviews to physicians. Analysis: proportions contrast for quantitative data; and procedures of grounded theory for qualitative information. Results: More than 50% of women don't know their coronary risk and how to reduce it. Despite having information about heart disease, vulnerable women with chest pain sought medical attendance less than non-vulnerable women (p=0.0l); and are blamed by physicians. Women consider they lack sufficient information about how to reduce the risk of coronary disease, and blame themselves when ill. Conclusions: There are vulnerability conditions in women that modulate a low perception of their being at risk, and the scarcity of health care practices.

El campo de la agroindustria en el noroeste de México y la salud de sus jornaleras: una propuesta de estudio / The agribusiness industry in northwestern Mexico and the health of female farmworkers: a proposal for study

RESUMEN El artículo busca delinear cómo se conforma el campo de la agroindustria de exportación en el noroeste de México, con el propósito de analizar las condiciones de vulnerabilidad de las jornaleras agrícolas, respecto al acceso a los servicios de salud y a la atención médica que reciben. Desde un enfoque cualitativo, se realizaron grupos focales con las jornaleras y entrevistas con expertos en el tema, tanto de la academia como del ámbito de la sociedad civil, cuyos relatos se analizan a partir del concepto de campo de Pierre Bourdieu. Los resultados muestran la falta de acceso a los servicios de salud y a la seguridad social, y describen a los principales agentes y sus posicionamientos frente a la vulnerabilidad de esta población.

ABSTRACT This article seeks to outline the structure of the export-oriented agribusiness industry in northwestern Mexico, so as to analyze the conditions of vulnerability of female farmworkers in terms of their access to health services and the medical attention they receive. Using a qualitative approach, focus groups and interviews were carried out with farmworkers and subject experts pertaining to academia and civil society. Their narratives were then analyzed using Pierre Bourdieu's concept of field. The primary results demonstrate a lack of access to health services and social security, and describe the main actors and their positions with respect to the vulnerability of this population.

[The agribusiness industry in northwestern Mexico and the health of female farmworkers: a proposal for study]. / El campo de la agroindustria en el noroeste de México y la salud de sus jornaleras: una propuesta de estudio.

This article seeks to outline the structure of the export-oriented agribusiness industry in northwestern Mexico, so as to analyze the conditions of vulnerability of female farmworkers in terms of their access to health services and the medical attention they receive. Using a qualitative approach, focus groups and interviews were carried out with farmworkers and subject experts pertaining to academia and civil society. Their narratives were then analyzed using Pierre Bourdieu's concept of field. The primary results demonstrate a lack of access to health services and social security, and describe the main actors and their positions with respect to the vulnerability of this population.