RESUMO
Malnourishment is a complex condition in which physiopathological changes take place in multiple systems as a result of energy, protein and nutrient deficiency. The purpose of this study was to evaluate, using an experimental animal model, the impact of nutritional status on the pharmacokinetic profile of erlotinib, a reversible, highly selective, human epidermal growth factor receptor (HER1/EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitor. Two groups of rats -WN (well-nourished) and UN (undernourished) - were fed with different diets for 23-26 days. Rats were assigned randomly to one of three erlotinib treatments (n = 42) consisting of a single dose administered intravenously (i.v.), via oral solution or via oral suspension. Blood samples were assayed for erlotinib concentration. A population pharmacokinetic model was developed and pharmacokinetic parameters obtained in UN rats were compared with those in WN rats. Erlotinib clearance suffered a 5% decrease in the mild-undernutrition status. Moreover, when the drug was administered orally as a suspension, the extent and rate of absorption underwent a 20% increase in UN rats. The results of this study might help to explain, at least in part, the variability of erlotinib treatment and could represent the first step towards establishing new dosage guidelines for the treatment of undernourished cancer patients. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
RESUMO
Background: Protein energy malnutrition is a public health problem affecting a great number of people. Pathophysiological imbalances in malnourished individuals have a profound impact on drug pharmacokinetics. Objective: To develop an animal model of undernutrition using male Wistar rats to be used to assess, in further studies, the impact of nutritional status on the oral bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of drugs. Desing: Animals were randomly assigned to one of two groups and fed different diets for 26 days: WN (well-nourished/regular diet, N = 61) and UN (under-nourished/protein-calorie restricted diet, N = 72). Assessment of the animals' nutritional status was performed taking into account serum albumin, total cholesterol level and total body weight. A kinetic model incorporating population kinetic analysis (NONMEM) was developed to analyze body weight versus time profiles in the adaptation period following administration of the two aforementioned diets. Results: Serum albumin plasma levels were lower than 2.3 g/dL in 80% (60/72) of malnourished animals at the end of the adaptation period. The range of the total serum cholesterol was similar in both groups at the end of the adaptation period. Total body weight in all cases was less than 230 g for malnourished animals and higher than 240 g for well-nourished animals. The kinetic model assayed was confirmed to be an expansion module characterized by linear weight gain and a decline module characterized by exponential weight loss, where the weight loss rate constant is an exponential function of time. The bootstrap resampling method confirmed the stability of the model eventually selected. Conclusions: The animal model developed in this study is reliable and could be of use in evaluating the impact of nutritional state on the pharmacokinetics of drugs. The proposed mathematical model allows the body weight of animals to be predicted at a given time taking into account the diet followed in the experimental period (AU)
Antecedentes: La desnutrición calórico protéica es un problema de salud que afecta a un número de personas muy elevado. Las alteraciones fisiopatológicos originadas por la desnutrición tienen una repercusión elevada en el comportamiento farmacocinético de los fármacos. Objetivo: Desarrollar un modelo de desnutrición en ratas Wistar macho que pueda utilizarse para evaluar el impacto del estado nutricional sobre la biodisponibilidad oral y farmacocinética de los fármacos. Diseño: Los animales fueron asignados de forma aleatoria a uno de los dos grupos y alimentados con diferentes dietas durante 26 días: WN (dieta normo-nutrida/regular, N = 61) y UN (dieta restringida/calórico-proteica N = 72). La clasificación del estado nutricional de los animales se realizó teniendo en cuenta los niveles de albúmina sérica y colesterol total, y el peso corporal total. Se ha desarrollado un modelo cinético poblacional para analizar la evolución del peso corporal de los animales durante el periodo de adaptación. Resultados: Al final del periodo de adaptación los niveles de albúmina plasmática fueron inferiores a 2,3 g/dL en el 80% (60/72) de los animales desnutridos. Sin embargo, los valores de colesterol total en suero fueron similares en ambos grupos. El peso corporal total de los animales desnutridos fue inferior a 230 g y superior a 240 g para los animales alimentados en condiciones de normonutrición. El modelo de cinético de evolución del peso seleccionado se caracteriza por una cinética combinada lineal y exponencial. La fracción lineal representa el aumento de peso, y la fracción exponencial, que a su vez es función del tiempo, caracteriza la pérdida de peso del animal. La estabilidad del modelo seleccionado se ha realizado utilizando la técnica de remuestreo (bootstrap) y la validación mediante el test de predicción visual (visual predictive check, VPC). Conclusiones: El modelo animal desarrollado en este estudio puede ser de utilidad para evaluar el impacto del estado nutricional sobre la farmacocinética de los fármacos. El modelo matemático propuesto permite predecir el peso corporal de los animales, teniendo en cuenta la dieta la dieta administrada durante el período experimental (AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Desnutrição Proteico-Calórica/fisiopatologia , Farmacocinética , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Absorção Intestinal/fisiologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Protein energy malnutrition is a public health problem affecting a great number of people. Pathophysiological imbalances in malnourished individuals have a profound impact on drug pharmacokinetics. OBJECTIVE: To develop an animal model of undernutrition using male Wistar rats to be used to assess, in further studies, the impact of nutritional status on the oral bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of drugs. DESIGN: [corrected] Animals were randomly assigned to one of two groups and fed different diets for 26 days: WN (well-nourished/regular diet, N = 61) and UN (under-nourished/protein-calorie restricted diet, N = 72). Assessment of the animals' nutritional status was performed taking into account serum albumin, total cholesterol level and total body weight. A kinetic model incorporating population kinetic analysis (NONMEM) was developed to analyze body weight versus time profiles in the adaptation period following administration of the two aforementioned diets. RESULTS: Serum albumin plasma levels were lower than 2.3 g/dL in 80% (60/72) of malnourished animals at the end of the adaptation period. The range of the total serum cholesterol was similar in both groups at the end of the adaptation period. Total body weight in all cases was less than 230 g for malnourished animals and higher than 240 g for well-nourished animals. The kinetic model assayed was confirmed to be an expansion module characterized by linear weight gain and a decline module characterized by exponential weight loss, where the weight loss rate constant is an exponential function of time. The bootstrap resampling method confirmed the stability of the model eventually selected. CONCLUSIONS: The animal model developed in this study is reliable and could be of use in evaluating the impact of nutritional state on the pharmacokinetics of drugs. The proposed mathematical model allows the body weight of animals to be predicted at a given time taking into account the diet followed in the experimental period.
