Epigenetic marks uniquely tune the material properties of HP1α condensates.

Biomolecular condensates have emerged as a powerful new paradigm in cell biology with broad implications to human health and disease, particularly in the nucleus where phase separation is thought to underly elements of chromatin organization and regulation. Specifically, it has been recently reported that phase separation of heterochromatin protein 1alpha (HP1α) with DNA contributes to the formation of condensed chromatin states. HP1α localization to heterochromatic regions is mediated by its binding to specific repressive marks on the tail of histone H3, such as trimethylated lysine 9 on histone H3 (H3K9me3). However, whether epigenetic marks play an active role in modulating the material properties of HP1α and dictating emergent functions of its condensates remains to be understood. Here, we leverage a reductionist system, composed of modified and unmodified histone H3 peptides, HP1α, and DNA, to examine the contribution of specific epigenetic marks to phase behavior of HP1α. We show that the presence of histone peptides bearing the repressive H3K9me3 is compatible with HP1α condensates, whereas peptides containing unmodified residues or bearing the transcriptional activation mark H3K4me3 are incompatible with HP1α phase separation. Using fluorescence microscopy and rheological approaches, we further demonstrate that H3K9me3 histone peptides modulate the dynamics and viscoelastic network properties of HP1α condensates in a concentration-dependent manner. Additionally, in cells exposed to uniaxial strain, we find there to be a decreased ratio of nuclear H3K9me3 to HP1α. These data suggest that HP1α-DNA condensates are viscoelastic materials, whose properties may provide an explanation for the dynamic behavior of heterochromatin in cells and in response to mechanostimulation.

Modified histone peptides uniquely tune the material properties of HP1α condensates.

Biomolecular condensates have emerged as a powerful new paradigm in cell biology with broad implications to human health and disease, particularly in the nucleus where phase separation is thought to underly elements of chromatin organization and regulation. Specifically, it has been recently reported that phase separation of heterochromatin protein 1alpha (HP1α) with DNA contributes to the formation of condensed chromatin states. HP1α localization to heterochromatic regions is mediated by its binding to specific repressive marks on the tail of histone H3, such as trimethylated lysine 9 on histone H3 (H3K9me3). However, whether epigenetic marks play an active role in modulating the material properties of HP1α and dictating emergent functions of its condensates, remains only partially understood. Here, we leverage a reductionist system, comprised of modified and unmodified histone H3 peptides, HP1α and DNA to examine the contribution of specific epigenetic marks to phase behavior of HP1α. We show that the presence of histone peptides bearing the repressive H3K9me3 is compatible with HP1α condensates, while peptides containing unmodified residues or bearing the transcriptional activation mark H3K4me3 are incompatible with HP1α phase separation. In addition, inspired by the decreased ratio of nuclear H3K9me3 to HP1α detected in cells exposed to uniaxial strain, using fluorescence microscopy and rheological approaches we demonstrate that H3K9me3 histone peptides modulate the dynamics and network properties of HP1α condensates in a concentration dependent manner. These data suggest that HP1α-DNA condensates are viscoelastic materials, whose properties may provide an explanation for the dynamic behavior of heterochromatin in cells in response to mechanostimulation.

Localized and regulated peptide pigment formation inside liquid droplets through confined enzymatic oxidation.

Melanin pigments are found in most life forms, where they are responsible for coloration and ultraviolet (UV) light protection. Natural melanin is a poorly soluble and complex biosynthesis product produced through confined and templated enzymatic oxidation of tyrosine. It has been challenging to create water-soluble synthetic mimics. This study demonstrates the enzymatic synthesis of oxidized phenols confined inside liquid droplets. We use an amphiphilic, bifunctional peptide, DYFR9, that combines a tyrosine tripeptide previously shown to undergo enzymatic oxidation to form peptide pigments with broad absorbance, and polyarginine to facilitate complex coacervation in the presence of ATP. When ATP, DYFR9 are mixed and exposed to tyrosinase, pigmented liquid droplets result, while no appreciable oxidation is observed in the bulk.

Liquid to solid transition of elastin condensates.

Liquid-liquid phase separation of tropoelastin has long been considered to be an important early step in the complex process of elastin fiber assembly in the body and has inspired the development of elastin-like peptides with a wide range of industrial and biomedical applications. Despite decades of study, the material state of the condensed liquid phase of elastin and its subsequent maturation remain poorly understood. Here, using a model minielastin that mimics the alternating domain structure of full-length tropoelastin, we examine the elastin liquid phase. We combine differential interference contrast (DIC), fluorescence, and scanning electron microscopy with particle-tracking microrheology to resolve the material transition occurring within elastin liquids over time in the absence of exogenous cross-linking. We find that this transition is accompanied by an intermediate stage marked by the coexistence of insoluble solid and dynamic liquid phases giving rise to significant spatial heterogeneities in material properties. We further demonstrate that varying the length of the terminal hydrophobic domains of minielastins can tune the maturation process. This work not only resolves an important step in the hierarchical assembly process of elastogenesis but further contributes mechanistic insight into the diverse repertoire of protein condensate maturation pathways with emerging importance across biology.

Methods and Strategies to Quantify Phase Separation of Disordered Proteins.

Phase separation has emerged as a new paradigm currently revolutionizing our understanding of cell biology and intracellular organization. Disordered protein domains have recently been demonstrated as integral drivers of phase separation into condensed liquids with emergent material properties. Using in vitro model systems employing purified protein components is necessary to interrogate the molecular mechanisms underlying phase separation; however, these systems pose many experimental challenges. In this chapter we describe general strategies for purifying, handling, imaging, and characterizing the phase behavior of disordered proteins. We further outline methods for the purification of the model P granule protein LAF-1, the construction of phase diagrams, and the quantification of liquid droplet fusion or coalescence.

Retraction of DNA-bound type IV competence pili initiates DNA uptake during natural transformation in Vibrio cholerae.

Natural transformation is a broadly conserved mechanism of horizontal gene transfer in bacterial species that can shape evolution and foster the spread of antibiotic resistance determinants, promote antigenic variation and lead to the acquisition of novel virulence factors. Surface appendages called competence pili promote DNA uptake during the first step of natural transformation 1 ; however, their mechanism of action has remained unclear owing to an absence of methods to visualize these structures in live cells. Here, using the model naturally transformable species Vibrio cholerae and a pilus-labelling method, we define the mechanism for type IV competence pilus-mediated DNA uptake during natural transformation. First, we show that type IV competence pili bind to extracellular double-stranded DNA via their tip and demonstrate that this binding is critical for DNA uptake. Next, we show that type IV competence pili are dynamic structures and that pilus retraction brings tip-bound DNA to the cell surface. Finally, we show that pilus retraction is spatiotemporally coupled to DNA internalization and that sterically obstructing pilus retraction prevents DNA uptake. Together, these results indicate that type IV competence pili directly bind to DNA via their tip and mediate DNA internalization through retraction during this conserved mechanism of horizontal gene transfer.

Tumor germinal ovárico tipo seno endodérmico en adolescente / Ovarian germ cell tumor of the endodermal sinus type in adolescents

Las afecciones tumorales de ovario en niñas son infrecuentes. El tumor del seno endodérmico es un tumor derivado de células multipotenciales primitivas o células germinales, que se diferencian en estructuras del saco vitelino. Es muy agresivo y poco frecuente. Se presenta el caso de una paciente femenina, de 15 años de edad, delgada, con marcada palidez cutáneo mucosa, masa abdominal palpable, que ocupa todo el hemiabdomen inferior desde hipogastrio hasta tres cm por encima del ombligo, no dolorosa a la palpación, firme y superficie lisa con borde irregular y poco movible. Se indicaron estudios complementarios e imagenológicos. La tomografía axial computarizada informó gran masa tumoral intraabdominal. Se realizó excéresis del tumor y estudio anatomopatológico que concluyó diagnóstico de tumor del seno endodérmico o del saco vitelino del ovario derecho que se acompaña de necrosis y extensas zonas de hemorragias. Se presenta así a la comunidad médica, como el primer caso con diagnóstico de esta entidad en la provincia(AU)

Ovarian tumor diseases in girls are infrequent. Endodermal sinus tumor is a tumor derived from primitive multipotential cells or germ cells, which differentiate into structures of the yolk sac. The tumor is very aggressive and rare. This study presents the case of a 15-year-old female patient with a chief complaint of increase of the lower abdomen and moderate abdominal pain in the epigastrium. She was thin, pale and had a palpable abdominal mass in the lower hemiabdomen from the hypogastrium up to 3 cm above the navel. On palpation the mass was not painful, and it was firm and smooth with irregular border and unmovable. Investigations were ordered, including imaging tests. Surgical intervention was decided to perform excision of the tumor and anatomopathologic studies. A diagnosis of endodermal sinus tumor or yolk sac tumor of the right ovary was made. This study is presented to the medical community as the first case with a diagnosis of this condition in the province(AU)

Luteolin, quercetin, genistein and quercetagetin inhibit the effects of lipopolysaccharide obtained from Porphyromonas gingivalis in H9c2 cardiomyoblasts.

BACKGROUND: One of the microorganisms from dental plaque associated with severe inflammatory responses in infectious endocarditis is Porphyromonas gingivalis. It is a Gram-negative bacteria harvested from chronic periodontitis patients. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) obtained from P. gingivalis promotes the expressions of interleukin-1 (IL-1), IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α). Flavonoids are thought to participate in processes that control inflammation, such as the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). METHODS: We investigated the effects of luteolin, quercetin, genistein and quercetagetin on cardiomyoblasts treated with LPS alone or in combination with following inhibitors p38 (SB203580), ERK (PD98059), JNK (SP600125) and PKC (Calphostin C) for 1 h. The kinase activation and COX-2 expression levels were determined at the gene and protein levels. RESULTS: These flavonoids are considered to inhibit the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and the degradation of inhibitor of kappa B-alpha (IκB-α). They also play a role in COX-2 expression. CONCLUSION: We conclude that the tested flavonoids inhibit inflammatory responses induced by LPS in H9c2 cells.

Barriers to Clinical Research in Latin America.

Enhancing health research capacity in developing countries is a global health priority. Understanding the orthopedic burden of disease in Latin America will require close partnership between more-developed and less-developed countries. To this end, the Osteosynthesis and Trauma Care Foundation assembled a research consortium of Latin-American orthopedic leaders. Prior to the meeting, we surveyed attendees on perceived barriers to conducting research at their institutions. During the event, working groups discussed these barriers, developed strategies for addressing them, and planned future steps for collaboration. The participants established the need for global relationships that allow colleagues from Latin America to access to training and established investigational infrastructure of North American centers to address research questions relevant to their communities. As a result of the discussion, the International Orthopaedic Multicenter Study (INORMUS) in Fracture Care was initiated. Since then, an expanded international working group, Associación de Cirujanos Traumatológicos en las Americas (ACTUAR), has been created with the purpose of promoting increased global partnership for research capacity development.

Effects of a Combined Therapy With D-002 (Beeswax Alcohols) Plus D-003 (Sugarcane Wax Acids) on Osteoarthritis Symptoms.

Context • Nonsteroidal, anti-inflammatory drugs effectively relieve osteoarthritis (OA) symptoms but also induce adverse effects (AEs) that limit their long-term use, which drives a search for safer treatments. D-002, a mixture of beeswax alcohols, and D-003, a mixture of sugarcane wax acids, have been effective in experimental and clinical studies for patients with OA. Objective • The study intended to investigate the effects on OA symptoms of a combined therapy using D-002 and D-003 (D-002/D-003), which were administered for 6 wk. Design • The study was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Setting • The study was conducted at the Surgical Medical Research Center in Havana, Cuba. Participants • Participants were patients with mild-to-moderate OA. Intervention • Participants were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 groups-(1) a control group, which received a placebo; (2) the D-002 group (intervention group), which received 50 mg/d of D-002; (3) the D-003 group (intervention group), which received 10 mg/d of D-003; or (4) the D-002/D-003 group (intervention group), which received a combined therapy of 50 mg/d of D-002 plus 10 mg/d of D-003. The control group received tablets that were indistinguishable in appearance from the D-002 and D-003 tablets and had a similar composition, except that the active ingredients were replaced by lactose. The groups took the medications once per day for 6 wk. Outcome Measures • Symptoms were assessed using the Western Ontario and McMaster Individual Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) and a visual analogue scale (VAS). The primary outcome was the reduction in the total WOMAC score. The subscale scores on the WOMAC for pain, stiffness, and physical function, the VAS scores, and the use of rescue medications were secondary outcomes. Results • Of the 120 enrolled participants, 116 completed the study. The treatments with D-002, D-003, and D-002/D-003 reduced the mean total WOMAC scores significantly from baseline to postintervention, by 75.1%, 72.8%, and 91.2%, respectively. Compared with the placebo, the treatments decreased the mean WOMAC scores for pain, joint stiffness, and physical function significantly. The VAS scores significantly decreased, showing a 71.4%, a 66.9%, and an 84.7% reduction for the D-002, D-003, and D-002/D-003 groups, respectively. All the reductions were significant from the first week and were enhanced during the trial. The D-002/D-003 treatment was more effective in improving all of the scores than either monotherapy. With respect to rescue medications, 3/30, 2/30, and 2/30 used the medications in the D-002, D-003, and D-002/D-003 groups, respectively, vs 17/30 in the control group. The treatments were well tolerated. Conclusions • Administered for 6 wk, 50 mg/d of D-002 and 10 mg/d of D-003 ameliorated OA symptoms, but the combined therapy, D-002/D-003, was more effective than either monotherapy. All treatments were well tolerated.

La especialización en Anatomía Patológica y el trabajo docente metodológico / Specialization in pathology and teaching and methodological work

Para lograr la mejor aproximación a la realidad metodológica en la especialización en Anatomía Patológica, se destacan, como en otros contextos de aprendizaje, la relación bidireccional entre profesor y alumno y entre teoría y práctica. El objetivo de este trabajo es ahondar en la aplicabilidad de las diferentes formas organizativas docentes en el proceso de formación en dicha especialización, haciendo constar: planificación, organización y cumplimiento del trabajo docente metodológico. Con ello se satisfacen dudas sobre la real existencia y manejo de tan importantes e imprescindibles aspectos a tener en cuenta para un desempeño correcto del docente en la formación de los futuros patólogos. Se concluye que la aplicación del trabajo docente metodológico en las diferentes formas organizativas docentes, en el proceso de formación del patólogo general, favorece el autocontrol del aprendizaje, la formación humanitaria y la independencia cognoscitiva, con un manejo dinámico e integral de los conocimientos y experiencias prácticas(AU)

n order to achieve the best approach to the methodological reality in the specialization in Pathology, the bidirectional relationship between professor and student and between theory and practice are critical, as in other learning contexts. This paper aims to delve into the applicability of the different organizational teaching forms in the training process of this specialization, including: planning, organization and implementation of teaching and methodological work. Thus, doubts about the existence and management of such important and essential aspects to consider for a proper performance of teachers training future pathologists are resolved. It is concluded that the implementation of the teaching and methodological work for the different organizational teaching forms in the training process of general pathologists promotes self- learning, humanitarian training and cognitive independence, with a dynamic and comprehensive management of knowledge and practical experiences(AU)

Neoplasia intraepitelial cervical en mujeres menores de 25 años / Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) in women younger than 25 years old

Fundamento: Aunque la incidencia de lesiones preinvasivas del cervix ha sido mayor en mujeres de la tercera a cuarta década de la vida, en los últimos años se ha encontrando un número no despreciable de mujeres menores de 25 años afectadas por este tipo de lesiones de bajo o alto grado.Objetivo: describir el comportamiento de las neoplasias intraepiteliales cervicales diagnosticadas en mujeres menores de 25 años de edad, y tratadas con radiocirugía. Métodos: estudio retrospectivo y descriptivo de 67 pacientes menores de 25 años de edad, con diagnóstico de neoplasia intraepitelial cervical y tratadas por el método de radiocirugía en el Hospital General de Cienfuegos. Se analizaron las variables: edad, tipo de NIC, grado de la NIC y presencia de VPH.Resultados: el grupo más afectado fue el de las mujeres de 21 a 25 años de edad, portador del 70,4 por ciento de lesiones. El 86, 56 por ciento de las lesiones fue de alto grado. Las lesiones estuvieron asociadas con elevada frecuencia (88,05 por ciento) a condiloma, evidencia histológica indirecta de la citotoxicidad por la infestación tisular del VPH.Conclusiones: La presencia de NIC en mujeres menores de 25 años de edad, se configura en nuestro medio como problema de salud. El presente estudio puede servir como sustrato para desarrollar investigaciones similares en varios lugares del país, con la finalidad de aportar evidencia global que conduzca al cambio(AU)

Background: Although the incidence of preinvasive cervical lesions has always been greater in women from the third to the fourth decade of life, in recent years a considerable number of women under 25 years old affected by this type of injury in low or high grade have been detected. Objective: To describe the behaviour of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia diagnosed in women less than 25 years old and treated with radiosurgery. Methods: A retrospective and descriptive study of 67 patients under 25 years old, diagnosed with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and treated by the method of radiosurgery in the General University Hospital of Cienfuegos. The following variables were analyzed: age, type and grade of Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia (CIN) and presence of Human papillomavirus (HPV). Results: The most affected group was that of women from 21 to 25 years old, where 70.4 percent of injuries appeared. 86, 56 percent of the lesions were of high grade. Lesions were associated with high frequency (88.05 percent) of condyloma and indirect histological evidence of cytotoxicity by tissue infestation of HPV. Conclusions: The presence of CIN in women under 25 years old has become a health issue in our current environment. This study can work as a basis to develop similar research in several places of the country, in order to provide evidence leading to global change(AU)

Características morfométricas del timo fetal / Morphometric characteristics of fetal thymus

Fundamento: Existen patrones morfológicos del timo en los textos clásicos, pero son disímiles los valores reportados. Objetivo: determinar parámetros morfométricos del timo y su relación con la edad gestacional, peso y sexo fetal. Métodos: estudio prospectivo, descriptivo realizado en el periodo comprendido desde mayo 2003 hasta mayo 2008 en el Hospital General Universitario Dr. Gustavo Aldereguía Lima, de Cienfuegos. La muestra, obtenida mediante muestreo intencional, estuvo constituida por 147 timos de fetos fallecidos desde las 17 semanas de edad gestacional hasta el término. Se realizaron mediciones del órgano tales como: peso, alto, ancho, grosor y volumen. Se recogieron datos generales del fallecido: edad gestacional, peso y sexo. Resultados: todos los parámetros morfométricos del timo aumentaron en relación con mayor peso fetal y edad gestacional. El peso y volumen del timo fue superior en el sexo masculino. El alto, ancho y espesor del órgano fue superior en el sexo femenino. Las principales causas de muerte fueron: malformaciones congénitas, prematurez extrema y muerte fetal tardía. Conclusiones: los parámetros morfométricos tímicos se modifican en relación con la edad gestacional, peso y sexo fetal. Las magnitudes morfométricas tímicas encontradas en este estudio pueden ser usadas como valores de referencia en Cuba y servir de base a investigaciones similares o estudios imagenológicos, para la valoración de la integridad del sistema inmune y su seguimiento evolutivo, así como para el diagnóstico temprano de ciertas alteraciones que puedan favorecer una terapia fetal eficiente(AU)

Background: Classical medicine texts include morphological patterns such as thymus, but reported values vary. Objective: To determine morphometric parameters of the thymus and its relation to gestational age, fetal weight and sex. Methods: A prospective and descriptive study was conducted from May 2003 to May 2008 in the Dr. Gustavo Aldereguía Lima General University Hospital from Cienfuegos. The sample, obtained trough intentional sampling consisted of 147 fetuses deceased from 17 weeks of gestation to term. Organ measurements such as weight, height, width, thickness and volume were taken. General data of deceased fetuses were also collected: gestational age, weight and gender. Results: Morphometric parameters of the thymus increased in relation to increased fetal weight and gestational age. Thymus weight and volume was higher in males. Height, width and thickness of the organ were higher in females. Main causes of death were congenital malformations, extreme prematurity and late fetal death. Conclusions: thymic morphometric parameters are modified in relation to gestational age, fetal weight and sex. The thymic morphometric variables found in this study can be used as reference values ​​in Cuba and provide a basis for similar investigations or imaging tests for assessing the integrity of the immune system and its evolutionary fallow-up as well as for the early diagnosis of certain alterations, which may promote efficient fetal therapy(AU)

Effects of D-003 (10 mg/day) on bone mineral density of the lumbar spine and femoral neck in postmenopausal women: a randomized, double-blinded study.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Increased osteoclast activity is a pivotal finding in osteoporosis. This increase is mediated via the mevalonate-to-cholesterol pathway, which is involved in producing the intermediates required for osteoclast activity. D-003, a mixture of high molecular weight sugarcane wax acids, has been shown to inhibit cholesterol synthesis prior to mevalonate production, resulting in a reduction of bone loss and resorption in ovariectomized rats. Moreover, previous studies have demonstrated that short-term D-003 treatment reduces urinary excretion of deoxypyridinoline/creatinine in postmenopausal women. METHODS: We performed a double-blinded, placebo-controlled study to investigate the effects of D-003 (10 mg/day) treatment for 3 years on bone mineral density (BMD) in 83 postmenopausal women with low BMD. RESULTS: Over 3 years, D-003 treatment increased lumbar spine BMD (5.1%, p < 0.01) and improved osteoporosis-related quality of life scores as compared with placebo-treated controls. D-003 was also well tolerated; the frequency of adverse events in the bone, joints, or muscle with D-003 treatment (p < 0.05) was lower than in the placebo group. CONCLUSIONS: D-003 treatment (10 mg/day) for 3 years increased lumbar spine BMD and produced clinical improvements in postmenopausal women with low BMD. Further studies, however, will be required to confirm these results.

Relación entre los parámetros morfométricos del timo y el peso fetal / Relation between the morphometric parameters of thymus and fetal weight

Fundamento: Al nacer, el timo pesa de 10 a 13 g, el órgano puede involucionar por el efecto de varios factores que han sido clasificados como fisiológicos y patológicos. Estudios encaminados a establecer patrones morfológicos de este órgano, han reportado disímiles resultados. Objetivo: Determinar parámetros morfométricos del timo y su relación con el peso fetal en la provincia de Cienfuegos durante el periodo 2003-2008. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo y correlacional, en el periodo comprendido desde mayo de 2003 hasta mayo de 2008. De la totalidad de las muertes fetales ocurridas en el periodo estudiado (151 casos), se tomó una muestra de 147 timos de fetos fallecidos desde las 17 semanas de edad gestacional hasta el término. Además de considerar la variable edad gestacional, se realizaron mediciones del órgano tales como: peso, alto, ancho, grosor y volumen, cuya variabilidad se analizó en relación con el peso fetal. Resultados: Existió correspondencia entre la edad gestacional y el peso fetal. Los parámetros morfométricos del timo aumentaron en relación con el incremento del peso fetal siendo marcado este aumento para los pesos fetales superiores a 1500 gr, donde las variables morfométricas tímicas alcanzaron valores que duplicaron los del rango anterior de peso fetal. Conclusión: A mayor estadía del feto en útero hay un mayor desarrollo corporal y orgánico, lo cual está relacionado con las características propias del crecimiento intrauterino para el periodo fetal; así lo evidencian el estudio y análisis del crecimiento y desarrollo del timo(AU)

Background: When we are born, thymus weighs about 10 or 13 g. This organcan develop as a result of the interaction among various factors that havebeenclassified as physiological and pathological. Some studies to establish morphological patterns of this organ have reported dissimilar results. Objective: To determine morphometric parameters of thymus and itrelation withfoetus weight in Cienfuegos province between the years 2003-2008. Methods: A correlational, descriptive,observational study wascarried out in the period between May, 2003 and May 2008. We took a sample of thymus of 147 cases of foetal death, out of a total of 151 cases, from the 17th gestational week to the end of the gestation period. Besides, we carried out measurements of this organ such as weight, height,with, thickness and volume whose variability was analyzed in relation withfoetal weight. Results: Therewas correspondence between the gestationalage and foetal weight. The morphometric parameter of thymus augmented inrelation with foetal weight, being significant for foetal weights over1500 g, where themorphologic variables of thymus reached values two fold those of the previous range. Conclusions: Themore the foetus stays in theuterus the greater is its morphological and organic development, which is related with the inherent characteristics of intrauterinedevelopment forfoetal period(AU)

Hamartoma pulmonar parenquimatoso en mujer de 42 años / Parenchimatous lung hamartoma in 42-year-old woman

El hamartoma pulmonar, descrito en 1904, se presenta como masa de hasta 3 cm de diámetro con ubicación endobronquial o parenquimatosa. La lesión se registra en hombres 2 a 4 veces más que en mujeres y se diagnostica por lo general sobre los 60 años de edad, siempre de forma casual o aparece como hallazgo en las necropsias. Se reporta un caso poco frecuente de hamartoma pulmonar parenquimatoso en una mujer de 42 años de edad. Se describe el cuadro macro-microscópico del espécimen biópsico estudiado, así como sus condicionales clínicas(AU)