Complicaciones maternas y embarazo adolescente en América Latina: Revisión sistemática y metaanálisis / Maternal complications and adolescent pregnancy in Latin America: A systematic review and meta-analysis

RESUMEN Objetivo: Evaluar el riesgo de complicaciones maternas en el embarazo adolescente en Latinoamérica y El Caribe durante el periodo 2012 al 2021. Métodos: Se realizó una búsqueda sistemática en 6 bases de datos: PubMed, SCOPUS, Web Of Science, EMBase, LILACS y Scielo. Los artículos incluidos fueron procedentes de paises de Latinoamérica y contaron con cualquiera de las siguientes variables: preeclampsia, eclampsia, hemorragia puerperal y sepsis puerperal publicados desde el 2012 al 2021 y que compararan adolescentes y adultas embarazadas. Se excluyeron artículos que no presentaron hallazgos separados de Latinoamérica y/o El Caribe, que no se encontraban disponibles la versión completa y que estaban enfocados en pacientes con alguna enfermedad en específico. Para el riesgo de sesgo se empleó la Escala de Newcasttle-Ottawa para estudios de casos y controles. La medida de resumen empleada fue el Odds Ratio con un intervalo de confianza al 95% para cada estudio. Resultados: Se incluyeron 4 estudios. No se evidenció el riesgo de preeclampsia en adolescentes embarazadas (OR = 0.93, IC 95% 0.69 - 1.25) ni hemorragia puerperal (OR = 0.86, IC 95% 0.74 - 0.99). Por otro lado, se mostró el riesgo de eclampsia (OR = 2.43, IC 95% 1.29 - 4.58) en adolescentes embarazadas, pero con alta heterogeneidad entre los estudios (I2 = 76%). Conclusiones: Se evidenció un riesgo de eclampsia en adolescentes embarazadas, pero no en preeclampsia ni hemorragia puerperal; sin embargo, estos resultados deben de tomarse con cautela. Registro de protocolo: CRD42021286725 (PROSPERO)

ABSTRACT Objective: To assess whether maternal complications are a risk in adolescent pregnancy in Latin America and the Caribbean during the period 2012 to 2021. Methods: A systematic search was carried out in 6 databases: PubMed, SCOPUS, Web of Science, EMBase, LILACS and Scielo. The articles included were from Latin American countries and had any of the following variables: preeclampsia, eclampsia, puerperal hemorrhage and puerperal sepsis published from 2012 to 2021 and comparing pregnant adolescents and adults. Articles that did not present separate findings from Latin America and/or the Caribbean, that the full version was not available, and that were focused on patients with a specific disease were excluded. For risk of bias, the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale Case-Control Studies was used. The summary measure used was the Odds Ratio with a 95% confidence interval for each study. Results: 4 studies were included. The risk of preeclampsia in pregnant adolescents and postpartum hemorrhage (OR = 0.86, 95% CI 0.74 - 0.99) were not evidenced (OR = 0.93, 95% CI 0.69 - 1.25). On the other hand, the risk of eclampsia (OR = 2.43, 95% CI 1.29 - 4.58) in pregnant adolescents was shown, but with high heterogeneity between studies (I2 = 76%). Conclusions: A risk of eclampsia was evidenced in pregnant adolescents, but not in preeclampsia nor postpartum hemorrhage. However, these results should be taken with caution. Protocol record: CRD42021286725 (PROSPERO)

Two new species of dactylogyrids (Monogenea: Dactylogyridae) infecting the gill filaments of fishes in the southern Peruvian Amazon.

Two new dactylogyrid species were found infecting the gill filaments of two freshwater fishes collected in the Amazon River basin around Madre de Dios, Peru, namely, Demidospermus wilveri n. sp. from Loricaria sp. (Siluriformes: Loricariidae), and Notozothecium agusti n. sp. from Brycon amazonicus (Spix & Agassiz) (Characiformes: Bryconidae). Demidospermus wilveri n. sp. is characterized by having the following combination of characteristics: (1) a male copulatory organ (MCO) with 1½ rings and a spoon-shaped distal end, (2) an accessory piece with expanded distal end, (3) dorsal and ventral bars with broadly V-shaped and expanded ends, and (4) hooks similar in size. Notozothecium agusti n. sp. differs from its ten congeners by the following combination of characteristics: (1) a coiled MCO with 1½ rings and a sinuous accessory piece with kidney-shaped distal end, (2) an rod-shaped and straight dorsal bar, (3) and anchors with robust superficial roots. Demidospermus wilveri n. sp. represents the thirty-second species in the genus, the eighth from Peru and the fifth parasitising a loricariid catfish from the Peruvian Amazon. Notozothecium agusti n. sp. is the second species of the genus described in Peru and the first species infecting a bryconid host.

Uncovering Signals of Positive Selection in Peruvian Populations from Three Ecological Regions.

Peru hosts extremely diverse ecosystems which can be broadly classified into the following three major ecoregions: the Pacific desert coast, the Andean highlands, and the Amazon rainforest. Since its initial peopling approximately 12,000 years ago, the populations inhabiting such ecoregions might have differentially adapted to their contrasting environmental pressures. Previous studies have described several candidate genes underlying adaptation to hypobaric hypoxia among Andean highlanders. However, the adaptive genetic diversity of coastal and rainforest populations has been less studied. Here, we gathered genome-wide single-nucleotide polymorphism-array data from 286 Peruvians living across the three ecoregions and analyzed signals of recent positive selection through population differentiation and haplotype-based selection scans. Among highland populations, we identify candidate genes related to cardiovascular function (TLL1, DUSP27, TBX5, PLXNA4, SGCD), to the Hypoxia-Inducible Factor pathway (TGFA, APIP), to skin pigmentation (MITF), as well as to glucose (GLIS3) and glycogen metabolism (PPP1R3C, GANC). In contrast, most signatures of adaptation in coastal and rainforest populations comprise candidate genes related to the immune system (including SIGLEC8, TRIM21, CD44, and ICAM1 in the coast; CBLB and PRDM1 in the rainforest; and BRD2, HLA-DOA, HLA-DPA1 regions in both), possibly as a result of strong pathogen-driven selection. This study identifies candidate genes related to human adaptation to the diverse environments of South America.

Automated hemogram values for healthy dogs aged 1 to 6 years attended at the Veterinary Hospital - Universidad de Antioquia (Colombia), 2002-2009 / Valores de referencia del hemograma en perros sanos entre 1 y 6 años de edad, atendidos en el Hospital Veterinario - Universidad de Antioquia, 2002-2009 / Valores de referência do hemograma de cães sadios entre 1 e 6 anos de idade atendidos no Hospital Veterinário da Universidade de Antioquia, 2002-2009

To assess the physiological state of an animal, analysis and diagnostic tests comparable with defined reference values are necessary. These values are influenced by various factors and their definition should be based on the characteristics of each population. In the Veterinary Hospital of the University of Antioquia, universal reference values for hemogram are normally used. This represents a problem at the time of interpretation of results, due to local environmental factors that differ from the international ones, in which the reference values were originally defined. Objective: to determine reference limits of hemogram in clinically healthy dogs between 1 and 6 years of age, in the city of Medellín. Methods: retrospective study. In this study, medical records of healthy dogs attending the Veterinary Hospital of the Faculty of Agricultural Sciences of the University of Antioquia for ambulatory surgery, clinical examination, vaccination, and annual monitoring between 2002 and 2009 were analyzed. Information contained in medical records was collected using a questionnaire. The statistical analysis of the information was carried out using parametric and nonparametric methods. Results: reference limits were established. Significant statistically differences in some parameters of the hemogram in relation to variables such as age and breed of dogs were established. Conclusions: parameters of hemogram in evaluated dogs are related to physiological conditions such as age and race, as well as to environmental and nutritional conditions. Therefore, it is necessary to have reference values that match the characteristics of animals and the environment.

Para la determinación del estado fisiológico de un animal son necesarios análisis y pruebas diagnósticas comparables con valores de referencia definidos; estos valores se encuentran influenciados por diversos factores, y se establecen con base en las características propias de cada población. En el Hospital Veterinario de la Universidad de Antioquia se emplean valores de referencia universales para el hemograma, lo cual constituye un problema al momento de su interpretación, ya que los factores ambientales locales difieren de los internacionales donde los valores de referencia se definieron originalmente. Objetivo: determinar los límites de referencia del hemograma en perros entre 1 y 6 años de edad, clínicamente sanos de la ciudad de Medellín. Métodos: se diseñó un estudio retrospectivo para en el cual se analizaron historias clínicas de perros sanos que fueron llevados al Hospital Veterinario de la Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias de la Universidad de Antioquia a para cirugía ambulatoria, revisión general, vacunación, y control anual, entre los años 2002 y 2009. La información contenida en las historias clínicas se recopiló mediante el uso de una encuesta, y para su análisis se utilizó estadística paramétrica y no paramétrica. Resultados: se establecieron límites de referencia y se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas en algunos parámetros del hemograma en relación con variables como edad y raza de los perros. Conclusión: los parámetros del hemograma en los perros evaluados se encuentran relacionados con condiciones fisiológicas como edad y raza, así como por condiciones medioambientales y de nutrición, por lo que es necesario tener límites de referencia que concuerden con las características propias de los animales y del medio.

O estado fisiológico de um animal é avaliado a partir de análises e provas diagnósticas comparáveis com valores de referência definidos. Esses valores estão influenciados por diversos fatores e são definidos com base nas características próprias de cada população. No Hospital Veterinário da Universidade de Antióquia são empregados limites de referência universais para o hemograma. Este é um problema no momento da interpretação, devido a que fatores ambientais locais são diferentes dos internacionais. Objetivo: o objetivo desta pesquisa foi determinar os limites de referência do hemograma em cães entre 1 e 6 anos de idade, clinicamente sadios, procedentes da cidade de Medellín. Métodos: foi desenhado um estudo retrospectivo no qual analisaram-se os prontuarios de cães sadios que foram submetidos a cirurgia ambulatória, revisão geral, vacinação e controle anual no Hospital Veterinário da Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias da Universidade de Antióquia entre os anos 2002 e 2009. A informação contida nos prontuarios foi recopilada mediante o uso de uma enquete e para sua análise utilizou-se estatística paramétrica e não paramétrica. Resultados: estabeleceram-se limites de referência e foram encontradas diferenças estatisticamente significativas em alguns parâmetros do hemograma como a idade e a raça dos cães. Conclusões: os parâmetros do hemograma nos cães avaliados estão relacionados com condições fisiológicas como idade e raça, assim como também por condições medioambientais e de nutrição. Por esta razão, é necessário ter limites de referência que estejam de acordo com as características próprias dos animais e do médio.