A qualitative study on the challenges of Afghan child labourers in Tehran.

Afghan refugees child labourers face many challenges as they are labelled as refugees. In an attempt to explore these challenges, the present study was conducted in Tehran with a qualitative approach. The present qualitative research was conducted using a conventional content analysis approach with 25 Afghan child labourers in 2022 in Tehran. Child labourers were selected through purposive and snowball sampling and interviewed in a semi-in-depth interview. The data were analysed based on Granheim and Lundman's criteria, as well as those of Guba and Lincoln, to further enrich the findings. A total of 3 categories, 13 sub-categories, and 183 initial codes were extracted from the data analysis, including: "psychological challenges" (history of harassment and abuse, negative effects, high-risk behaviours, and family detachment); "health challenges" (physical problems, inappropriate accommodation, medical/therapeutic problems, and health threats); and "social challenges" (neglected childhood, dual identity, educational limitations, inadequate social support, social isolation, and social humiliation). At the individual level, it is possible to meet the child labourers' health needs and make them aware of the hazards of working in the streets through physical examination at certain intervals and holding training workshops on harassment prevention, anger control, prevention of high-risk behaviours, prevention of infectious diseases such as hepatitis, and strengthening self-confidence to improve health. Also, the Afghan child labourers' work could be intervened at the social and familial level by providing accommodation in more suitable neighbourhoods, providing health insurance for child labourers, creating the chances of studying in schools, preventing dropouts, and strengthening social relations in order to improve children's health.

Investigating perceived core disaster competencies of nurses in Iran: A case study of northwest hospitals.

AIM: This study was carried out to investigate the perception of the main competencies of disaster management in Iranian emergency department nurses in 2023 in hospitals affiliated with Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences. The present study was conducted to explore the perceived core disaster competencies in nurses of hospitals affiliated with Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences in 2023. BACKGROUND: Due to the rise in natural disasters, their escalating severity and associated regulatory response necessitate a closer look at the preparedness and core competencies of nursing personnel. The main competencies of nurses are necessary to deal with disasters in unexpected events, and they are expected to use their professional expertise to provide the required nursing services to reduce the risks caused by disasters. METHODOLOGY: This descriptive-analytical study was conducted cross-sectionally between May and September 2023. In the study, a sample of 384 nurses working in the departments of four hospitals affiliated with Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences was selected through a random stratification. The data collection instrument was a 45-item scale of nurses' perceived core competencies (NPDCC) in handling disasters. The data were analyzed using the Mann-Whitney U-test, Kruskal-Wallis test, and independent samples t-test. The significance level was set at 5%. RESULTS: The mean total score of perceived core disaster competencies was 139.11 ± 37.65. The technical skills subscale got the highest score (51.81 ± 11.28) and critical thinking skills received the lowest (9.74 ± 3.92). Also, "technical skills" had the highest average and "critical thinking skills" had the lowest average in all three age groups. The results found a significant difference between the scores of nurses in perceived core disaster competencies in age groups, work environments, education degrees, marital statuses, and experiences of attending disaster workshops (p ≤ 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The results showed that nurses had different levels of core disaster competencies in the department. There are gaps in the core disaster nursing competencies that need to be filled. Nursing managers should consistently evaluate the core nursing competencies to achieve efficacious disaster preparedness. To this aim, it is recommended that authorities implement training courses and programs to enhance the preparedness of nurses in responding to disasters.

Investigating the mediating role of food involvement in the relationship between eating restrictions, nutritional knowledge, and dietary patterns in adults.

People's Dietary Patterns (DPs) are influenced by culture and ethnicity, and their identification requires a holistic assessment of diet. DP reflects dietary behaviors, and its analysis may provide further details about the dietary etiology of chronic diseases. By examining people's DP and related factors, more practical solutions can be proposed to prevent overweight, obesity, and related diseases. This study aimed to describe DP, Eating Restrictions (ER), Food Involvement (FI), Nutrition Knowledge (NK), and anthropometric indices in Iranian adults and determine the mediating role of FI in the relationship between ER, NK, and DP. A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted using the structural equation modeling approach. The study was conducted on 2421 adults in Mazandaran Province, northern Iran. The Eating Restrictions Questionnaire (ERQ), the Food Involvement Inventory (FII), the komPAN questionnaire, and a demographic characteristics and anthropometric indices questionnaire were used to collect data. We also measured the seven major food groups, the Diet Quality Scores (DQS), and the six dietary indices, including the pro-Healthy-Diet-Index (pHDI-15), non-Healthy Diet-Index (nHDI-16), high-Glycemic-Diet-Index-7 (hGIDI-7), low-Glycaemic-Diet-Index-4 (lGIDI-4), high-Sugar-Diet-Index-4 (hSDI-4), and high-sugar product (hSFDI-6) and compared their values by gender and four BMI groups. The prevalence of ER and FI was 6.25% and 49.1%, respectively. NK was insufficient for 43.1% of the participants. Most participants (71.2%) had low DQS scores on pHDI-15 and moderate scores (52.9%) on nHDI-16. DQS scores were low in 64.8% of participants in the lGIDI-4 food group, while 71.7%, 92.6%, and 77.2% possessed moderate scores in the hGIDI-7, hSFDI-6, and hSDI-4 food groups, respectively. The mean pHDI-15 and lGIDI-4 indices were higher in women than in men. The amount of unhealthy food indices (nHDI-16, hGIDI-7, hSDI-4, and hSFDI-6) was higher in lean, overweight, and obese people than in people with a normal BMI. The structural model assumed between ER and DP and the mediating role of FI fit well with Iranian adults. Moreover, FI had a mediating role in the relationship between NK and pHDI_15 (Indirect Effects = 0.05, P<0.05) and nHDI_16 (Indirect Effects = -0.07, P<0.01). Most participants are small portions of the healthy food groups and the low glycemic foods, and FI plays a mediating role in the relationship between NK and ER with DP. Therefore, it is necessary to pay attention to the role of FI as a mediating variable in interventions based on reducing ER, increasing NK, and shifting DP from unhealthy to healthy.

Challenging experiences of the elderly with heart failure in the COVID-19 pandemic: a phenomenological study in Iran.

BACKGROUND: Patients with heart failure (HF), especially the elderly, faced many challenges during the COVID-19 pandemic, which need to be explored. The present study aimed to analyse the challenging experiences facing the elderly with heart failure during the pandemic in Iran. To achieve this aim, a qualitative approach to research was employed. METHODS: The present qualitative research employed a phenomenological approach to study 12 elderly with heart failure visiting Imam Ali Hospital during the COVID-19 pandemic in Kermanshah, Iran. The data collection occurred between August 5, 2022, and November 21, 2022. The participants were selected through a purposive sampling method and interviewed using a semi-structured interview. MAXQDA10 software was used for data organisation and the Colizzi analytical technique for data analysis. Guba and Lincoln's criteria were also used to evaluate the trustworthiness of the qualitative research. RESULTS: A total of two categories, 8 subcategories, and 110 primary codes were extracted from the data. The two categories were challenges and coping strategies. The former included the sub-categories of economic issues, fear, anxiety, and fear of death; limited access to health care; quarantine issues; disruption of family life; and medication non-adherence. The subcategories of the latter were faith in God, social support, and self-care behaviors. CONCLUSIONS: The present study revealed the challenges experienced and the coping strategies employed by elderly patients with heart failure during the pandemic in Iran. A knowledge of these challenges and experiences during the COVID-19 pandemic can raise healthcare workers' awareness of the elderly patients' strategies used to cope with the virus.

Investigating the factors affecting the self-care behaviors of patients with type II diabetes and the role of demographic variables: A case study in Iran.

BACKGROUND: Self-care practices in diabetes patients are crucial to keep the illness under control and prevent complications. Effective management of diabetes will be a difficult task without an adequate understanding of the current level of practice related to diabetes self-care. Therefore, this study aims to assess the factors affecting the self-care behaviors of patients with type II diabetes and the role of demographic variables in Iran. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The present study is a descriptive-analytical study that was designed and conducted in 2022. This study population was type II diabetic patients at the Diabetes Research Center of Ayatollah Taleghani Hospital in Kermanshah who were selected by available sampling method of 280 samples. Data collection tools included demographic characteristics questionnaire and standard self-care questionnaire for the Glasgow and Toobert diabetic patients. Data were analyzed using SPSS-23 software, independent t-tests, one-way analysis of variance, and stepwise regression. RESULTS: The mean of self-care scores was 2.07 ± 2.08 and indicated an unfavorable condition. The highest mean scores of self-care were in the field of regular use of medications, and the lowest scores were in the field of blood-glucose testing. The mean scores of self-care were significantly different based on marital status, occupation status, residence, type of treatment, duration of diabetes, years, smoking status (P < 0.05). Regression results showed that the variables predictors; type of treatment, smoking status, the complication of diabetes, education level status, place of residence explained 515% of the variance of self-care. CONCLUSIONS: The study showed that the extent to which individuals adhere to type II diabetes recommended management is substantially low. Improving awareness of patients and the community at large is imperative, especially on the diet, exercise, blood-glucose testing, foot care, and no smoking.

Role of demographic variables in investigating occupational stress of disaster and emergency medical management center.

BACKGROUND: Emergency medical services face stressful environments such as departments dealing with injuries and sick patients that pose challenging situations for the healthcare staff. This present study investigates the role of demographic variables in investigating occupational stress of disaster and emergency medical management center in 2021. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This present descriptive study selected a sample size of 200 medical personnel associated with disaster and emergency medical management center in Iran, according to the inclusion chosen criteria. The study used a tool consisting of two parts, including demographic information and a job stress Health and Safety Executive (HSE) standard questionnaire. The study selected respondents through Cochran's sample size formula using stratified random sampling with a cross-sectional research design for data collection. This present study has analyzed received data using performed the descriptive and inferential information (t-test and one-way ANOVA) at a significance level P < 0.05. The participants of the survey were males only. RESULTS: The study results specified that the mean age of respondents was 30.14 ± 5.96. The study results exhibited that the mean score of total occupational stress was 3.41 ± 0.26. The results showed the highest (4.34 ± 0.35) and the lowest (2.72 ± 0.86) stress levels were related to role dimensions. CONCLUSIONS: The study findings revealed a significant relationship between stress level and participants' age, marital status, educational level, type of base, workplace, and the number of work hours per month. Emergency medical personnel experience a high level of occupational stress. Senior managers can use similar studies to implement measures to reduce the experience of employees' stress.

Evaluation of psychometric properties of the eating restriction questionnaire and food involvement inventory in Iranian adults.

The objectives of this study were to translate and validate the Persian version of the food involvement inventory (FII) and eating restriction questionnaire (ERQ) and to determine the measurement invariance based on gender, body mass index (BMI) status, and age. This cross-sectional study included 1100 Iranian adults. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) were used to evaluate the construct validity of FII and ERQ. Convergent and discriminant validity, measurement invariance in gender, BMI and age, reliability including internal consistency, and stability were investigated for FII and ERQ. The results showed that the four-factor construct of the FII and the one-factor construct of the ERQ were 44.27% and 55.12% of the total variance, respectively. The factor loadings of all items were > .3 in both scales and none of the items were deleted. Fitting indices indicated that the four-factor construct of the FII and the one-factor construct of the ERQ had a good and acceptable fit among the Iranian adults. The Persian versions of the FII and ERQ, translated into Persian and localized according to international standards, had high construct, convergent and discriminant validity as well as high reliability.

Lived sexual experience of health workers on the Iranian frontline of the fight against the COVID-19 pandemic: A qualitative content analysis.

Background: Lifestyle changes due to the COVID-19 pandemic may affect individuals' sexual lives and probably their sexual function. The present study aimed to explain the sexual lived experiences of health workers on the Iranian frontlines of the fight against the COVID-19 pandemic. Materials and methods: The present study was qualitative research using the conventional qualitative content analysis method. It was conducted in the city of Ramsar, Iran, in 2022. The data were collected using 12 in-depth personal interviews and a purposive sampling method. Lundman and Granheim's method was used to analyse the data. Results: The analysis of the data in the first phase of the research led to 60 initial codes, 7 subcategories, 3 main categories (concerns about health risks, sexual dissatisfaction, and sexual facilitators and barriers), and one theme (unhealthy lifestyle due to sexual dissatisfaction). Conclusion: The present study revealed new and different dimensions of the sexual experiences of health workers on the frontlines of the fight against the COVID-19 pandemic [concerns about health risks, sexual dissatisfaction, sexual facilitators, and sexual inhibitors]; these dimensions are based on the Iranian context and culture that can be considered to enhance sexual pleasure and the physical and mental health of health professionals that have an impact on improving patients' and people's health status in society.

Internet Addiction Status and Related Factors among Medical Students: A Cross-Sectional Study in Western Iran.

BACKGROUND: In recent years, Internet and social media technology use have emerged as an integral tool of human society, and the evolution of technological integration, cyberspace, and web-technology has become a common practice in educational institutions. Internet usage among students has played an indispensable role in learning behavior; however, the excessive usage of the internet and social media leads to internet addiction. This original study has performed a focalized scrutiny on revealing relationships between internet addiction and associated factors among the students of medicine, dentistry, and pharmaceutical departments. METHODS: This descriptive and analytical study recruited medical students from the Self-governing Education Incubator of Kermanshah. This survey distributed questionnaires among the respondents' three departments, and this statistical data reported on 420 valid responses of the respondents. They represent first and second-semester medical students of the academic year 2017-2018. The study selected medical students by applying Cochran's Sample Size Formula through Stratified Random Sampling and cross-sectional research design. The survey has utilized a demographic questionnaire of Young's Internet Addiction Test (IAT) for the data collection. The study analyzed received data by using SPSS version 23 and performed the descriptive statistics, and analytical statistics (t-test and ANOVA). RESULTS: The results of the present study established that the majority of subjects were female students (53.3%), and the average age was 23.84 ± 2.14, including the students of all departments. Besides, findings specified that the overall mean and standard deviation scores were 3.34 and ±0.88. Internet addiction revealed mean and the standard deviation score measured for all students 3.29 ± 0.73, 3.17 ± 0.92, and 3.57 ± 0.64 correspondingly. The survey results illustrated that medical students' internet addiction substantially correlated with demographic variables, such as age, marital status, the field of study, academic term, significant time of consuming the internet, the key reason of utilizing the internet, and daily usage of the internet (p < .05). CONCLUSION: The results of the study specified that 25% of medical students showed internet addiction. The students are increasingly using the internet, and it has penetrated among students. The design and implementation of adequate educational programs and the application of internet-based efficiency interventions are essential for both knowledge acquisition and medical students' healthy behavior.

Evaluation of psychometric properties of dietary habits, lifestyle, food frequency consumption, and nutritional beliefs (KomPAN) questionnaire in Iranian adults.

Background: Adherence to unhealthy dietary patterns is a major cause of overweight and obesity in adults. Therefore, it is recommended that assessment and modification of unhealthy lifestyle should be included in prevention programs. To achieve this goal, it is necessary to evaluate the status of dietary patterns in adults with valid and reliable tools. Thus, the aims of the present study were to translate the KomPAN questionnaire, evaluate its psychometric properties in Iranian adults and measure 4 dietary indices including high-saturated-fats-Diet-Index-8 (hSFDI-8), high-Sugar- Diet-Index-4 (hSDI-4), low-Glycaemic-Diet-Index-4 (LGIDI-4) and high- Glycaemic-Diet-Index-7 (hGIDI-7) based on 3 groups of body mass index (BMI) (BMI = 18.5-24.9, BMI = 25-29.9 and BMI ≥ 30), gender, educational level, income status, and age. Methods: The KomPAN questionnaire included 4 scales nutrition beliefs (NB), lifestyle, food frequency consumption (FFC), dietary habits (DH) and after its translation from English into Persian, the psychometric properties of all 4 scales (face and content validity) were evaluated. For both FFC and NB scales, the construct validity was assessed through exploratory factor analysis (EFA), confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and convergent and discriminant validity, the internal consistency was evaluated using the Cronbach's alpha coefficient, McDonald's omega (Ω) and Theta coefficient (θ), as well as the stability was assessed via intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). Cross-classification and Kappa statistics were evaluated for both DH and lifestyle scales. Then, 4 dietary indices were measured in terms of demographic variables. Results: The cross-classification of DH (93.96%) and lifestyle (95.87%) scales indicated the percentage of correct classification in the test-retest scales. The Kappa statistic was >0.4 and its value was acceptable. The mean Kappa statistics were 0.734 and 0.865 for the DH and lifestyle scales, respectively. The fit indices showed that the two-factor construct of the FFC scale and the one-factor construct of the NB scale had a good and acceptable fit among the Iranian adults. The FFC and NB scales had acceptable internal consistency and stability. Conclusion: It is recommended that other researchers use the KomPAN questionnaire to identify DH, FFC, NB and lifestyle as well as measure diet quality scores in the adult community.

Explore of the reasons of irrational prescribing in Iran: A qualitative study.

Background: Irrational prescribing is highly prevalent in Iran, and it is under the impact of different factors. Objective: This research aims to recognize the reasons for Irrational prescribing in Iran. Methods: A qualitative approach and a conventional content analysis were employed to perform this research. The research community includes some experts and key specialists in medication prescribing. Semi-structured interviews were used for data collection. The intentional sampling method was applied, and theoretical saturation was reached by conducting 40 interviews with experts. The data analysis process was done following the steps suggested by Graneheim and Lundman. Results: Four main categories and 12 subcategories appeared after analyzing the data. The main categories are organizational and management factors, legal factors, cultural factors, and economic factors. Conclusion: Irrational prescribing can be prevented by reforming the referral system, overseeing pharmacies and physicians, raising public awareness and correcting their misconceptions about the medications, and creating an appropriate mechanism for pricing and selling medicines.

Knowledge, attitude, and practice toward the COVID-19 infection among adults Iran: A cross-sectional study.

Background: Coronavirus illness (COVID-19) has spread globally and is affecting everyone severely. The evaluation of educational needs (knowledge, attitudes, and practices) is important in controlling COVID-19 situations. The goal of this study is to find out what adults in Ardabil City know, how they feel, and what they do about the COVID-19 infection. Methods: In November 2021, a cross-sectional descriptive-correlational survey of 384 people was conducted using stratified-cluster sampling in Ardabil. The researchers created a self-reported questionnaire with 23 items as the data collection technique. The quantitative data were evaluated using descriptive statistics, the chi-square test, the correlation coefficient, and regression analysis. Results: The correct answer rate for this research found that 73.17% of participants (n = 281) had appropriate knowledge, 61.19% (n = 235) had favorable attitudes, and 69.53% (n = 267) had enough practice behavior. However, knowledge was related to gender, employment, and location of residence. Age, marital status, education level, and location of residence were all connected with attitude. Age, gender, and marital status were all related to the behavior. The findings of linear regression analysis revealed that knowledge and attitude influence behavior. Conclusion: The study findings revealed a high degree of understanding of COVID-19, a positive attitude, and a strong commitment to good practices. Knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors were influenced to varying degrees by age, marital status, education level, employment, and location of residence. Furthermore, knowledge and attitudes influenced behaviors.

Exploring the influence of scheduled meetings on physiological indicators of hospitalized patients satisfaction facing acute myocardial infarction in the intensive care unit.

BACKGROUND: Satisfaction of patients is among the top priorities of health-care providers. Meeting with families is essential for patients who are admitted to various wards, although it has been restricted for many reasons such as its impact on physiologic indicators. This present research study aimed to exploring the influence of scheduled meetings on physiological indicators of hospitalized patients satisfaction facing acute myocardial infarction in the intensive care unit. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study was a nonrandomized clinical trial with a control group conducted in the cardiac care unit ward of Hamadan's Ekbatan Hospital. Sixty patients with acute myocardial infarction were chosen through convenient sampling and assigned to intervention (planned meeting) and control (routine meeting) groups in a nonrandomized manner. Data were collected by a researcher-made questionnaire of patient satisfaction and the observatory checklist of physiologic indicators and then analyzed in IBM SPSS Statistics v23. RESULTS: The total mean score of satisfaction did not significantly differ between the two groups (P = 0.921). The satisfaction of patients for "the conduct of visitors" was significantly higher in the intervention group (P = 0.005). During the study, no meaningful difference was found between the two groups for physiologic indicators (P > 0.05), while these indicators, except for blood O2 saturation, were meaningfully increased in the control group during routine meetings (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Planned meetings did not promote total satisfaction of patients with meetings, but improved some aspects of satisfaction, such as the conduct of visitors. The planned meeting is recommended as an alternative for a routine meeting, as it did not affect the physiologic indicators of patients in the intervention group.

The child-to-family education program regarding self-medication: A theory-based interventional study.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Self-medication is considered one of the largest social, economic, and health problems in developing communities, including Iran. The present study aimed to determine the effectiveness of a child to family communication approach to self-medication based on the Health Belief Model [HBM]. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This study is a quasi-experimental study that was conducted on 124 students in the fourth grade and their mothers in the intervention and control groups in Isfahan city, Iran. Using multi-stage simple random sampling, two primary schools were selected from each group, and then one class was selected from each primary school. Students in the intervention group attended the educational sessions. Then, the students were required to transfer their education to their families. The impact of education on mothers was evaluated two months after the last session. Data were collected before and after the intervention with a researcher-created questionnaire based on the HBM and were analysed using the SPSS 17 software package, with chi-square, Mann-Whitney U, and Wilcoxon tests. RESULTS: Before training, there was not a significant difference in the mean scores of the HBM constructs in terms of the demographic characteristics between the two groups. After the educational intervention, the mean of knowledge and HBM constructs were increased significantly, and the mean of perceived barriers decreased significantly in the experimental group [P < 0.001]. CONCLUSION: According to the present study, the child-to-family education based on the HBM was effective. It is suggested that educational interventions based on the HBM be designed and implemented to decrease self-medication in Iranian families.

An overview of 2019 novel coronavirus COVID-19 pandemic: A review study.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, was first reported in December 2019 in Wuhan, Hubei province, China. It is now known as a pandemic and a global crisis due to rapid human-to-human transmission with the vast expansion that has affected almost all countries. The primary source of the disease is still unknown, but it is possible that the virus was transmitted through bat to an intermediate host and then to humans. The main and early symptoms of COVID-19 infection are fatigue, fever, dry cough, myalgia, and dyspnea. The incubation period of the disease is about 2-14 days, which is one of the important parameters for planning to prevent disease outbreak. PT-polymerase chain reaction test is used to diagnose the disease; chest computed tomography scan, chest X-ray, blood tests, and symptoms are also very helpful in diagnosing the disease. There is a strong emphasis on controlling infections and hand hygiene to prevent the transmission of the disease. There is not enough knowledge about this disease yet, and there are no specific vaccines or medications available to prevent and treat this disease. The current review study uses articles indexed on databases of Embase, Elsevier, PubMed, and World Health Organization and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and keywords of coronavirus, COVID-19, acute respiratory distress syndrome and China.

The effect of education based on health belief model on promoting preventive behaviors of hypertensive disease in staff of the Iran University of Medical Sciences.

BACKGROUND: Hypertension is one of the major causes of many diseases, such as heart attack, strokes, kidney failure, and many internal disorders. This presentresearch study aimed to investigate the impact of educational programs based on the health belief model to promote hypertension prevention behavior of Iran University of Medical Sciences staff. METHODS: This study has incorporated pretest-posttest quasi-experimental based on 128 staff members and randomly assigned the recruited and involved participants to an intervention (n = 64) and a control group (n = 64). The data collection tool was based on a questionnaire related to health belief model constructs based on 42 questions. The study interpreted the results using ANCOVA and robust ANCOVA as suitable approaches. RESULTS: ANCOVA showed improvement in the cues to participants' action following educational interventional (p = 0.011). the robust ANCOVA specified that the intervention was successful for participants with low to moderate initial levels of knowledge, perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, perceived barriers, and self-efficacy scores. The levels of these components did not change in participants with very high baseline scores. Compared to a control group, regardless of baseline score, the perceived benefits and practice (behavior) of participants at the intervention group were improved significantly (P <  0.05). CONCLUSION: This current study specified that the education-based health belief model effectively promotes hypertension preventive behaviors among Iran University of Medical Sciences staff.

The prevalence of burnout and its relationship with capital types among university staff in Tehran, Iran: A cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Burnout is a job-related syndrome that is common among university staff, and it is caused by various factors. The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence of burnout and its relationship with capital types among university staff in Tehran, Iran. METHODS: A cross-sectional descriptive-analytical design was used in which 420 staff were randomly sampled from the Iran University of Medical Sciences. For data collection, the researchers used the Burnout Inventory of Maslach and Jackson and Capital Types Questionnaire. The data were entered into SPSS software (Version 22) and analyzed by descriptive and inferential statistics and regressions. RESULTS: The mean burnout of staff was 84.42, and 45.9% of them had high burnout. A significant relationship was found among capital types, work experience, gender, education, and burnout. Multiple linear regressions also showed that independent variables estimated about 32% of the variance of the dependent variable, social capital, gender, and work experience, contributed more to explaining and predicting burnout index. CONCLUSION: Regarding the relationship between burnout and capital types (economic, cultural, and social), it is necessary to increase capital by increasing cultural activities, staff's knowledge level, income levels, informal groups, and finally, strengthening interpersonal relationships among staff.

Challenges and Problems Facing 2017 Kermanshah Earthquake Survivors: A Qualitative Study.

It is widely accepted that earthquake poses many challenges to human life. Therefore, the main objective of this study was to explore challenges and problems facing the 2017 Kermanshah earthquake survivors. The present qualitative study was conducted using conventional qualitative content analysis in Kermanshah Province, Iran, in 2018. The data were collected through semi-structured interviews with 28 earthquake-stricken individuals, aged over 18 years, selected through purposive sampling method. The Graneheim and Lundman method was also used to analyze the data, and then Lincoln and Guba criteria were employed to provide robustness and transferability of the research. The results of data analysis were classified into 4 main categories and 11 sub-categories. Accordingly, the main categories were: (1) health problems and issues, (2) economic problems and issues, (3) improper management of human and non-human resources, and (4) incomplete social services. According to the results, earthquake victims face many challenges. Therefore, fundamental steps can be taken to reduce survivors' problems by considering all aspects of their health, improving equal distribution of social assistance and services provided, and using local social capital in a better way.

Nurses' Work-Related Quality of Life and Its Influencing Demographic Factors at a Public Hospital in Western Iran: A Cross-Sectional Study.

BACKGROUND: The quality of life as a concept beyond physical health stands one of the protuberant indexes, and various health-based studies required distinct measurements, which deemed necessary for their significant implications. The nurses fight at the front and play a leading role in providing services to patients at healthcare centers. They deserve a higher quality of life in catering to physical health services. This present study focuses on examining nurses' work-life quality standards and how demographic variables contribute to the hospital of Imam Reza in Kermanshah of Western Iran. METHODS: This descriptive-analytical study recruited a sample of 271 nurses affiliated with Imam Reza Hospital and Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences by incorporating the stratified random sampling in 2019. This study used a two-part questionnaire to collect data from the targeted respondents. The first part presented the participants' demographic profiles, and the second part showed the nurses' work-related quality of life (WRQoL) on the scale developed by Van Laar et al. The study screened the data and performed analyses through the SPSS version-23. The research study conducted a descriptive analysis to measure mean and standard deviation with inferential statistics, including independent samples t-test and one-way ANOVA (P < 0.05). RESULTS: The study findings specified that nurses' average quality of the work-life was at a moderate level 3.11 ± 0.47. Besides, results indicated that 57.50% of the nurses reported high standards of quality of work-life, 36.50% showed a modest and 5.20% revealed a lower level of work-life quality. The findings indicated that the quality of work-life significantly correlated with respondent'' age, marital status, education, work experience, position, department, shifts, and employment status (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The findings of this research demonstrated that the nurses' quality of work-life was higher than the average standard. The results provide useful insight for nurses and hospital managers. The policymakers and health managers need to pay more attention to providing a better quality of work-life to the nurses.