Effects of Kinesio Taping on Post-Needling Induced Pain After Dry Needling of Active Trigger Point in Individuals With Mechanical Neck Pain.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to assess the effectiveness of the application of kinesio taping in reducing induced pain after dry needling of active trigger points (TrPs) to the upper trapezius muscle. METHODS: Consecutive patients had mechanical neck pain (n = 34, 44% female) with active TrPs in the upper trapezius muscle. All participants received dry needling into upper trapezius active TrPs. Then, they were randomly divided into a kinesio taping group, which received an adhesive tape (Kinesio Tex), and a control group, which did not receive the taping. The numeric pain rating scale was assessed (0-10) at post-needling; immediately after; and 24 hours, 48 hours, and 72 hours after needling. Neck- and shoulder-related disability was assessed before and 72 hours after needling with the Neck Disability Index (NDI) and the Shoulder Pain and Disability Index, respectively. The pressure pain threshold (PPT) over the TrP was also assessed post-needling, immediately post-intervention, and 72 hours after needling. RESULTS: The analysis of covariance did not find a significant group × time interaction (P = .26) for post-needling soreness: both groups exhibited similar changes in post-needling induced pain (P < .001). No significant group × time interactions were observed for changes in NDI (P = .62), SPADI (P = .41), or PPTs (P = .52): similar improvements were found after the needling procedure for the NDI (P < .001), Shoulder Pain and Disability Index (P < .001), and PPT (P < .001). The number of local twitch responses and sex (all, P > .30) did not influence the effect for any outcome. CONCLUSION: The application of kinesio taping after dry needling of active TrPs in the upper trapezius muscle was not effective for reducing post-needling induced pain in people with mechanical neck pain. Further, the application of kinesio taping as a post-needling intervention did not influence short-term changes in disability.

Temperatura y emergencia diaria de siete géneros de Ephemeroptera(Insecta) en un río de la Selva Nublada de los Andes Tropicales / Temperature and daily emergence of seven genera of Ephemeroptera (Insecta) in a cloud forest stream of tropical Andes

ResumenLa emergencia diaria de los efemerópteros de ríos neotropicales y sus causas, han sido poco estudiadas. En zonas templadas, este proceso es mejor conocido y atribuido a diversos factores. En este trabajo, estudiamos la emergencia diaria de subimagos de varios géneros de Ephemeroptera en un río en una selva nublada andina venezolana, y sus posibles relaciones con cambios diarios de la temperatura ambiente. Cuatro trampas de emergencia fueron colocadas en un tramo de 50m del río, y cada una se examinó cada dos horas durante 24 horas para recolectar los subimagos recién emergidos. Este procedimiento fue repetido en ocho fechas, entre noviembre-2007 y febrero-2008, para un total de 32 observaciones en cada hora de muestreo. Los subimagos fueron criados hasta adultos e identificados hasta género. Para cada género y hora de muestreo calculamos la densidad relativa de emergencia por trampa. La temperatura del agua y del aire fueron medidas cada hora del ciclo diario de observación y, para cada hora calculamos la temperatura promedio y los gradoshoras promedio del aire y del agua, de las ocho fechas estudiadas. Se identificaron siete géneros: Leptohyphes Eaton, 1882 y Haplohyphes Allen, 1966 (Leptohyphidae); Prebaetodes Lugo-Ortiz y McCafferty, 1996, Andesiops Lugo-Ortiz y McCafferty, 1999, Baetodes Needham y Murphy, 1924 y Americabaetis Kluge, 1992 (Baetidae); y Thraulodes Ulmer, 1920 (Leptophlebiidae); siendo más abundantes Leptohyphes (38.4 %) y Thraulodes (20.5 %). La emergencia ocurrió entre las 11:00 am y 23:00 pm, y mostró lo siguiente: a) una emergencia iniciada en horas diurnas, por organismos de Leptohyphes, Prebaetodes y Haplohyphes; b) una emergencia nocturna, realizada por Thraulodes, Andesiops, Baetodes y Americabaetis; y c) dos máximos, uno diurno producido por Leptohyphes, y otro nocturno con predominancia de Thraulodes. Estos resultados son los primeros registros sobre la emergencia diaria diurna en Andesiops, Prebaetodes, Americabaetis, Haplohyphes y Leptohyphes; así como, de la emergencia nocturna en Thraulodes. Se evidenció que Leptohyphes, con ninfas pequeñas (ancho cefálico promedio = 1.05 mm), necesitó acumular menos grados-horas para iniciar la emergencia que los requeridos por Thraulodes, cuyas ninfas son más grandes (ancho cefálico promedio = 2.01 mm). Esta disparidad en los requerimientos energéticos para la emergencia, debe ser consecuencia de diferencias entre los tamaños de las ninfas maduras de ambos géneros; hechos que se apoyan sobre la constancia de tamaños que muestran ambos taxa en un gradiente térmico-altitudinal, y en la poca variabilidad diaria y estacional de la temperatura del agua en el río La Picón. En el lapso diario de emergencia, las temperaturas promedios del aire y del agua fueron superiores a aquellas registradas dentro del lapso de no-emergencia; en consecuencia, se propone que durante el lapso diario en el que ocurre este proceso, el ambiente es térmicamente favorable para la emergencia de los subimagos y su supervivencia fuera del agua.

AbstractDaily emergence of mayflies in Neotropical rivers and their causes have been poorly studied. In temperate zones, this process is better known and attributed to several factors. In this work, we studied the daily emergence of subimagines of several Ephemeroptera genera in La Picón River of a Venezuelan Andean cloud forest and its relation with changes of environmental temperature. Four emergence traps were placed along a reach of 50 m of the stream, each one was examined each two hours in a 24 hr cycle to capture the newly emerged subimagos. This procedure was repeated for eight dates between November-2007 and February-2008 for a total of 32 observations in each sampling hour. The subimagos were reared to adults and identified to genus. The relative density of emergence per trap was calculated for each genus and sampling hour. Water and air temperature were measured each hour during the daily cycle of observation, and the averages of temperature and hour-degrees of air and water were calculated for each hour from the eight dates studied. Seven genera were identified: Leptohyphes Eaton, 1882 and Haplohyphes Allen 1966 (Leptohyphidae); Prebaetodes Lugo-Ortiz and McCafferty, 1996, Andesiops Lugo-Ortiz and McCafferty, 1999, Baetodes Needham and Murphy, 1924 and Americabaetis Kluge, 1992 (Baetidae); and Thraulodes Ulmer, 1920 (Leptophlebiidae); being the more abundant Leptohyphes (38.4 %) and Thraulodes (20.5 %). The emergence occurred between 11:00 am and 23:00 pm showing the following: a) an emergence initiated during daylight hours by organisms of Leptohyphes, Prebaetodes and Haplohyphes; b) a nocturnal emergence, in Thraulodes, Andesiops, Baetodes and Americabaetis; and c) two peaks: one diurnal produced by Leptohyphes and other nocturnal with predominance of Thraulodes. These results are the first records on the diurnal daily emergence in Andesiops,Prebaetodes,Americabaetis, Haplohyphes, and Leptohyphes, as well as the nocturnal emergence in Thraulodes. It was evidenced that Leptohyphes, with small nymphs (average head width = 1.05 mm) needed to accumulate less hourdegrees to initiate the emergence than those required by Thraulodes whose nymphs are larger (average head width = 2.01 mm). This disparity in the emergence energy requirements must be consequence of differences between the sizes of mature nymphs of both genera; facts which rely on the constancy of sizes shown by these taxa along an altitudinal-thermal gradient and the little daily and seasonal variability of water temperature in La Picón River. In the daily lapse when the emergence occurred, the air and water average temperatures were higher than those registered in the no-emergence lapse; therefore; it is suggested that during the daily lapse, when this process occurs, the environment is thermally favorable for the emergence of subimagos and their survival out of water. Rev. Biol. Trop. 64 (1): 117-130. Epub 2016 March 01.

[Temperature and daily emergence of seven genera of Ephemeroptera (Insecta) in a cloud forest stream of tropical Andes]. / Temperatura y emergencia diaria de siete géneros de Ephemeroptera (Insecta) en un río de la Selva Nublada de los Andes Tropicales.

Daily emergence of mayflies in Neotropical rivers and their causes have been poorly studied. In temperate zones, this process is better known and attributed to several factors. In this work, we studied the daily emergence of subimagines of several Ephemeroptera genera in La Picón River of a Venezuelan Andean cloud forest and its relation with changes of environmental temperature. Four emergence traps were placed along a reach of 50 m of the stream, each one was examined each two hours in a 24 hr cycle to capture the newly emerged subimagos. This procedure was repeated for eight dates between November-2007 and February-2008 for a total of 32 observations in each sampling hour. The subimagos were reared to adults and identified to genus. The relative density of emergence per trap was calculated for each genus and sampling hour. Water and air temperature were measured each hour during the daily cycle of observation, and the averages of temperature and hour-degrees of air and water were calculated for each hour from the eight dates studied. Seven genera were identified: Leptohyphes Eaton, 1882 and Haplohyphes Allen 1966 (Leptophlebiidae); Prebaetodes Lugo-Ortiz and McCafferty, 1996, Andesiops Lugo-Ortiz and McCafferty, 1999, Baetodes Needham and Murphy, 1924 and Americabaetis Kluge, 1992 (Baetidae); and Thraulodes Ulmer, 1920 (Leptophlebiidae); being the more abundant Leptohyphes (38.4 %) and Thraulodes (20.5 %). The emergence occurred between 11:00 am and 23:00 pm showing the following: a) an emergence initiated during daylight hours by organisms of Leptohyphes, Prebaetodes and Haplohyphes; b) a nocturnal emergence, in Thraulodes, Andesiops, Baetodes and Americabaetis; and c) two peaks: one diurnal produced by Leptohyphes and other nocturnal with predominance of Thraulodes. These results are the first records on the diurnal daily emergence in Andesiops, Prebaetodes, Americabaetis, Haplohyphes, and Leptohyphes, as well as the nocturnal emergence in Thraulodes. It was evidenced that Leptohyphes, with small nymphs (average head width = 1.05 mm) needed to accumulate less hour-degrees to initiate the emergence than those required by Thraulodes whose nymphs are larger (average head width = 2.01 mm). This disparity in the emergence energy requirements must be consequence of differences between the sizes of mature nymphs of both genera; facts which rely on the constancy of sizes shown by these taxa along an altitudinal-thermal gradient and the little daily and seasonal variability of water temperature in La Picón River. In the daily lapse when the emergence occurred, the air and water average temperatures were higher than those registered in the no-emergence lapse; therefore; it is suggested that during the daily lapse, when this process occurs, the environment is thermally favorable for the emergence of subimagos and their survival out of water.