An endophytic Penicillium oxalicum isolated from Citrus limon possesses antioxidant and genoprotective potential.

AIMS: This study aimed at isolating endophytic fungi from Citrus limon (L.) possessing antioxidative and genoprotective potential. METHODS AND RESULTS: Endophytic fungi were screened for antioxidant activity using 2,2-diphenyl,1-picryl hydrazyl radical scavenging assay and maximum activity (79·70%) was exhibited by culture MP1 identified to be Penicillium oxalicum on the basis of morphological and molecular characteristics. The ethyl acetate extract of MP1 was subjected to silica column chromatography followed by LH 20 column chromatography for purification of active metabolites. The partially purified active fraction of P. oxalicum MP1 possessed good antioxidant activity as detected using various assays. It also exhibited a strong DNA damage protection potential on pUC19 plasmid DNA treated with Fenton reagent. On exposure to active fraction of MP1 significant reduction (P < 0·05) in nuclear deformities (like nuclear buds, micronuclei, nuclear ridges and binucleated cells) was observed in human lymphocytes pretreated with a toxic concentration of H2 O2 . In vivo genoprotectivity studies were conducted in fresh water fish Channa punctatus pretreated with a damaging compound 4-nonyl phenol. The active fraction of P. oxalicum MP1 caused a reduction of 94·7 and 66·60% in micronuclei and aberrant cell formation, respectively. A significant reduction (P < 0·05) in tail length and tail DNA parameters was also observed in comet assay. CONCLUSION: The endophytic P. oxalicum isolated in this study has the potential to produce metabolites possessing antioxidant and genoprotective activities. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: The isolated culture can be exploited in the field of therapeutics by virtue of its in vitro and in vivo genoprotective potential.

Evaluation of genotoxic and cytotoxic effects of ethyl acetate extract of Aspergillus flavus on Spodoptera litura.

AIM: Recent concerns about the possible adverse effects of agricultural chemicals on health and environment have generated a considerable interest in biological alternatives. This study aimed to test the insecticidal potential of fungus Aspergillus flavus and revealed its genotoxic and cytotoxic effects using Spodoptera litura (Fabricius) as a model. METHODS AND RESULTS: The fungus was isolated from the surface of the dead insect and investigated for its insecticidal potential against S. litura by bioassay studies. Significant increase in mortality, prolonged development period and reduced adult emergence in S. litura were observed in larva fed on diet supplemented with fungal extract. In addition, fungus was also found to cause oxidative stress, DNA damage and cell death. Significantly higher percentages of necrotic cells and DNA damage were observed in larvae treated with fungal extract. Furthermore, DNA repair studies predicted the longevity of toxic effects induced by fungus. Phytochemical and ultra-high performance liquid chromatography studies revealed the presence of phenolic compounds in the extract and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry indicated it to be a non-aflatoxin strain of A. flavus. Fungal extract was less toxic to mammalian cell lines as compared to cytotoxic drug doxorubicin (DOX) in the MTT assay. CONCLUSION: The study highlights the insecticidal potential of A. flavus by revealing its genotoxicity and cytotoxicity causing potential. This is the first report showing the genotoxic and cytotoxic effects of the fungus A. flavus on S. litura. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: The study provides a useful insight to explore microbial agents as biopesticides in order to reduce various environmental as well as human health problems due to synthetic pesticides.

Seasonal differences of tympanogram and middle ear findings in children.

BACKGROUND: It is a known fact that bacterial or viral acute otitis media occurs more frequently in the winter months. Only a few older studies on seasonal differences in middle ear findings are available. These studies are based solely on tympanography, without correlation to intraoperative middle ear findings. This study addresses the question of whether seasonal differences can be found in the preoperative tympanogram and in the corresponding intraoperative findings in children with chronic middle ear problems. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This retrospective study included patients who had undergone myringotomy with or without tympanostomy tube insertion at the Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin between January and December 2011. Corresponding to the catarrhal phases, winter months were defined as those from November to April; summer months from May to October. The preoperative tympanogram and the documented intraoperative middle ear finding were statistically analyzed for seasonal differences. RESULTS: A total of 654 ears from 206 male and 127 female patients with mean age 3.7 ± 2.5 years were analyzed. In the majority of cases, a type B tympanogram was found (n = 376; 57.5%), whereas the middle ear was filled with air in 19.1% of cases. No significant seasonal differences were found for either the intraoperative middle ear findings or the preoperative tympanograms (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION: For children with a typical history of chronic otitis media without effusion and chronic tube ventilation dysfunction, myringotomy with or without tympanostomy tube insertion is indicated independently of the season. The results indicate that a wait-and-see approach with hope of improvement during the summer months is not rational.

[Seasonal differences of tympanogram and middle ear findings in children. German version]. / Saisonale Unterschiede von Tympanogramm- und Mittelohrbefund bei Kindern.

BACKGROUND: It is a known fact that bacterial or viral acute otitis media occurs more frequently in the winter months. Only a few older studies on seasonal differences in middle ear findings are available. These studies are based solely on tympanography, without correlation to intraoperative middle ear findings. This study addresses the question of whether seasonal differences can be found in the preoperative tympanogram and in the corresponding intraoperative findings in children with chronic middle ear problems. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This retrospective study included patients who had undergone myringotomy with or without tympanostomy tube insertion at the Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin between January and December 2011. Corresponding to the catarrhal phases, winter months were defined as those from November to April; summer months from May to October. The preoperative tympanogram and the documented intraoperative middle ear finding were statistically analyzed for seasonal differences. RESULTS: A total of 654 ears from 206 male and 127 female patients with mean age 3.7 ± 2.5 years were analyzed. In the majority of cases, a type B tympanogram was found (n = 376; 57.5%), whereas the middle ear was filled with air in 19.1% of cases. No significant seasonal differences were found for either the intraoperative middle ear findings or the preoperative tympanograms (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION: For children with a typical history of chronic otitis media without effusion and chronic tube ventilation dysfunction, myringotomy with or without tympanostomy tube insertion is indicated independently of the season. The results indicate that a wait-and-see approach with hope of improvement during the summer months is not rational.

Septic arthritis of the temporomandibular joint as a complication of acute otitis media in a child: A rare case and the importance of real-time PCR for diagnosis.

We document the case of a 7-year-old boy who presented with pain in his left ear and trismus after a diagnosis of acute otitis media one week previously. His blood inflammatory markers were raised and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed significant left temporomandibular joint effusion and partial attenuation of the left mastoid. A clinical diagnosis of septic arthritis of the TMJ was made and the patient was commenced on broad-spectrum antibiotics. Analysis using real time PCR enabled identification of the offending organism, confirmation of the diagnosis and antibiotic treatment to be specifically tailored for treatment.

Is there a need for a histological examination of the adenoid tissue after adenoidectomy?

OBJECTIVES: In Germany there is no uniform practice regarding the histological examination of removed tissue after an adenoidectomy. In addition, the unique benefits of routine histological examination of adenoid tissue cannot be ascertained from current literature due to varying opinion and evidence. METHODS: This study was approved by the Medical Association and Ethics Committee in Cottbus, Brandenburg, Germany. We evaluated the pre- and intra-operative examination findings (direct and indirect epipharyngoscopy, digital palpation, intraoperative macroscopic assessment and examination of removed tissue) and the histopathological findings of excised adenoid tissue. A statistical analysis of obtained results was undertaken thereafter. RESULTS: It was found that in all young patients included in the study, the histological results invariably represented lymphoepithelial hypertrophic mucosa with a varying inflammatory response, matching a clinical picture of adenoid vegetation and in keeping with the pre- and intraoperative investigations and findings. CONCLUSION: The characteristic history of adenoid vegetation in combination with a classic pre- and intraoperative clinical examination and an inconspicuous macroscopic examination of removed tissue, renders routine histopathological workup dispensable. On suspicion of deviant pathology a histopathological examination is recommended and should be undertaken.

Advanced catheter technology: is this the answer to overcoming the long learning curve in complex endovascular procedures.

INTRODUCTION: Advanced endovascular procedures require a high degree of skill with a long learning curve. We aimed to identify differential increases in endovascular skill acquisition in novices using conventional (CC), manually steerable (MSC) and robotic endovascular catheters (RC). MATERIALS/METHODS: 10 novices cannulated all vessels within a CT-reconstructed pulsatile-flow arch phantom in the Simulated Endovascular Suite. Subjects were randomly assigned to conventional/manually-steerable/robotic techniques as the first procedure undertaken. The operators repeated the task weekly for 5 weeks. Quantitative (cannulation times, wire/catheter-tip movements, vessel wall hits) and qualitative metrics (validated rating scale (IC3ST)) were compared. RESULTS: Subjects exhibited statistically significant differences when comparing initial to final performance for total procedure times and catheter-tip movements with all catheter types. Sequential non-parametric comparisons identified learning curve plateau levels at weeks 2 or 3(RCs, MSCs), and at week 4(CCs) for the majority of metrics. There were significantly fewer catheter-tip movements using advanced catheter technology after training (Week 5: CC 74 IQR(59-89) versus MSC 62(44-81); p = 0.028, and RC 33 (28-44); p = 0.012). RCs virtually eliminated wall hits at the arch (CC 29(28-76) versus RC 8(6-9); p = 0.005) and produced significantly higher overall performance scores (p < 0.02). CONCLUSION: Advanced endovascular catheters, although more intricate, do not seem to take longer to master and in some areas offer clear advantages with regards to positional control, at a faster rate. RCs seem to be the most intuitive and advanced skill acquisition occurs with minimal training. Robotic endovascular technology may have a significantly shorter path to proficiency allowing an increased number of trainees to attempt more complex endovascular procedures earlier and with a greater degree of safety.

A comparative evaluation of clinical examination, pelvic ultrasound and laparoscopy in the diagnosis of pelvic masses.

This is a prospective study conducted on one hundred female patients with pelvic masses. The diagnostic accuracy of clinical examination alone and in conjunction with ultrasonic examination was comparable (p > 0.05). However diagnostic accuracy of 92% with laparoscopy was statistically significant as compared to 68% of clinical examination (p < 0.001) and 76% of ultrasonic examination (p < 0.05).

Microbiological study of vaginal discharge associated with the use of CuT 200.

A microbiological study of the vaginal discharge was conducted on 75 women attending family planning outdoors. In 24 out of 25 symptomatic CuT 200 users suffering from non-specific vaginitis, Gardnerella vaginalis was isolated from 19 cases (79%). The difference in the recovery rate of Gardnerella vaginalis was highly significant between symptomatic CuT 200 users and non-users (p less than 0.001) and that between symptomatic and asymptomatic CuT 200 users (p less than 0.05). But the difference between asymptomatic CuT 200 users and non-users was not statistically significant. The presence of clue cells on direct Gram's staining of vaginal discharge is significantly (p less than 0.05) related to the recovery of Gardnerella vaginalis on culture.

Gardnerella vaginalis vaginitis in Cu T 200 users.

Vaginal samples obtained from intrauterine contraceptive device (IUD) users with and without vaginitis and from healthy non-users were studied for presence of G. vaginalis and cytological changes. Vaginitis was present in 29.5 per cent IUD users and most of them (76%) yielded G. vaginalis. G. vaginalis was also recovered from asymptomatic IUD users and from non-users, but heavy colonisation was infrequent. The presence of clue cells and many small Gram negative bacilli and scanty lactobacilli were associated with G. vaginalis recovery. Inflammation was more frequent in IUD users than in non-users (P less than 0.001). A significant correlation was also found between inflammatory changes and G. vaginalis colonisation among all groups of patients.