N klA Case Report on a IV-degree Thermal Crush Injury of Right Upper Arm: The Application of Functional Prosthesis Implantation Technology.

Severe IV-degree thermal crush injury of limbs involved the subcutaneous fascia, muscle and bone, which may lead to amputation and has a great impact on the patient's quality of life. We can repair wounds with pedicle flaps or even free flaps, However, there are still huge challenges in bone defect of extremities and functional reconstruction. In recent years, with the development of functional prostheses, we have reconstructed limb functions in many patients helping them to complete their daily lives. We report a case where the right upper arm was injured by thermal crush, leading severe burns to the skin, fascia, muscle and bone. We applied a pedicled latissimus dorsi flap and a free anterolateral thigh flap to repair the wound, and realized the function of limb salvage and movement of the right upper arm by implanting 3D printed scapula, upper arm, and elbow joint prostheses. This case illustrates that IV-degree burns involving bones have new technologies to repair and achieve mobility now.

Poly (Glycerol Sebacate)-Based Bio-Artificial Multiporous Matrix for Bone Regeneration.

In recent years, bone repair biomaterials that combine cells and bioactive factors are superior to autologous and allogeneic bone implants. However, neither natural nor synthetic biomaterials can possess all desired qualities such as strength, porosity, and biological activity. In this study, we used poly (glycerol sebacate) (PGS), a synthetic material with great osteogenic potential that has attracted more attention in the field of tissue (such as bone tissue) regeneration owing to its good biocompatibility and high elasticity. It also has the advantage of being regulated by material synthesis to match the bone tissue's strength and can be easily modified to become functional. However, pure PGS lacks functional groups and hydrophilicity. Therefore, we used PGS as the substrate to graft the adhesive ligands RGD and vascular endothelial growth factor mimetic peptide. The bone repair scaffold can be prepared through photo crosslinking, as it not only improves hydrophobicity but also promotes vascularization and accelerates osteogenesis. Simultaneously, we improved the preparation method of hydrogels after freeze-drying and crosslinking to form a sponge-like structure and to easily regenerate blood vessels. In summary, a bone repair scaffold was prepared to meet the structural and biological requirements. It proved to serve as a potential bone-mimicking scaffold by enhancing tissue regenerative processes such as cell infiltration and vascularization and subsequent replacement by the native bone tissue.

Docosahexaenoic Acid Improves Diabetic Wound Healing in a Rat Model by Restoring Impaired Plasticity of Macrophage Progenitor Cells.

BACKGROUND: Chronic inflammation associated with delayed diabetic wound healing is induced by disturbed polarization of macrophages derived mainly from predisposed progenitor cells in bone marrow. Docosahexaenoic acid plays a critical role in regulating the function of macrophage progenitor cells. The authors evaluated whether docosahexaenoic acid accelerates diabetic wound healing in rats. METHODS: Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats divided into control and docosahexaenoic acid-treated groups (n = 10) were subjected to paired dorsal skin wounds. Docosahexaenoic acid (100 mg/kg per day) was orally supplemented 2 weeks before wounding until termination. The wound healing process was recorded 0, 7, and 14 days after wounding. At day 7, blood perfusion was measured by laser Doppler perfusion imaging; angiogenesis was compared using immunofluorescent CD31 and α-smooth muscle actin staining; macrophage polarization was detected using immunofluorescence for CD68, CD206, and inducible nitric oxide synthase. Hematoxylin and eosin staining was used to examine wound healing at day 14. Activation status of macrophages derived from bone marrow cells in normal, diabetic, and docosahexaenoic acid-treated diabetic rats was determined in vitro using Western blotting and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS: Docosahexaenoic acid significantly accelerated wound healing 7 and 14 days (p < 0.01) after wounding. Increased vessel densities (1.96-fold; p < 0.001) and blood perfusion (2.56-fold; p < 0.001) were observed in docosahexaenoic acid-treated wounds. Immunofluorescence revealed more CD206 and fewer inducible nitric oxide synthase-positive macrophages (p < 0.001) in treated wounds. Furthermore, macrophages derived from diabetic rats expressed higher levels of inducible nitric oxide synthase and tumor necrosis factor-α and lower arginase-1 and interleukin-10 (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Docosahexaenoic acid accelerates diabetic wound healing at least in part by restoring impaired plasticity of macrophage progenitor cells.

Dimethyloxaloylglycine-stimulated human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes enhance bone regeneration through angiogenesis by targeting the AKT/mTOR pathway.

BACKGROUND: Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-derived exosomes have been recognized as new candidate agents for treating critical-sized bone defects; they promote angiogenesis and may be an alternative to cell therapy. In this study, we evaluated whether exosomes derived from bone marrow-derived MSCs (BMSCs) preconditioned with a low dose of dimethyloxaloylglycine (DMOG), DMOG-MSC-Exos, exert superior proangiogenic activity in bone regeneration and the underlying mechanisms involved. METHODS: To investigate the effects of these exosomes, scratch wound healing, cell proliferation, and tube formation assays were performed in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). To test the effects in vivo, a critical-sized calvarial defect rat model was established. Eight weeks after the procedure, histological/histomorphometrical analysis was performed to measure bone regeneration, and micro-computerized tomography was used to measure bone regeneration and neovascularization. RESULTS: DMOG-MSC-Exos activated the AKT/mTOR pathway to stimulate angiogenesis in HUVECs. This contributed to bone regeneration and angiogenesis in the critical-sized calvarial defect rat model in vivo. CONCLUSIONS: Low doses of DMOG trigger exosomes to exert enhanced proangiogenic activity in cell-free therapeutic applications.

Chinese expert consensus on diagnosis and treatment of infection after fracture fixation.

Currently, accurate diagnosis and successful treatment of infection after fracture fixation (IAFF) still impose great challenges. According to the onset of infection symptoms after implantation, IAFF is classified as early infection (<2 weeks), delayed infection (2∼10 weeks) and late infection (>10 weeks). Confirmation of IAFF should be supported by histopathological tests of intraoperative specimens which confirm infection, cultures from at least two suspected infection sites which reveal the same pathogen, a definite sinus or fistula which connects directly the bone or the implant, and purulent drainage from the wound or presence of pus during surgery. Diagnosis of IAFF is built on comprehensive assessment of medical history, clinical signs and symptoms of the patient, and imaging and laboratory tests. The gold standard of diagnosis is histopathological tests. Treatment of IAFF consists of radical debridement, adequate irrigation, implant handling, systematic and local antibiotics, reconstruction of osseous and/or soft tissue defects, and functional rehabilitation of an affected limb. Early accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment of IAFF play a key role in increasing the cure rate, reducing infection recurrence and disability risk, restoring limb function and improving quality of life of the patient.

L-shaped corticotomy with bone flap sliding in the management of chronic tibial osteomyelitis: surgical technique and clinical results.

BACKGROUND: We described the use of the technique of L-shaped corticotomy with bone flap sliding to treat chronic osteomyelitis of the tibia in eight patients and presented the preliminary results. METHODS: L-shaped corticotomy with bone flap sliding was performed in eight patients between 2007 and 2014. All patients had chronic tibial osteomyelitis involving the anterior tibial cortex with intact and healthy posterior cortex. The size of bone defects following sequestrectomy and radical debridement was 8.1 cm on average. One patient required a latissimus dorsi flap. The mean follow-up period was 34.1 months. The functional and bone results were evaluated at the time of the latest follow-up. RESULTS: Complete eradication of infection and union of docking sites were achieved in all patients. Functional results were judged excellent in five patients and good in the rest three patients. Bone results were graded as excellent in all cases. The mean external fixation time was 169.9 days and external fixation index was 21.2 days/cm. Pain was the most common complaint that we faced during lengthening. Pin tract infections were observed in four patients, and mild transient stiffness of ankle joint was observed in three patients. CONCLUSIONS: We have found this technique to be safe and effective, significantly diminishing the external fixation index. The earlier removal of the external fixator may result in increased patient comfort, a reduced complication rate, and a rapid and convenient rehabilitation.

A biomechanical evaluation of different fixation strategies for posterolateral fragments in tibial plateau fractures and introduction of the 'magic screw'.

BACKGROUND: Posterior plate fixation is biomechanically the strongest fixation method for posterolateral column fracture (PLCF) of the tibial plateau; however, there are inherent deficiencies and risks of a posterior approach. Thus, the 'magic screw' was proposed to enhance fixation stability of the lateral rafting plate used for PLCF. The purpose of this study was to re-examine and compare the stability of different fixation methods for PLCF. METHODS: Synthetic tibiae models were used to simulate posterolateral split fractures. The fracture models were randomly assigned into three groups: Group A, fixed with posterolateral buttress plates; Group B, with lateral locking compression plates (LCP); and Group C fixed with lateral LCPs and one 'magic screw'. Gradually increased axial compressive loads were applied to each specimen. RESULTS: There was a mean subsidence hierarchy of the posterolateral fragment at different load levels: Group A had the least subsidence, followed by Group C, and Group B had the most. There were no significant differences in the mean loads at different displacements between Group A and Group C. Group A had the highest axial stiffness. Additionally, there was a significant difference in axial stiffness between Group B and Group C. CONCLUSION: Biomechanical stability of the combined fixation of the posteriorly positioned lateral rafting plate with the 'magic screw' was much closer to that of posterior plate fixation for split-type PLCF. The necessity of posterior fixation through a posterior approach may be reduced for selected patients.

Resection arthrodesis using distraction osteogenesis then plating as a hybrid surgical technique for the management of bone sarcomas of the distal tibia.

PURPOSE: We report the oncological and functional results of limb salvage for bone sarcomas involving the distal tibia using hybrid surgical technique of resection arthrodesis by bone transport then plating. METHODS: Five patients (mean age 18.6 years) with primary distal tibial sarcomas (two Ewing's sarcomas and three osteosarcomas) were treated by this method. The average duration of follow-up is 53 months. All patients accepted distraction osteogenesis with a standard technique using external fixator after wide (four cases) or marginal (one case) resection in the first operation. They were re-admitted for the second surgical treatment (plate insertion and removal of the external fixator) one to two months after they achieved the necessary limb length and desired alignment. RESULTS: Solid union of the lengthening site and sound fusion of the ankle were achieved in all five patients with full and unassisted weight bearing. The mean lengthening was 11.8 cm (range 8-14 cm) and the external fixation index (EFI) was 29.3 days/cm (range 22.8-36.3 days/cm). The mean functional score according to the rating system of the Musculoskeletal Tumour Society was 88% (83-90%). One patient showed poor response to chemotherapy, had local recurrence of sarcoma one year after plating, and was treated with above-knee amputation. CONCLUSIONS: In carefully selected patients with primary distal tibial sarcomas, this hybrid method can effectively eliminate tumor lesion, reconstruct function, and shorten the length of wearing an external fixator by a meticulous conversion to internal fixator.

Glucocorticoid receptorß isoform exhibits a disproportionate increase over the α isoform in the lungs of a polytrauma rat model.

Glucocorticoids (GCs) are potent anti-inflammatory agents that act by binding to the glucocorticoid receptor (GR). GR has two main isoforms, GRα and GRß, and the balance between GRα and GRß servesan important role in glucocorticoid sensitivity. In the present study, GRα and GRß mRNA expression was investigated in the lungs ofa polytrauma rat model. A total of 30 Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to experimental polytrauma. Animals were sacrificed at 6, 24, and 72 h postoperatively (n=5), and lung tissue and blood samples were collected for analysis. The serum concentrations of tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)1ß, and IL-6 were measured using ELISA kits. The left lobe of the lung was stained with hematoxylin and eosin, and lung myeloperoxidase activity was measured with a myeloperoxidase assay kit. Expression levels of GRα and GRß mRNA were examined by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The results revealed a pro-inflammatory response and acute lung injury in this model, and that there was a disproportionate increase in GRß over GRα in the lung subsequent to polytrauma. The disproportionate increase in GRß over GRα in the lung after polytrauma may be of crucial importance for the outcome of GC treatment, and adds further evidence to the importance of timing in GC treatment.

Reinforcement strategy for lateral rafting plate fixation in posterolateral column fractures of the tibial plateau: The magic screw technique.

BACKGROUND: A posterolateral column fracture of the tibial plateau (PLCF) is not uncommon, especially lateral and bicondylar tibial plateau fractures. Currently, there is no consensus on the methods of surgical treatment for PLCF, including the surgical approach or the fixation strategy. Though various posterior approaches have been explored and can allow posterior buttress plate fixation, the necessity of a posterior approach with fixation for PLCFs is increasingly questioned. Meanwhile, there is no literature to analyse the morphological features of PLCFs. None of the available surgical techniques can solve all of the problems of PLCFs. METHODS: From February 2016 to June 2016, an inconsecutive series of 16 patients who suffered Schatzker type II tibial plateau fractures involving the posterolateral column were selected based on an analysis of the morphological characteristics of PLCFs. The patients were all treated by lateral rafting plate fixation with magic screw implantation through the extended lateral approach. RESULTS: According to PLCF morphology, 4 patients had mild slope-type depression fractures (MSDF) of the articular surface, and the other 12 patients had block-type splitting fractures (BSF). After a 12-month follow-up period, there were no complications related to the fixation technique and no significant changes in limb alignment. At the final follow-up, the average range of motion (ROM) of the affected knees was 2.3°-125°, and the average HSS score was 94.2. CONCLUSIONS: The selected patients who suffered Schatzker type II fractures involving the posterolateral column could be successfully treated via lateral rafting plate fixation with the magic screw technique. For PLCF treatment, magic screw fixation is a valuable technique that may reduce the utilization of posterior approaches and posterior fixations.

Plate fixation for Letenneur type I Hoffa fracture: a biomechanical study.

BACKGROUND: A coronal fracture of the posterior femoral condyle, also known as a Hoffa fracture, is an unusual injury, and there are only a handful of case reports or series exploring it. The optimal fixation method of these intraarticular fractures remains controversial; improper or unstable fixation usually lead to an unsatisfactory prognosis. The use of posterior-anterior or reversed lag screw fixation is still a popular method. Additional buttress plating is also recommended for fixation of these difficult fractures. The purpose of this study was to compare the mechanical strength of four different fixation patterns for this uncommon fracture. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Sixteen sawbone simulated models of Letenneur type I Hoffa fractures were created with one of four fixation patterns: two screws implanted in the anterior-posterior (AP) direction or posterior-anterior (PA) direction; one screw in the PA direction with a plate implanted in the posterior position of the distal femoral condyle or with a plate in the lateral position. Biomechanical testing was performed to determine the post-fixation axial stiffness, the maximum load to failure and the fragment vertical displacement for each of the four constructs. RESULTS: The plate fixation patterns whether implanted in the posterior or lateral position were shown to provide higher overall axial stiffness and load to failure, and less vertical displacement than the other two patterns of pure screw fixation. Among these constructs, the lateral plate fixation was found to provide the highest stiffness and load to failure and the least displacement for the posterior condylar fragments, followed by the posterior plate fixation. The lowest overall stiffness and load to failure and the largest vertical displacement were found in the construct with the AP direction placed screws. CONCLUSION: It was concluded that the lateral position implanted plate is biomechanically the strongest fixation method for Letenneur type I Hoffa fractures. However, this plate fixation is not recommended for all cases. The choice of internal fixation pattern depends on the surgeons.

The Combined Use of a Neurocutaneous Flap and the Ilizarov Technique for Reconstruction of Large Soft Tissue Defects and Bone Loss in the Tibia.

BACKGROUND: Management of posttraumatic large soft tissue defects and bone loss remains a therapeutic and surgical challenge for orthopedic surgeons. We assessed the use of a neurocutaneous flap and the Ilizarov technique in the reconstruction of severe composite defects in the tibia. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed 18 consecutive patients with trauma-related soft tissue defects and bone loss. The size of the soft tissue defect ranges from 8 × 9 cm to 14 × 18 cm. The mean size of bone loss was 4.5 cm. A great saphenous neurocutaneous flap or sural neurocutaneous flap was created to reconstruct the soft tissue defect. The Ilizarov external fixator was applied to reconstruct bony loss by means of distraction osteogenesis. RESULTS: The mean follow-up period was 38.8 months. All transferred flaps survived completely. The area covered ranged from 9 × 10 cm to 15 × 20 cm. The mean distraction length and duration of use of the external fixator were 6 cm and 11.4 months, respectively. All patients achieved final union. Complications of superficial pin-tract infections and mild Achilles tendon contracture were observed, but these were resolved over time. All patients were satisfied with the outcome of the surgery. CONCLUSIONS: A well-vascularized neurocutaneous flap is a safe and effective option in lower extremity reconstruction under a stable mechanical environment, which can be created using the Ilizarov technique. It is a good option for reconstructing severe complex defects in the lower limb.

The Effect of Atorvastatin on the Viability of Ischemic Skin Flaps in Diabetic Rats.

BACKGROUND: Endothelial progenitor cells play a critical role in neovascularization. However, the mobilization, recruitment, and functional capacity of endothelial progenitor cells are significantly impaired in diabetes. Statins have been shown to augment the number and improve the function of endothelial progenitor cells. This study investigated the effects of statins on the viability of ischemic skin flaps in diabetic rats. METHODS: Twenty normal and 40 diabetic Sprague-Dawley rats were included in this study. Atorvastatin (10 mg/kg/day) was administered orally in 20 diabetic rats at 2 weeks before flap surgery for 21 consecutive days. Other rats received equal vehicle. Two weeks after first gavage, a 3 × 10-cm skin flap was established on the backs of rats. The necrotic area of each skin flap was measured at 7 days postoperatively. Capillary density and endothelial progenitor cells recruited to the flaps were analyzed using immunofluorescence staining. Circulating endothelial progenitor cell number was determined by flow cytometry. In vitro migration and tube formation experiments were used to analyze the function of endothelial progenitor cells. RESULTS: Atorvastatin treatment increased flap survival rate and capillary density. In addition, more endothelial progenitor cells were identified in peripheral blood and skin flaps in diabetic rats receiving atorvastatin. Atorvastatin treatment also restored the impaired function of diabetic endothelial progenitor cells in migration and tube formation. CONCLUSION: Atorvastatin notably promoted neovascularization and enhanced the viability of ischemic skin flaps in diabetic rats, which may be mediated at least partially by augmenting the number and restoring the functional capacity of endothelial progenitor cells.

Comparison of percutaneous vertebroplasty with and without interventional tumor removal for spinal metastatic tumor without epidural involvement.

AIM: To evaluate the efficacy of percutaneous vertebroplasty (PVP) combined with interventional tumor removal (ITR) in providing pain relief, reducing disability, and improving functional performance in patients with malignant vertebral compression fractures without epidural involvement. METHODS: Patients with malignant vertebral compression fractures (n=58) were treated with either PVP+ITR (n=31, group A) or PVP alone (n=27, group B). A 14 G needle was inserted into the vertebral body, and the tract was sequentially dilated with working cannulae. When the last working cannula had reached the distal pedicle of vertebral arch, ITR was performed with a marrow nucleus rongeurs inserted through the working cannula. Finally, cement was injected into the excavated vertebral body. Patients were followed up at 1, 3, and 6 months after the procedure, and every 6 months thereafter. RESULTS: The overall excellent and good pain relief rate during follow-ups was significantly better in group A than in group B (94% vs.56%; p=0.002). The average VAS, ODI, and KPS scores at 3 months, 6 months, 1-year, and >1 year were all significantly lower in group A than in group B (p<0.05). The mean cement filling volume and the stability of the treated vertebrae were significantly higher in group A than in group B (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The combination of PVP+ITR is a safe and effective procedure, capable of providing significantly greater pain relief and vertebral stability than PVP alone in patients with malignant vertebral compression fractures.

Fingertip Replantation With Palmar Venous Anastomoses in Children.

BACKGROUND: Fingertip amputation in children is difficult to manage using microsurgical replantation techniques and many salvage procedures have failed owing to the nonavailability of suitable veins for anastomosis in the fingertip. This study reviewed our experience of pediatric fingertip replantation involving palmar venous anastomoses and evaluated the clinical outcomes. METHODS: From October 2008 to May 2013, 21 pediatric fingertips that had been completely amputated at or distal to the distal interphalangeal joint of the finger, or at or distal to the interphalangeal joint of the thumb were managed using complete replantation. One artery was anastomosed for revascularization with or without nerve repair, and a palmar venous anastomosis was performed to reestablish the outflow system. RESULTS: Twenty (95.2%) of the 21 fingertips survived. One replant involving an avulsion amputation of the left little finger failed, and the patient underwent stump cap-plasty. Excellent restoration of finger motion, pinch strength, and appearance was observed during the mean 39.9-month (range, 18-65 months) follow-up. The mean regained static 2-point discrimination sensation was 3.8 mm (range, 3.2-4.2 mm). All of the children and their families were satisfied with the surgical outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: Successful palmar venous anastomosis appears to promote the survival of replanted fingertips in children. Given that the procedure may simplify postoperative care, minimize complications, and achieve a high survival rate, it should be attempted if the technical expertise is available.

Stimulation of Nitric Oxide Production Contributes to the Antithrombotic Effect of Stromal Cell-Derived Factor-1α in Preventing Microsurgical Anastomotic Thrombosis.

Background Intimal injury plays a critical role in initiating the pathogenesis of thrombosis formation after microsurgical anastomosis. Application of stromal cell-derived factor-1α (SDF-1α) is reported to promote early regeneration of injured intima through migration of endothelial cells and mobilization of endothelial progenitor cells. We therefore hypothesized that local transfer of SDF-1α gene would inhibit microsurgical anastomotic thrombosis. Methods Sixty Sprague-Dawley rats were used and divided randomly into three groups (SDF-1α group, plasmid group, and saline group) in this study. Plasmid DNA encoding SDF-1α, empty plasmid, and saline were injected into the left femoral muscles of rats from each group, respectively. Seven days after injection, peripheral blood samples were obtained to measure the plasma levels of SDF-1α and nitric oxide (NO). The left femoral artery of each rat was crushed, transected, and repaired by end-to-end microsurgical anastomosis. Vascular patency was assessed at 15, 30, and 120 minutes after reperfusion using milk test. Thrombosis formation was assessed with hematoxylin and eosin staining and scanning electron microscopy at 120 minutes postoperatively. Results The plasma levels of SDF-1α and NO in SDF-1α group were significantly higher than those in plasmid group and saline group (p < 0.01). The patency rate in SDF-1α group was significantly higher than that in control groups at 120 minutes after reperfusion (p < 0.05). Treatment of SDF-1α significantly reduced the size of thrombotic occlusion when compared with controls (p < 0.05). All SDF-1α recipients exhibited decreased thrombosis under scanning electron microscopy. Conclusions The current study demonstrated that local transfer of SDF-1α gene increases arterial patency and inhibits microsurgical anastomotic thrombosis in a crush model of femoral artery in rat. The antithrombotic effect of SDF-1α may be mediated through increased production of endogenous NO. These findings provide a novel approach for inhibition of microsurgical anastomotic thrombosis.

Combined Anterolateral Thigh and Anteromedial Thigh Flap for Extensive Extremity Reconstruction: Vascular Anatomy and Clinical Application.

BACKGROUND: The combined anterolateral thigh (ALT) and anteromedial thigh (AMT) flap has been previously reported for use in complicated head and neck reconstruction. However, it has not gained popularity due to the vascular variation. Here, we explore the vascular basis of this combined flap, and report its application in extremity reconstruction. METHODS: This study was divided into two parts: vascular anatomy and clinical application. In the anatomical study, 52 sides of adult thighs were dissected to identity vascular perforators supplying the combined ALT and AMT flap, with focus on sizeable perforators (larger than 0.5 mm) arising from the descending branch of the lateral circumflex femoral artery.Clinically, five male patients were treated by combined ALT and AMT flaps for extensive extremity reconstruction from January 2006 to December 2010. The mean age was 32 years (range, 23-45 years). The combined flap was used for covering large soft-tissue defects in forearm (n = 3) and calf (n = 2). For each patient, esthetic and functional results were recorded. RESULTS: The anatomical study showed that sizeable perforators supplying the ALT flap were present in 50 thighs (96.2%), and the perforators supplying the AMT flap were present in 32 thighs (61.5%). The combined ALT and AMT flaps were available in 30 thighs (57.7%).All five combined flaps survived completely. Skin grafts covering the donor sites healed uneventful. The mean follow-up was 9.6 months (range, 6-12 months). No complications were recorded during the follow-up. CONCLUSION: The combined ALT and AMT flap may be used for extensive extremity reconstruction in selected patients for its great maneuverability and acceptable donor-site morbidity.

Management of hypertrophic nonunion with failure of internal fixation by distraction osteogenesis.

INTRODUCTION AND AIM: Distraction osteogenesis is employed in the management of hypertrophic nonunion associated with angular deformity and shortening. This study was aimed at evaluating the outcomes of Ilizarov apparatus without bone graft or open osteotomy in cases of hypertrophic nonunion not responding to treatment with internal fixation. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the data of 12 patients (mean age, 46.5 years) treated for hypertrophic nonunion at our institution. All patients had two-plane angular deformities (mean, 19° and 23.5° in sagittal and frontal plane, respectively) and limb-length discrepancy (mean, 3.8cm). The Ilizarov apparatus was used to simultaneously treat the nonunion, malalignment, and limb-length discrepancy. RESULTS: The mean follow-up duration after the removal of the apparatus was 42 months. In all cases, bone union had been achieved within an average of 8 months after a single surgery, without the need for any additional procedure. Additionally, none of the patients had recurrence of limb-length discrepancy or malalignment during the follow-up period. Complications of superficial pin-tract infections and mild Achilles tendon contracture were observed, but they resolved over time. All patients were satisfied with the outcome of the surgery. CONCLUSION: Patients with hypertrophic nonunion associated with internal fixation failure can be treated by using the Ilizarov apparatus, thereby eliminating the need for bone graft or open osteotomy. Distraction osteogenesis appears to be effective as a minimally invasive percutaneous procedure in the treatment of hypertrophic nonunion with deformity and shortening.

Superficial peroneal neurocutaneous flap based on an anterior tibial artery perforator for forefoot reconstruction.

The distally based superficial peroneal neurocutaneous (SPNC) island flap has been widely used for foot reconstruction. It is based on the descending branch of the peroneal artery perforator. However, damage to the perimalleolar vascularization or anatomic variations of the descending branch often causes flap necrosis. Because septocutaneous perforators from the anterior tibial artery participate in the vascular network of superficial peroneal nerve in the distal lower leg, a modified SPNC flap is designed based on the anterior tibial artery perforator. Seven patients with soft tissue defect over the forefoot were treated by this modified technique. Six patients had accompanied injuries at the lateral perimalleolar region, and 1 patient had an anatomic variation of the descending branch of the peroneal artery perforator. The size of defect ranged from 12 × 5 to 15 × 9 cm. All 7 flaps survived completely without complications. The size of the flaps ranged from 13 × 6 to 16 × 10 cm. No severe venous congestion occurred. The mean follow-up was 9.4 months (range, 6-14 months). All patients were satisfied with the texture and color of the flaps. Two patients complained about the thickness of the flaps, but did not want further operation. The donor sites healed uneventfully and no painful neuroma occurred. In conclusion, the modified SPNC flap based on an anterior tibial artery perforator is a feasible salvage procedure when the traditional design is unreliable. It can provide sufficient and superior coverage for large forefoot defect.

Pedicled fibular flap for reconstruction of composite defects in foot.

INTRODUCTION: Reconstruction of complex injuries involving bone and soft-tissue in foot remains a tough challenge for surgeons. The free fibular flap is a popular flap for treating these composite defects. However, complications caused by microvascular anastomoses are not uncommon. Herein, we designed a pedicled fibular flap elevated in the ipsilateral leg for reconstruction of multiple defects in foot. METHODS: From July 2005 to April 2013, four patients with composite defects in foot were treated by pedicled fibular flaps. The defects were located in the first metatarsal bone and medial cuneiform bone in two patients, in the fourth metatarsal bone in one patient, and in the second to fourth metatarsal bones in one patient. The size of soft-tissue defects ranged from 10×7 cm to 15×7 cm, and the length of bone defects ranged from 6 to 8 cm. RESULTS: The length of fibular grafts ranged from 7 to 8.5 cm, and the size of skin flaps ranged from 11×8 cm to 16×8 cm. All flaps survived completely. Complications occurred in two patients. One suffered moderate venous congestion and the flap survived without intervention. The other one sustained re-infection. Debridement was performed and the wound healed uneventfully. Follow-up ranged from 8 to 32 months. Bone union occurred at an average of 12 weeks, and the skin flaps showed good cosmetic results. No serous donor-site complications occurred. CONCLUSION: The pedicled fibular flap transfer could avoid anastomosis complications and preserve healthy limb. It is a good option for reconstruction of complex defects in foot.