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Aim: To analyze the effect of the mandatory helmet rule in helmet usage among motorcycle riders and on facial trauma and to determine the significance of difference in the possibility of facial trauma between the helmeted and non-helmeted motorcycle riders. Setting and Design: A retrospective comparative study conducted in a major trauma center at Uttar Pradesh. Material and Method: Data for the present study was obtained from records of the Emergency Department of Trauma Center, for a period of two months before and after the implementation of The Motor Vehicles Act in UP. The study included patients with a history of non-fatal motorcycle accidents who sustained facial injuries regardless of the presence of injuries to other areas of the body during the study period. Information regarding helmet usage during the accident was also recorded. The results were compared between the pre-law period and post-law period. Statistical Analysis Used: Sample t-test was applied to find the level of significance. Results: Out of 219 injured patients, 152 (69.40%) subjects were not wearing helmets, whereas only 67 (30.59%) subjects were wearing helmets. It was observed that around 68.18% of people stated wearing helmets after law implementation with a statistical significance (P value < 0.05). Conclusion: Our study shows that the mandatory helmet rule with elevated penalty rates has significantly increased the usage of helmet among the motorcycle riders, and it also proves that the possibility of facial trauma is significantly higher in non-helmeted riders when compared to helmeted riders.
RESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effectiveness of different diagnostic variables measured on panoramic radiographs (PAN) to predict spontaneous eruption of palatally displaced canine (PDC) after interceptive extraction in late mixed dentition. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Digital databases (MEDLINE, CENTRAL (Cochrane), Scopus, clinicaltrials.gov, ISRCTN registry) and hand searches were performed up to March 2020. Both randomized and non-randomized controlled trials were considered for the review. Study selection, data extraction, risk of bias assessment (RoB2.0 and ROBINS-I), and the certainty of evidence evaluation (GRADE) were performed according to Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions. The random-effects method for quantitative synthesis of dichotomous as well as continuous data was used. RESULTS: Out of 767 retrieved records, 4 controlled trials fulfilled the eligibility criteria and were included in the review. Studies were assessed at low risk of bias except one. Overall certainty was strong to moderate. PDCs in distal sectors (RR: 1.621; 95%CI: 1.259 to 2.086; P<0.001) and alpha-angle <30° (SMD: -1.350; 95%CI: 1.924 to -0.776; P<0.001) were significantly benefited from interceptive extraction. However, Vertical distance of PDC cusp tip from occlusal plane had statistically insignificant (p: 0.855) roll on eruption prediction. CONCLUSION: Interceptive extraction at a younger age, initial horizontal localization (sector position), and alpha-angle (initial mesial inclination) are the most important variables predicting the spontaneous eruption of palatally displaced canines. Findings of this review can be utilized to make evidence-based decisions for managing PDCs with diverse sectors and mesial inclinations. However, well-designed clinical trials are recommended to strengthen the evidence.
