Physiological demands and motion analysis of elite foil fencing.

The aim of this study was to determine the physiological demands and motion analysis of a simulated fencing competition. Eighteen fencers each completed 5 'poule' (5 touches) and 'direct elimination (DE)' (15 touches) fights. Expired gases were measured during 1 poule and DE fight. Heart rate (HR), ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) and movement data were recorded throughout all fights. Motion analysis was undertaken using the software LINCE PLUS. Differences between poule and DE fights were determined by either a paired t-test or a one-way repeated measures ANOVA. HR and RPE were significantly greater during DE compared to poule (170 ±10 vs 163 ±13 beats·min-1; P<0.05). A greater distance was covered during a DE fight compared to a poule fight (459.9 ± 117.7 m vs 162.6 ± 74.2 m; P<0.05). The average values of [Formula: see text] were 42.5 ±5.6 ml·kg-1·min-1 in men and 34.4 ±3.2 ml·kg-1·min-1 in women. Work-to-rest ratios reduced during the DE fights along with a lower average speed and increased max speed (11.7 ± 2.8 km∙h-1 vs 9.6 ± 1.6 km∙h-1; P<0.05). In conclusion, there is an increased physiological demand during a DE fight accompanied by a reduction in average speed and decreased work-to-rest ratio.

A Six-Minute Walk Test: Oxygen Uptake and Distance Predicted / Prueba de Caminata de Seis Minutos: Consumo de Oxígeno y Distancia Predicha

Abstract Background: Maximum oxygen consumption is an indicator of cardiorespiratory fitness. Aim: The purpose was, first, to relate and compare the V̇O2max as the dependent variable with the estimated distance in the six-minute walk test (SMWT) as the independent variable in university students and, secondly, to relate the distance (dependent) with demographic and anthropometric variables (independents). Methodology: A correlational, descriptive, and quantitative study with a non-experimental design was conducted on 110 university students. In the study, basic anthropometry and vital signs were measured. A direct method of V̇O2max (Bruce test) on a treadmill was applied. Then, the distance covered in the SMWT was evaluated with two equations available in the scientific literature. Differences between men and women were measured in the tests, the correlation between the distances estimated with V̇O2max and anthropometric variables, and repeated ANOVA measurement tests between V̇O2max and estimated distance were analyzed with the SPSS v.22 program (p<0.05). Results: Significant correlations were found between V̇O2max and estimated distances (p<0.05) in the total sample, men and women, and in some cases, the distance correlated with gender, age, weight, height, and BMI (p<0.05). However, there were differences between V̇O2max and distances estimated in the SMWT (p<0.001). Conclusions: The V̇O2max measurement method is different from the distance prediction equations, although they have a significant relationship.

Resumen Antecedentes: El consumo máximo de oxígeno es un indicador de la aptitud cardiorrespiratoria. Objetivo: El objetivo fue relacionar y comparar el V̇O2máx. como variable dependiente con la distancia estimada en la prueba de caminata de seis minutos (PC6M) como variable independiente en estudiantes universitarios, a la vez relacionar la distancia (dependiente) con variables demográficas y antropométricas (independientes). Metodología: Estudio cuantitativo, no experimental, transversal, y descriptivo-correlacional en el que participaron 110 estudiantes universitarios. Se midió antropometría básica y signos vitales, y se aplicó un método directo de V̇O2máx. (Test de Bruce) en cinta rodante, luego se estimó la distancia recorrida en PC6M con dos ecuaciones disponibles en la literatura. Diferencias entre hombres y mujeres en las pruebas aplicadas, correlación entre las distancias estimadas con el V̇O2máx. y variables antropométricas, y la prueba de ANOVA de medidas repetidas entre el V̇O2máx. y las distancias estimadas fueron utilizadas con el programa SPSS v.22 (p<0,05). Resultados: Se encontró correlaciones significativas entre el V̇O2máx. y distancias estimadas (p<0,05) en la muestra, en hombres y mujeres, y en algunos casos la distancia se correlacionó con el sexo, la edad, el peso, la estatura y el IMC (p<0,05). Sin embargo, hubo diferencias entre el V̇O2máx. y las distancias estimadas en la PC6M (p<0,001). Conclusiones: El método directo de V̇O2máx. es distinto de las ecuaciones de predicción de distancia, aunque tienen relación significativa.

Resumo Antecedentes: O consumo máximo de oxigênio é um indicador de aptidão cardiorrespiratória. Objetivo: O objetivo é relacionar e comparar a V̇O2 máx. como variável dependente com a distância estimada no teste de caminhada de seis minutos (TC6M) como uma variável independente em estudantes universitários, ao mesmo tempo, relacionar a distância (dependente) com variáveis demográficas e antropométricas (independente). Metodologia: Estudo quantitativo, não-experimental, transversal, descritivo-correlativo, no qual participaram 110 estudantes universitários. Antropometria básica e sinais vitais foram medidos, e um método direto de V̇O2 máx. (teste Bruce) foi aplicado na esteira, então a distância coberta em TC6M foi estimada com duas equações disponíveis na literatura. Diferenças entre homens e mulheres nos testes aplicados, correlação entre distâncias estimadas com V̇O2 máx. e variáveis antropométricas, e medidas repetidas teste ANOVA entre V̇O2 máx. e distâncias estimadas foram usadas com SPSS v.22 (p<0,05). Resultados: Foram encontradas correlações significativas entre V̇O2 máx. e distâncias estimadas (p<0,05) na amostra, em homens e mulheres, e em alguns casos a distância correlacionada com sexo, idade, peso, altura e IMC (p<0,05). Entretanto, houve diferenças entre V̇O2 máx. e distâncias estimadas em TC6M (p<0,001). Conclusões: O método direto de V̇O2 máx. é diferente das equações de previsão de distância, embora elas tenham relações significativas.

Comparing walking with knee-ankle-foot orthoses and a knee-powered exoskeleton after spinal cord injury: a randomized, crossover clinical trial.

Recovering the ability to stand and walk independently can have numerous health benefits for people with spinal cord injury (SCI). Wearable exoskeletons are being considered as a promising alternative to conventional knee-ankle-foot orthoses (KAFOs) for gait training and assisting functional mobility. However, comparisons between these two types of devices in terms of gait biomechanics and energetics have been limited. Through a randomized, crossover clinical trial, this study compared the use of a knee-powered lower limb exoskeleton (the ABLE Exoskeleton) against passive orthoses, which are the current standard of care for verticalization and gait ambulation outside the clinical setting in people with SCI. Ten patients with SCI completed a 10-session gait training program with each device followed by user satisfaction questionnaires. Walking with the ABLE Exoskeleton improved gait kinematics compared to the KAFOs, providing a more physiological gait pattern with less compensatory movements (38% reduction of circumduction, 25% increase of step length, 29% improvement in weight shifting). However, participants did not exhibit significantly better results in walking performance for the standard clinical tests (Timed Up and Go, 10-m Walk Test, and 6-min Walk Test), nor significant reductions in energy consumption. These results suggest that providing powered assistance only on the knee joints is not enough to significantly reduce the energy consumption required by people with SCI to walk compared to passive orthoses. Active assistance on the hip or ankle joints seems necessary to achieve this outcome.

Bioelectrical Impedance Vector Analysis (BIVA) and Body Mass Changes in an Ultra-Endurance Triathlon Event.

This study aimed to provide the first description of the whole-body bioimpedance vector of nine non-professional triathletes, and to assess body mass (BM) and vector variations evoked by an ultra-endurance triathlon event. Anthropometric and bioelectrical assessments were performed before (PRE), after (POST), and 48 hours following the race (POST48h). Bioimpedance vector analysis (BIVA) showed triathletes' vectors placed to the left of the major axis and mostly outside the 50% tolerance ellipse of the reference population. Vector migration in POST indicated dehydration, paralleled by a decrease in BM (p = 0.0001). Increased hydration status from POST to POST48h was suggested by a reversed vector migration and increased BM (p = 0.0001). Compared to PRE, POST48h values reflected fluid retention by changes in BIVA, while BM was still lower (p = 0.0001). Racing time was positively related to basal resistance -R/h- (r = 0.68; p = 0.04) and bioimpedance -Z/h- (r = 0.68; p = 0.045). Besides, basal R/h and Z/h were positively related to PRE-to-POST changes of R/h and Z/h (r = 0.80; p = 0.009). PRE-to-POST changes of R/h and Z/h were positively related to racing time (r = 0.80, p = 0.01) and internal workload (r = 0.80, p ≤ 0.02). Notwithstanding the lack of significant correlation between BM and bioelectrical parameters, the vector's behavior was explained from a multifactorial perspective (including BM variations) by using multiple regression analysis. On the other hand, BM changes were not related to racing time, internal workload or energy deficit (ranges: r = - 0.46 to 0.65; p = 0.06 to 0.98). In conclusion, these triathletes exhibit a specific bioelectrical distribution. Furthermore, vector migration was consistent with fluid loss induced by the event. Finally, vector analysis seems to provide additional information about hydration changes 48h after the event in comparison with BM alone.

Oxidative stress in elite athletes training at moderate altitude and at sea level.

Using a controlled parallel group longitudinal trial design, we investigated the effects of different training interventions on the prooxidant/antioxidant status of elite athletes: living and training at moderate altitude for 3 (Hi-Hi3) and 4 weeks (Hi-Hi), and for 4 weeks too, living high and training high and low (Hi-HiLo) and living and training at sea level (Lo-Lo). From 61 swimmers, 54 completed the study. Nitrites, carbonyls, and lipid peroxidation (LPO) levels were assessed in plasma. Enzymatic antioxidants glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and glutathione reductase (GRd), and non-enzymatic antioxidants total glutathione (GST), reduced glutathione (GSH) and oxidized glutathione (GSSG) were analysed in the erythrocyte fraction. At the end of the intervention, nitrites levels were similar in all altitude groups but higher than in the Lo-Lo controls (P = .02). Hi-HiLo had greater GPx activity than Hi-Hi and Hi-Hi3 during most of the intervention (P ≤ .001). GRd activity was higher in Lo-Lo than in Hi-Hi at the end of the training camp (P ≤ .001). All groups showed increased levels of LPO, except Lo-Lo, and carbonyls at the end of the study (P ≤ .001). Training at altitude for 3 or 4 weeks drives oxidative stress leading to cellular damage mainly by worsening the antioxidant capacities. The GSSG/GSH ratio appears to be related to perceived exertion and fatigue. The stronger antioxidant defence showed by the Hi-HiLo group suggests an inverse relationship between redox alterations and performance. Further studies are required to investigate the role of oxidative stress in acclimatization, performance, and health.

Bioelectrical impedance vector analysis (BIVA) for measuring the hydration status in young elite synchronized swimmers.

PURPOSE: The assessment of body hydration is a complex process, and no measurement is valid for all situations. Bioelectrical impedance vector analysis (BIVA) has emerged as a relatively novel technique for assessing hydration status in sports. We applied BIVA a) to determine hydration changes evoked by an intense synchronized swimming (SS) training session; b) to characterize the sample of young elite swimmers in relation with a nonathletic reference population; and c) to generate its 50%, 75% and 95% percentiles of the bioelectrical variables. METHODS: Forty-nine elite SS female swimmers of two age categories, comen (Co: 13.9 ± 0.9 years, n = 34) and junior (Jr: 16.3 ± 0.6 years, n = 15), performed a long, high intensity training session. Body mass (BM) and bioelectrical variables (R, resistance; Xc, reactance; PA, phase angle; and Z, impedance module) were assessed pre- and post-training. BIVA was used to characterize 1) the distribution pattern of the bioelectrical vector (BIA vector) for both age groups, and 2) pre- to post-training BIA vector migration. Bioelectrical variables were also correlated with BM change values. RESULTS: Most swimmers were mostly located outside the 75% and some beyond the 95% percentile of the bioelectrical tolerance ellipses of the general population. The BIA vector showed statistically significant differences in both Co (T2 = 134.7, p = 0.0001) and Jr (T2 = 126.2, p < 0.001). Both groups were also bioelectrically different (T2 = 17.6, p < 0.001). After the training session, a decrease in BM (p = 0.0001) and an increase in BIA variables (p = 0.01) was observed. BIVA also showed a significant pre-post vector migration both in Co (T2 = 82.1; p < 0.001) and Jr (T2 = 41.8; p < 0.001). No correlations were observed between BM changes and bioelectrical variables. CONCLUSIONS: BIVA showed specific bioelectrical characteristics in young elite SS athletes. Considering the decrease in BM and the migration of the BIA vector, we conclude that the homeostatic hydration status of these young elite female swimmers was affected by the execution of intense training sessions. From a methodological perspective, BIVA appears to be sensitive enough to detect subtle hydration changes, but further research is needed to ensure its validity and reliability. Moreover, these findings highlight the importance of ensuring adequate fluid intake during training in young SS athletes.

Validity of Postexercise Measurements to Estimate Peak VO2 in 200-m and 400-m Maximal Swims.

To assess the validity of postexercise measurements to estimate oxygen uptake (V˙O2) during swimming, we compared V˙O2 measured directly during an all-out 200-m swim with measurements estimated during 200-m and 400-m maximal tests using several methods, including a recent heart rate (HR)/V˙O2 modelling procedure. 25 elite swimmers performed a 200-m maximal swim where V˙O2 was measured using a swimming snorkel connected to a gas analyzer. The criterion variable was V˙O2 in the last 20 s of effort, which was compared with the following V˙O2peak estimates: 1) first 20-s average; 2) linear backward extrapolation (BE) of the first 20 and 30 s, 3×20-s, 4×20-s, and 3×20-s or 4×20-s averages; 3) semilogarithmic BE at the same intervals; and 4) predicted V˙O2peak using mathematical modelling of 0-20 s and 5-20 s during recovery. In 2 series of experiments, both of the HR/V˙O2 modelled values most accurately predicted the V˙O2peak (mean ∆=0.1-1.6%). The BE methods overestimated the criterion values by 4-14%, and the single 20-s measurement technique yielded an underestimation of 3.4%. Our results confirm that the HR/V˙O2 modelling technique, used over a maximal 200-m or 400-m swim, is a valid and accurate procedure for assessing cardiorespiratory and metabolic fitness in competitive swimmers.

Estimating peak oxygen uptake based on postexercise measurements in swimming.

To assess the validity of postexercise measurements in estimating peak oxygen uptake (V̇O2peak) in swimming, we compared oxygen uptake (V̇O2) measurements during supramaximal exercise with various commonly adopted methods, including a recently developed heart rate - V̇O2 modelling procedure. Thirty-one elite swimmers performed a 200-m maximal swim where V̇O2 was measured breath-by-breath using a portable gas analyzer connected to a respiratory snorkel, 1 min before, during, and 3 min postexercise. V̇O2peak(-20-0) was the average of the last 20 s of effort. The following postexercise measures were compared: (i) first 20-s average (V̇O2peak(0-20)); (ii) linear backward extrapolation (BE) of the first 20 s (BE(20)), 30 s, and 3 × 20-, 4 × 20-, and 3 or 4 × 20-s averages; (iii) semilogarithmic BE at 20 s (LOG(20)) and at the other same time intervals as in linear BE; and (iv) predicted V̇O2peak using mathematical modelling (pV̇O2(0-20)]. Repeated-measures ANOVA and post-hoc Bonferroni tests compared V̇O2peak (criterion) and each estimated value. Pearson's coefficient of determination (r(2)) was used to assess correlation. Exercise V̇O2peak(-20-0) (mean ± SD 3531 ± 738 mL·min(-1)) was not different (p > 0.30) from pV̇O2(0-20) (3571 ± 735 mL·min(-1)), BE(20) (3617 ± 708 mL·min(-1)), or LOG(20) (3627 ± 746 mL·min(-1)). pV̇O2(0-20) was very strongly correlated with exercise V̇O2peak (r(2) = 0.962; p < 0.001), and showed a low standard error of the estimate (146 mL·min(-1), 4.1%) and the lowest mean difference (40 mL·min(-1); 1.1%). We confirm that the new modelling procedure based on postexercise V̇O2 and heart rate measurements is a valid and accurate procedure for estimating V̇O2peak in swimmers and avoids the estimation bias produced by other methods.

A New Model for Estimating Peak Oxygen Uptake Based on Postexercise Measurements in Swimming.

PURPOSE: Assessing cardiopulmonary function during swimming is a complex and cumbersome procedure. Backward extrapolation is often used to predict peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak) during unimpeded swimming, but error can derive from a delay at the onset of VO2 recovery. The authors assessed the validity of a mathematical model based on heart rate (HR) and postexercise VO2 kinetics for the estimation of VO2peak during exercise. METHODS: 34 elite swimmers performed a maximal front-crawl 200-m swim. VO2 was measured breath by breath and HR from beat-to-beat intervals. Data were time-aligned and 1-s-interpolated. Exercise VO2peak was the average of the last 20 s of exercise. Postexercise V˙O2 was the first 20-s average during the immediate recovery. Predicted VO2 values (pVO2) were computed using the equation: pVO2(t) = VO2(t) HRend-exercise/HR(t). Average values were calculated for different time intervals and compared with measured exercise VO2peak. RESULTS: Postexercise VO2 (0-20 s) underestimated VO2peak by 3.3% (95% CI = 9.8% underestimation to 3.2% overestimation, mean difference = -116 mL/min, SEE = 4.2%, P = .001). The best VO2peak estimates were offered by pVO2peak from 0 to 20 s (r2 = .96, mean difference = 17 mL/min, SEE = 3.8%). CONCLUSIONS: The high correlation (r2 = .86-.96) and agreement between exercise and predicted VO2 support the validity of the model, which provides accurate VO2peak estimations after a single maximal swim while avoiding the error of backward extrapolation and allowing the subject to swim completely unimpeded.

Altitude Training in Elite Swimmers for Sea Level Performance (Altitude Project).

INTRODUCTION: This controlled, nonrandomized, parallel-groups trial investigated the effects on performance, V˙O2 and hemoglobin mass (tHbmass) of four preparatory in-season training interventions: living and training at moderate altitude for 3 and 4 wk (Hi-Hi3, Hi-Hi), living high and training high and low (Hi-HiLo, 4 wk), and living and training at sea level (SL) (Lo-Lo, 4 wk). METHODS: From 61 elite swimmers, 54 met all inclusion criteria and completed time trials over 50- and 400-m crawl (TT50, TT400), and 100 (sprinters) or 200 m (nonsprinters) at best stroke (TT100/TT200). Maximal oxygen uptake (V˙O2max) and HR were measured with an incremental 4 × 200 m test. Training load was estimated using cumulative training impulse method and session RPE. Initial measures (PRE) were repeated immediately (POST) and once weekly on return to SL (PostW1 to PostW4). tHbmass was measured in duplicate at PRE and once weekly during the camp with CO rebreathing. Effects were analyzed using mixed linear modeling. RESULTS: TT100 or TT200 was worse or unchanged immediately at POST, but improved by approximately 3.5% regardless of living or training at SL or altitude after at least 1 wk of SL recovery. Hi-HiLo achieved greater improvement 2 (5.3%) and 4 wk (6.3%) after the camp. Hi-HiLo also improved more in TT400 and TT50 2 (4.2% and 5.2%, respectively) and 4 wk (4.7% and 5.5%) from return. This performance improvement was not linked linearly to changes in V˙O2max or tHbmass. CONCLUSIONS: A well-implemented 3- or 4-wk training camp may impair performance immediately but clearly improves performance even in elite swimmers after a period of SL recovery. Hi-HiLo for 4 wk improves performance in swimming above and beyond altitude and SL controls through complex mechanisms involving altitude living and SL training effects.

Diversificación de patrones en rutinas de solo en natación sincronizada de alto nivel / Patterns of solo routines in high-performance synchronized swimming

El objetivo del presente estudio es determinar y caracterizar la existencia de diferencias estructurales y T-Patterns en la disposición corporal entre las rutinas de solo técnico y libre en la natación sincronizada de alto nivel. Se utilizó un diseño observacional puntual, nomotético y multidimensional. El instrumento de registro fue el programa LINCE v. 1.1. La fiabilidad en la observación se determinó mediante el grado de concordancia intra e interobservador con valores de 0,9 en el índice Kappa. Se analizaron 15 nadadoras finalistas del campeonato del Mundo y 11 del campeonato de España), en 19 rutinas de solo técnico) y 23 de solo libre). Se realizó un análisis descriptivo e inferencial de los registros, así como una detección de T-Patterns, mediante Theme 6 Edu. Se detectó un mayor número de T-Patterns en el solo técnico que en el solo libre. El 69,3 fi (±5,7) del tiempo total de rutina, las nadadoras están en fase de apnea, siendo mayores estos porcentajes en la rutina técnica que en la libre (p <0,05). Se encontraron diferencias significativas entre los tipos de rutina en el análisis de la posición corporal y los niveles de inmersión. En conclusión, podemos afirmar que existen diferencias significativas entre las rutinas de solo libre y solo técnico tanto en la estructura temporal como en los T-Patterns detectados. Los programas técnicos se caracterizan por mayores porcentajes temporales en fases de apnea, elementos en baja inmersión y ejecuciones en posición inferior, así como en la cantidad de T-Patterns detectados (AU)

The aim of the present study is to identify and characterize the structural diHerences and T-Patterns of body posture in technical and free solo routines of high-performance synchronized swimming. 6e study is observational, punctual, nomotetic and multidimensional. Data were registered using LINCE v.1.1. with a fiability intra- and inter-observer of 90fi (Kappa index). The participants were 26 female swimmers (15 finalists in the World Championship 2011 and 11 finalists from the Spanish Championship) and the sample are 19 routines of technical solo and 23 routines of free solo. A descriptive and an inferential analysis were performed, as well as a pattern analysis according to THEME 6 Edu. More T-patterns were detected in the technical solo routines than in the free solo. Results show that in 69,3fi (± 5,7) of the routine’s time, swimmers are in apnea, and this percentage is higher in technical routines than in free routines (p <0,05). Significant diHerences were also found in the body posture and levels of immersion between the two types of routines considered. In conclusion, results suggest that free solo and technical solo routines present significant diHerences in regard to the temporal structure and in the sequential patterns detected. 6e technical routines are characterized by longer apnea episodes, more elements in low immersion and more performances in inferior positions, and more T-patterns (AU)

O objetivo do presente estudo foi caracterizar e determina a existência de diferenças estruturais e de T-Patterns na disposição corporal entre os esquemas técnicos e livres de natação sincronizada de alto nível. Foi utilizado um desenho observacional do tipo: pontual, nomotético e multidimensional. O instrumento de registo utilizado foi o programa LINCE v.1.1. A fiabilidade da observação foi determinadas pelo grau de concordância intra e inter observador com valores de 0,9 no índice Kappa. Foram analisadas 15 nadadoras finalistas do campeonato do Mundo e 11 do campeonato de Espanha, em 19 rotinas de técnicas individuais e 23 individuais livres. Realizou-se uma análise descritiva e inferência dos registos, assim como uma de padrões, mediante o 6eme6 Edu. Foi detetado um maior número de T-Patterns nos esquemas individuais técnicos que nos esquemas livres. Em 69,3fi (±5,7) do tempo total da rotina, as nadadoras estavam em fase de apneia, sendo maiores estas percentagens nas rotinas técnicas que nas livres (p <0,05). Foram encontradas diferenças significativas entre os tipos de rotina na análise da posição corporal e nos níveis de imersão. Em conclusão, podemos afirmar que existem diferenças significativas entre os esquemas livres e os esquemas técnicos tanto na estrutura temporal como nos padrões sequenciais detetados. Os programas técnicos caracterizam-se por maiores percentagens temporais em fases de apneia, elementos em baixa imersão e execuções em posição inferior, assim como na quantidade de T- -Patterns detetados (AU)

Análisis de patrones en asaltos de espada de alto nivel / Analysis of patterns in bouts elite epee

El objetivo de este estudio fue la caracterización técnico-táctica de las acciones de combate en asaltos de esgrima de competición, determinando su eficacia en función del período del asalto en que se realizan, analizando el tiempo efectivo de combate y de pausa, e identificando si existen regularidades en las conductas de los esgrimistas en competición. Para ello se utilizó un diseño observacional puntual, nomotético y multidimensional. El instrumento observacional ESGRIMOBS fue validado mediante un panel de expertos compuesto por 17 especialistas. Se utilizó como instrumento de registro el programa LINCE, y los registros obtenidos fueron tratados y recodificados a través del programa Microsoft Office Excel 2013. El análisis estadístico descriptivo e inferencial se realizó mediante el programa PASW Statistics para Windows y el análisis de patrones a través de Theme. La fiabilidad en la observación se determinó mediante el grado de concordancia intra e interobservador. Se analizaron 14 asaltos del Campeonato del Mundo de espada masculina de categoría absoluta. El 43,1 % (±13,3) de las acciones analizadas fueron eficaces, apreciándose un claro incremento de la eficacia en el transcurso del asalto. A medida que avanza el asalto el tiempo efectivo de combate disminuye y se alargan los tiempos de pausa. Se identificaron 72 T-Patterns que mostraron distintas regularidades en los 14 combates analizados. En conclusión, se dispone de una herramienta válida para el análisis técnico-táctico y de la estructura temporal de asaltos de esgrima, pudiendo configurarse la detección de T-Patterns como una nueva estrategia cualitativa en el análisis táctico de la esgrima (AU)

The present study intended to characterize the tactical and the technical fighting actions during fencing competition bouts, determining the respective efficacy regarding the period that actions tended to occur. For that, the time of pause and the time of effective fighting, as well as the regularities found on fencers’ behaviour were analysed. A punctual, nomothetic and multidimensional study design was used. ESGRIMOBS observational tool, validated by 17 experts, and LINCE recording instrument were applied. Data was treated and recodify through Microsoft Office Excel 2013. Data descriptive and inferential analyses were performed with the use of PASW Statistics for Windows, and T-Patterns detection was made by Theme software. Reliability was determined through intra and inter-observer agreement. 14 bouts of male epee World Cup of the absolute category were analysed. We verified that 43,1% (±13,3) of the analysed actions proved effective; consequently an increase of the efficacy all over the bout was found. Also, during the bout, its effective time decreased and, contrarily, increased the pause periods. 72 T-Patterns were identified, showing different regularities in the 14 studied bouts. We conclude that tools applied in the present study are valid to perform tactical and technical analysis, as well as to identify temporal structures in fencing rounds. Thus, T-Patterns detection can be performed with the above-referred instruments, being a new qualitative strategy to analyse tactics in fencing sport (AU)

O objetivo do presente estudo foi a caracterização técnico-tática das ações de combate em assaltos de esgrima de competição, determinando-se a sua eficácia em função do período em que se realizam. Para isso, analisou-se o tempo de pausa e de combate efetivo, bem como se indagaram as regularidades existentes nas condutas dos esgrimistas de competição. Utilizou-se um desenho observacional pontual, nomotético e multidimensional. O instrumento de observação utilizado designa-se por ESGRIMOBS, tendo sido validado por um painel composto por 17 especialistas, enquanto que o instrumento de registo foi o programa LINCE. Os dados recolhidos foram tratados e recodificados através do programa Microsoft Office Excel 2013. A análise descritiva e inferencial dos dados realizou-se com o recurso ao software PASW Statistics para Windows, enquanto que a análise de padrões temporais efetuou-se através do software Theme. A fiabilidade dos dados foi determinada através do grau de con- cordância intra e inter-observadores. Analisaram-se 14 assaltos do Campeonato do Mundo de espada masculina de categoria absoluta. Verificou-se que 43,1% (±13,3) das ações analisadas revelaram-se eficazes, compreendendo-se portanto um claro aumento da eficácia no decurso do assalto. À medida que o combate decorre, o tempo efetivo do assalto diminui e aumentam os tempos de pausa. Identificaram-se 72 T-Patterns, que mostraram distintas regularidades nos 14 combates analisados. Conclui-se que as ferramentas utilizadas no presente estudo são válidas para a análise técnico-tática e das estruturas temporais em assaltos de esgrima, podendo assim configurar-se a deteção de T-patterns como uma nova estratégia qualitativa para a análise tática em esgrima (AU)

Training load quantification in elite swimmers using a modified version of the training impulse method.

Prior reports have described the limitations of quantifying internal training loads using hear rate (HR)-based objective methods such as the training impulse (TRIMP) method, especially when high-intensity interval exercises are performed. A weakness of the TRIMP method is that it does not discriminate between exercise and rest periods, expressing both states into a single mean intensity value that could lead to an underestimate of training loads. This study was designed to compare Banister's original TRIMP method (1991) and a modified calculation procedure (TRIMPc) based on the cumulative sum of partial TRIMP, and to determine how each model relates to the session rating of perceived exertion (s-RPE), a HR-independent training load indicator. Over four weeks, 17 elite swimmers completed 328 pool training sessions. Mean HR for the full duration of a session and partial values for each 50 m of swimming distance and rest period were recorded to calculate the classic TRIMP and the proposed variant (TRIMPc). The s-RPE questionnaire was self-administered 30 minutes after each training session. Both TRIMPc and TRIMP measures strongly correlated with s-RPE scores (r = 0.724 and 0.702, respectively; P < 0.001). However, TRIMPc was ∼ 9% higher on average than TRIMP (117 ± 53 vs. 107 ± 47; P < 0.001), with proportionally greater inter-method difference with increasing workload intensity. Therefore, TRIMPc appears to be a more accurate and appropriate procedure for quantifying training load, particularly when monitoring interval training sessions, since it allows weighting both exercise and recovery intervals separately for the corresponding HR-derived intensity.

Análisis multidimensional de la estructura de las rutinas competitivas en natación sincronizada / Análise multidimensional da estrutura das rotinas competitivas na natação sincronizada / Multidimensional analysis of the structure of competitive routines in synchronized swimming

El objetivo de este estudio fue caracterizar la estructura de las rutinas de solo y dúo de natación sincronizada. Para ello se utilizó un diseño observacional puntual, nomotético y multidimensional. El instrumento observacional ad hoc fue validado por 12 especialistas. Se utilizó como instrumento de registro el programa LINCE. La fiabilidad en la observación se determinó mediante el grado de concordancia intra e interobservador. Dieciocho nadadoras (seis medallistas olímpicas) participaron en el estudio. Se analizaron 39 rutinas: solo técnico (n = 9), solo libre (n = 11), dúo técnico (n = 10) y dúo libre (n = 9). El 61.6 ± 6.4 %) del tiempo de competición las nadadoras estaban con la cara dentro del agua, con apneas máximas de 21.1 ± 4.0 s. La posición más utilizada en el conjunto de rutinas fue la inferior (43.2 ± 5.3 %), siendo la fase de inmersión alta inferior la más reproducida (35.3 ± 5.0 %). En conclusión: 1) se dispone de una herramienta válida para el análisis de la estructura de las rutinas en natación sincronizada, 2) existen diferencias significativas en la estructura de las rutinas atendiendo a la duración total, las fases relativas de apnea y a la inmersión en distintas posiciones corporales

The aim of this study was to characterize the structure of solo and duet-based synchronized swimming routines. This was done using a specific nomothetic multidimensional observational design. The ad hoc observational instrument was validated by 12 specialists. The data was recorded using LINCE software, and observational reliability was determined by calculating the degree of intra-observer and inter-observer agreement. The participants were 18 female swimmers (including six Olympic medallists), and 39 routines were analysed: technical solos (n = 9), free solos (n = 11), technical duets (n = 10) and free duets (n = 9). The swimmers spent 61.6 ± 6.4 % of the competition time with their faces immersed in the water, with maximum apnea of 21.1 ± 4.0 s. The inverted-vertical position was the most widely taken in routines (43.2 ± 5.3 %), with the phase of deep immersion in that position being the most commonly reproduced (35.3 ± 5.0 %). In conclusion: 1) the observational instrument is a valid tool for analysing the structure of routines in synchronized swimming; and 2) there are significant differences in the structure of routines as regards their total duration, episodes of apnea, and the degree of immersion in different body positions

Natação sincronizada, Metodologia observacional, Apneia, Posição corporal, Imersão. RESUMO: O objectivo deste estudo foi caracterizar a estrutura das rotinas individuais e duplas de natação sincronizada. Para tal foi utilizado um delineamento observacional pontual, nomotético e multidimensional. O instrumento observacional ad hoc foi validado por 12 especialistas. Utilizou-se como instrumento de registo o programa LINCE. A fidelidade na observação foi determinada mediante o grau de concordância intra e interobservador. Dezoito nadadoras (seis medalhistas olímpicas) participaram no estudo. Foram analisadas 39 rotinas; solo técnico (n = 9), solo livre (n = 11), duo técnico (n = 10) e duo livre (n = 9). As nadadoras estavam totalmente imersas na água em 61.6 % (± 6.4 %) do tempo de competição, com apneias máximas de 21.1 ± 4.0 s. A posição mais utilizada no conjunto de rotinas foi a imersão inferior (43.2 ± 5.3 %), sendo a fase de imersão total a mais reproduzida (35.3 ± 5.0 %). Em suma: 1) dispõem-se de uma ferramenta válida para a análise da estructura das rotinas na natação sincronizada, 2) existem diferenças significativas na estructura das rotinas atendendo à duração total, às fases relativas de apneia e à imersão em distintas posições corporais

Monitoring internal load parameters during competitive synchronized swimming duet routines in elite athletes.

The aim of the study is to compare the heart rate (HR) and rate of perceived exertion (RPE) responses as internal load indicators while performing duet routines during training and competition, both in the technical and free programs of synchronized swimming (SS). Participants were 10 SS Olympic medalists (age, 17.4 ± 3.0 years; height, 164.0 ± 6.1 cm; body mass, 52.0 ± 6.4 kg; training, 36.3 ± 6.2 h·wk; experience, 9.2 ± 2.6 years). They were monitored while performing the same technical duet or free duet, during a training session (T) and during an official competition (C). Heart rate was continuously monitored. Rate of perceived exertion was assessed using the Borg CR10 scale. Heart rate responses during T and C were almost identical: pre-exercise mean HR (b·min) was 130.5 ± 13.9 (T) and 133.6 ± 7.7 (C) and quickly increased yielding mean peak values of 184.8 ± 5.8 (T) and 184.8 ± 6.6 (C), with interspersed bradycardic events down to 86.6 ± 4 (T) and 86.3 ± 5 (C). Routines were perceived as "hard" to "extremely hard" by the swimmers in both conditions, and mean RPE scores (0-10+) were equally high during C (7.9 ± 1.2) and T (7.5 ± 1.2) (p = 0.223). Rate of perceived exertion inversely correlated with minimum (R = -0.545; p = 0.008) and mean HR (R = -0.452; p = 0.026) and positively correlated with HRrange (R = 0.520; p = 0.011). The internal load imposed by SS duets performed during training is virtually identical to that elicited in a real competitive situation. Therefore, practicing competitive routines is suitable for developing and maintaining the cardiovascular fitness that is needed for specific conditioning in elite synchronized swimmers, with the added value of favoring exercise automaticity, interindividual coordination, and artistic expression simultaneously.

Physiological responses in relation to performance during competition in elite synchronized swimmers.

PURPOSE: We aimed to characterize the cardiovascular, lactate and perceived exertion responses in relation to performance during competition in junior and senior elite synchronized swimmers. METHODS: 34 high level senior (21.4 ± 3.6 years) and junior (15.9 ± 1.0) synchronized swimmers were monitored while performing a total of 96 routines during an official national championship in the technical and free solo, duet and team competitive programs. Heart rate was continuously monitored. Peak blood lactate was obtained from serial capillary samples during recovery. Post-exercise rate of perceived exertion was assessed using the Borg CR-10 scale. Total competition scores were obtained from official records. RESULTS: Data collection was complete in 54 cases. Pre-exercise mean heart rate (beats·min(-1)) was 129.1 ± 13.1, and quickly increased during the exercise to attain mean peak values of 191.7 ± 8.7, with interspersed bradycardic events down to 88.8 ± 28.5. Mean peak blood lactate (mmol·L(-1)) was highest in the free solo (8.5 ± 1.8) and free duet (7.6 ± 1.8) and lowest at the free team (6.2 ± 1.9). Mean RPE (0-10+) was higher in juniors (7.8 ± 0.9) than in seniors (7.1 ± 1.4). Multivariate analysis revealed that heart rate before and minimum heart rate during the routine predicted 26% of variability in final total score. CONCLUSIONS: Cardiovascular responses during competition are characterized by intense anticipatory pre-activation and rapidly developing tachycardia up to maximal levels with interspersed periods of marked bradycardia during the exercise bouts performed in apnea. Moderate blood lactate accumulation suggests an adaptive metabolic response as a result of the specific training adaptations attributed to influence of the diving response in synchronized swimmers. Competitive routines are perceived as very to extremely intense, particularly in the free solo and duets. The magnitude of anticipatory heart rate activation and bradycardic response appear to be related to performance variability.