Fatigue and depression improvements on breast cancer survivors practitioners of strength training / Melhorias na fadiga e na depressão em sobreviventes de câncer de mama praticantes de treinamento de força

ABSTRACT Due to the high incidence of breast cancer worldwide, it is important to research and understand the physiological and psychological effects of this disease, like fatigue, depression, and capacity to do daily life tasks and how they modify physical activity. This study aimed to analyze the effects of strength training practice on physical fatigue (IMF-20), depression (Beck questionnaire), handgrip strength, and functional performance (time up and go). The sample was composed of 17 women breast cancer survivors, in which 8 volunteers were strength training practitioners for at least 6 months (P), and 9 volunteers were non-practitioners (NP). The T-test identified significant differences (p>0.05) between groups on fatigue (P=7.37±1.76; NP= 10.77±3.41; p=0.02) and depression (P= 8.75±5.20; NP= 14.55±4.21). There was no significant difference between groups on handgrip strength and functional performance.

RESUMO Devido à alta incidência de câncer de mama em todo o mundo, é importante pesquisar e entender os efeitos fisiológicos e psicológicos dessa doença, como fadiga, depressão e capacidade de realizar tarefas da vida diária e como elas se modificam com a atividade física. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar os efeitos do treinamento de força na fadiga física (IMF-20), depressão (questionário de Beck), força de preensão manual e desempenho funcional (timed up and go). A amostra foi composta por 17 mulheres sobreviventes de câncer de mama, das quais 8 voluntárias eram praticantes de treinamento de força há pelo menos 6 meses (P) e 9 voluntárias eram não-praticantes (NP). O teste T identificou diferenças significativas (p> 0,05) entre os grupos sobre fadiga (P = 7,37 ± 1,76; NP= 10,77 ± 3,41; p = 0,02) e sobre depressão (P= 8,75 ± 5,20; NP= 14,55 ± 4,21). Não houve diferença significativa entre os grupos em força de preensão manual e desempenho funcional.

Effect of strength training and antioxidant supplementation on perceived and performance fatigability in breast cancer survivors: a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled study.

This randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled study aimed to investigate the effect of strength training (ST) combined with vitamin C and E supplementation on perceived and performance fatigability in breast cancer survivors (BCS). Twenty-five BCS were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 groups: vitamins (VIT; n = 12; 51.0 ± 9.0 years) or placebo (PLA; n = 13; 48.2 ± 8.3 years). Both groups performed a 10-week ST protocol, twice a week. The VIT group was supplemented with vitamins C (500 mg/day) and E (180 mg/day) and the PLA group with polydextrose (1 g/day), once a day after breakfast. At the beginning and at the end of the training period, perceived fatigability was assessed using Multidimensional Fatigue Inventory (MFI)-20 (general fatigue and physical fatigue). Performance fatigability was assessed during 30 maximal isokinetic knee extensions at 120°/s. General fatigue decreased similarly in the VIT (p = 0.004) and PLA (p = 0.011) groups. Physical fatigue decreased similarly in the VIT (p = 0.011) and PLA (p = 0.001) groups. Performance fatigability also decreased similarly in the VIT (p = 0.026) and PLA (p < 0.001) groups. There was no difference between groups at any moment (p > 0.05). In summary, antioxidant supplementation does not add any positive synergistic effect to ST in terms of improving perceived or performance fatigability in BCS. This clinical trial is registered in the Brazilian Clinical Trials Registry, number RBR-843pth (UTN no.: U1111-1222-6511). Novelty ST with maximal repetitions reduces perceived and performance fatigability of BCS. Vitamins C and E supplementation does not add any positive synergistic effect to ST in terms of reducing fatigability in BCS.

Progressive Resistance Training Improves Bradykinesia, Motor Symptoms and Functional Performance in Patients with Parkinson's Disease.

PURPOSE: Bradykinesia and muscle weaknesses are common symptoms of Parkinson's Disease (PD) and are associated with impaired functional performance, increased risk of falls, and reduced quality of life. Recent studies have pointed to progressive resistance training (PRT) as an effective method to control and reduce these symptoms, increasing possibilities to treat the disease. However, few studies have focused on assessing the PRT effects in the short-term. Therefore, the present study aimed to assess the short-term PRT effects on people with PD, in order to offer new parameters for a better understanding of its effects, so as an adequation and PRT use as a complementary therapy. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Forty individuals diagnosed with PD from stage 1 to 3 on the Hoehn and Yahr scale took part on the study and were allocated into 2 groups; Training Group (TG) performed a 9-week RT program twice a week, and the Control Group (CG) attended disease lectures. Bradykinesia UPDRS subscale (BSS), knee extensors isokinetic strength, Ten Meters Walk Test (TMW), Timed Up&Go Test (TUG) and 30-Second Chair Stand (T30) were measured before and after the intervention period. Statistical significance was set at p ≤ 0.05. RESULTS: Significant time was noted by the group interaction for all functional tests (TUG, T30, and TWM; all p < 0.01) and BSS (p < 0.01). Post hoc analyses revealed that these differences were driven by significant improvements in these dependent variables (all p < 0.01) while the CG remained unchanged (all p > 0.05). Moreover, TUG, T30, TWM, and BSS were significantly different between TG and CG in the post-training assessments (all p < 0.01). Isokinetic muscle strength was slightly increased in the TG (2.4%) and decreased in the CG (-2.2%), but statistical analyses did not reach significance for interaction but only a trend (p = 0.12). CONCLUSION: The results indicate that 9 weeks of PRT reduces bradykinesia and improves functional performance in patients with mild to moderate PD. These findings reinforce this mode of exercise as an important component of public health promotion programs for PD.

Association between strength with day sleepiness in individuals with Parkinson's disease / Associação entre força e sonolência diurna em pessoas com a doença de Parkinson

Abstract The aim of this study is to analyze if there is an association between excessive daytime sleepiness with muscle strength in people with Parkinson's disease. This study is a cross-sectional study, with a quantitative approach. A total of 29 individuals with Parkinson's disease were recruited and classified in one of four stages of the modified Hoehn and Yahr scale. To assess the excessive daytime sleepiness the Epworth Sleepiness scale was used. The muscle strength was assess with handgrip and isokinetic dynamometers. There are non-significant correlation between Epworth Sleepiness scale with muscle strength, p < 0.05 and rho < 0.3. The muscle strength assessed by handgrip and isokinetic dynamometers does not associated with excessive daytime sleepiness assessed by Epworth Sleepiness scale.

Resumo O objetivo do presente estudo é verificar se existe associação entre a sonolência diurna excessiva com a força muscular em pessoas com a doença de Parkinson. Este é um estudo transversal, com abordagem quantitativa. Um total de 29 indivíduos com a doença de Parkinson foram recrutados e classificados em uma das quatro categorias da escala de Hoehn and Yahr modificada. Para avaliar a sonolência diurna excessiva a escala de sonolência de Epworth foi utilizada. A força muscular foi avaliada por meio dos dinamômetros de preensão palmar e isocinético. Não foram encontradas correlações significativas entre a escala de sonolência de Epworth com a força muscular p < 0.05 and rho < 0.3. A força muscular avaliada pelos dinamômetros de preensão palmar e isocinético não se associaram com a sonolência diurna excessiva avaliada pela escala de sonolência de Epworth.

Fatigue and muscle function in prostate cancer survivors receiving different treatment regimens / Fadiga e função muscular em sobreviventes de câncer de próstata em diferentes tratamentos / Fatiga y función muscular en sobrevivientes de cáncer de próstata en diferentes tratamientos

ABSTRACT Introduction Prostate cancer is the most prevalent neoplastic disease in men. After diagnosis, different treatment regimens are proposed based on the stage of the cancer. These treatments affect physical and muscle function, quality of life, and prognosis differently. Objectives To assess fatigue, muscle strength, muscle thickness, and muscle quality in prostate cancer survivors undergoing androgen deprivation therapy (ADT). Methods Ten ADT patients, eight non-ADT patients and 18 healthy control subjects were enrolled in this study. Perceived fatigue was assessed through the 20-item Multidimensional Fatigue Inventory. Muscle thickness and quality (e.g., echo intensity) were assessed through B-mode ultrasound. Muscle strength and work capacity were assessed using an isokinetic dynamometer. The groups were compared with one-way ANOVA and Bonferroni adjustment. Results Muscle thickness, peak torque, and work capacity were lower in ADT than in the control group (CON) (p = 0.021; p = 0.005; p <0.001, respectively). ADT showed greater echo intensity than CON (p = 0.005) and N-ADT (p = 0.046). There were no differences between N-ADT and CON in terms of muscle thickness, peak torque, work capacity, and echo intensity (p >0.05). General fatigue was greater in both ADT (p = 0.030) and N-ADT (p = 0.047) compared to CON. Physical fatigue was greater in ADT than CON (p = 0.006). Conclusion ADT patients showed lower levels of muscle function and greater levels of perceived fatigue than healthy control subjects. It appears that muscle function remains lower in ADT patients, even several years after treatment initiation, although this does not apply to non-ADT patients. Level of evidence II; Diagnostic Studies - Investigating a Diagnostic Test.

RESUMO Introdução O câncer de próstata é a doença neoplásica mais frequente nos homens. Após seu diagnóstico, diferentes métodos de tratamento são propostos baseados no estágio do câncer. Esses tratamentos afetam diferentemente a função física e muscular, qualidade de vida e o prognóstico. Objetivos Avaliar a fadiga, força muscular, espessura muscular e a qualidade muscular dos sobreviventes ao câncer de próstata que foram submetidos a terapia de privação androgênica (ADT). Métodos Dez pacientes ADT, oito não ADT (N-ADT) e 18 indivíduos saudáveis no grupo controle (CON) foram inscritos neste estudo. A fadiga percebida foi avaliada através do Multidimensional Fatigue Inventory composto por 20 itens. A espessura e qualidade musculares (eco-intensidade) foram avaliadas através de um aparelho de ultrassom B-mode. A força muscular e a capacidade de trabalho foram avaliadas utilizando um dinamômetro isocinético. Os grupos foram comparados através de ANOVA de um fator e ajuste de Bonferroni. Resultados O grupo ADT apresentou menor espessura muscular, pico de torque e capacidade de trabalho do que o grupo controle (p = 0,021; p = 0,005; p < 0,001, respectivamente). O grupo ADT demonstrou maior eco-intensidade que o grupo controle (p = 0,005) e N-ADT (p = 0,046). Não foram encontradas diferenças entre o grupo N-ADT e CON quanto à espessura muscular, pico de torque, capacidade de trabalho e eco-intensidade (p > 0,05). A fadiga geral foi maior tanto no grupo ADT (p = 0,030) quanto no grupo N-ADT (p = 0,047) quando comparada ao grupo CON. A fadiga física foi maior no grupo ADT do que no grupo CON (p = 0,006). Conclusão Os pacientes submetidos à terapia de privação androgênica demonstraram menores níveis de função muscular e maiores níveis de fadiga percebida do que os indivíduos saudáveis do grupo controle. Parece que a função muscular permanece menor em pacientes submetidos à ADT vários anos após o início do tratamento, o que não ocorre com os pacientes N-ADT. Nível de evidência II; Estudos diagnósticos - Investigação de um exame para diagnóstico.

RESUMEN Introducción El cáncer de próstata es la enfermedad neoplásica más frecuente en los hombres. Después de su diagnóstico, diferentes métodos de tratamiento son propuestos basados en la etapa del cáncer. Estos tratamientos afectan de forma diferente la función física y muscular, la calidad de vida y el pronóstico. Objetivos Evaluar la fatiga, fuerza muscular, espesor muscular, y la calidad muscular de sobrevivientes al cáncer de próstata que fueron sometidos a la terapia de privación de andrógenos (ADT). Métodos Diez pacientes ADT, ocho no ADT (N-ADT) y 18 individuos sanos en el grupo control (CON) fueron inscriptos en este estudio. La fatiga percibida fue evaluada a través del Multidimensional Fatigue Inventory compuesto por 20 ítems. El espesor y calidad muscular (eco intensidad) fueron evaluadas a través de un aparato de ultrasonido B-mode. La fuerza muscular y la capacidad de trabajo fueron evaluadas en un dinamómetro isocinético. Los grupos fueron comparados a través de ANOVA de un factor y ajuste de Bonferroni. Resultados El grupo ADT demostró menor espesor muscular, pico de torque y capacidad de trabajo que el grupo control (p = 0,021; p = 0,005; p <0,001, respectivamente). El grupo ADT demostró mayor eco intensidad que el grupo control (p = 0,005) y N-ADT (p = 0,046). No se encontraron diferencias entre el grupo N-ADT y el grupo CON, con respecto al espesor muscular, pico de torque, capacidad de trabajo y eco intensidad (p > 0,05). La fatiga general fue mayor tanto en el grupo ADT (p = 0,030) como en el grupo N-ADT (p = 0,047), cuando comparada al grupo CON. La fatiga física fue mayor en el grupo ADT que en el grupo CON (p = 0,006). Conclusión Los pacientes sometidos a la terapia de privación de andrógenos demostraron menores niveles de función muscular y mayores niveles de fatiga percibida que los individuos saludables del grupo control. Parece que la función muscular permanece menor en pacientes sometidos a ADT varios años después del inicio del tratamiento, lo que no ocurre con los pacientes N-ADT. Nivel de evidencia II; Estudios de diagnóstico - Investigación de un examen de diagnóstico.

Analysis of compliance to antiretroviral treatment among patients with HIV/AIDS / Análisis de la adhesión al tratamiento con antirretrovirales en pacientes con VIH/SIDA / Análise da adesão ao tratamento com antirretrovirais em pacientes com HIV/AIDS

ABSTRACT Objective: To analyze the compliance to antiretroviral therapy among HIV/AIDS patients. Method: 99 HIV-positive volunteers undergoing treatment responded to a semi-structured sociodemographic interview and to a questionnaire that assessed compliance to antiretroviral treatment. Results: In the sample analyzed, 52.5% of the volunteers presented good/adequate treatment compliance, while 33.3% presented low/insufficient compliance. There was no significant difference between men and women in the questionnaire score, nor between groups with different levels of education. Conclusion: The main items of the questionnaire that contributed to good/adequate compliance were: positive impact of treatment on health and quality of life, few side effects after initiation of therapy, and positive self-evaluation of participants regarding their compliance to antiretroviral therapy. The main barriers detected for compliance to antiretroviral therapy were the lack of knowledge about current medications and the lack of information on antiretroviral therapy drugs.

RESUMEN Objetivo: analizar la adhesión de pacientes con VIH/SIDA a la terapia antirretroviral. Método: 99 voluntarios portadores del virus VIH en tratamiento se sometieron a entrevista social y demográfica semiestructurada y al cuestionario de evaluación de la adhesión al tratamiento antirretroviral. Resultados: en la muestra analizada, el 52,5% de los voluntarios presentaba buena/adecuada adhesión al tratamiento, mientras que el 33,3%, baja/insuficiente. No había diferencia significativa entre hombres y mujeres en la puntuación del cuestionario, ni entre los diferentes grados de instrucción. Conclusión: Los puntos principales del cuestionario que contribuyeron a la adherencia buena/adecuada fueron: impacto positivo del tratamiento de la salud y la calidad de vida, pocos efectos colaterales al principio de la terapia y una autoevaluación positiva de los participantes relativa a la propia adhesión a la terapia antirretroviral. Las principales barreras detectadas para la baja/insuficiente adhesión a la terapia antirretroviral fueron el desconocimiento sobre los remedios en uso y la escasez de información sobre los medicamentos de la terapia antirretroviral.

RESUMO Objetivo: Analisar a adesão de pacientes com HIV/AIDS à terapia antirretroviral. Método: 99 voluntários portadores do vírus HIV sob tratamento foram submetidos à entrevista social e demográfica semiestruturada e ao questionário para avaliação da adesão ao tratamento antirretroviral. Resultados: Na amostra analisada, 52,5% dos voluntários apresentaram boa/adequada adesão ao tratamento, enquanto 33,3% apresentaram baixa/insuficiente. Não houve diferença significativa entre homens e mulheres na pontuação do questionário, nem entre os diferentes graus de instrução. Conclusão: Os principais itens do questionário que contribuíram para aderência boa/adequada foram o impacto positivo do tratamento na saúde e na qualidade de vida, os poucos efeitos colaterais com o início da terapia e a autoavaliação positiva dos participantes quanto à própria adesão à terapia antirretroviral. As principais barreiras detectadas para a baixa/insuficiente adesão à terapia antirretroviral foram o desconhecimento sobre as medicações em uso e o relato de escassez de informação sobre os medicamentos da terapia antirretroviral.

Analysis of compliance to antiretroviral treatment among patients with HIV/AIDS.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the compliance to antiretroviral therapy among HIV/AIDS patients. METHOD: 99 HIV-positive volunteers undergoing treatment responded to a semi-structured sociodemographic interview and to a questionnaire that assessed compliance to antiretroviral treatment. RESULTS: In the sample analyzed, 52.5% of the volunteers presented good/adequate treatment compliance, while 33.3% presented low/insufficient compliance. There was no significant difference between men and women in the questionnaire score, nor between groups with different levels of education. CONCLUSION: The main items of the questionnaire that contributed to good/adequate compliance were: positive impact of treatment on health and quality of life, few side effects after initiation of therapy, and positive self-evaluation of participants regarding their compliance to antiretroviral therapy. The main barriers detected for compliance to antiretroviral therapy were the lack of knowledge about current medications and the lack of information on antiretroviral therapy drugs.

Acute cardiovascular response to pre-prandial and postprandial exercise in active men / Resposta cardiovascular aguda ao exercício pré e pós-prandial em homens ativos / Respuesta cardiovascular aguda al ejercicio preprandial y postprandial en hombres activos

ABSTRACT Introduction: Pre-prandial exercise promotes greater mobilization of fat metabolism due to the increased release of catecholamines, cortisol, and glucagon. However, this response affects how the cardiovascular system responds to exercise. Objective: To evaluate the response of systolic, diastolic, and mean blood pressure, heart rate (HR) and rate-pressure product (RPP) to pre- and postprandial exercise. Methods: Ten physically active male subjects (25.50 ± 2.22 years) underwent two treadmill protocols (pre- and postprandial) performed for 36 minutes at 65% of VO2max on different days. On both days, subjects attended the laboratory on a 10-hour fasting state. For the postprandial session, volunteers ingested a pre-exercise meal of 349.17 kcal containing 59.3 g of carbohydrates (76.73%), 9.97 g of protein (12.90%), and 8.01 g of lipids (10.37%). Blood pressure, HR and RPP were measured before and after exercise. The 2x2 factorial Anova with the multiple comparisons test of Bonferroni was applied to analyze cardiovascular variables in both moments (pre- vs. postprandial). The significance level was set at p<0.05. Results: Systolic (121.70 ± 7.80 vs. 139.78 ± 12.91 mmHg) and diastolic blood pressure (66.40 ± 9.81 vs. 80.22 ± 8.68 mmHg) increased significantly after exercise only in the postprandial session (p<0.05). HR increased significantly (p<0.05) after both protocols (64.20 ± 15.87 vs. 141.20 ± 10.33 bpm pre-prandial and 63.60 ± 8.82 vs. 139.20 ± 10.82 bpm postprandial). RPP had a similar result (8052.10 ± 1790.68 vs. 18382.60 ± 2341.66 mmHg.bpm in the pre-prandial session and 7772.60 ± 1413.76 vs. 19564.60 ± 3128.99 mmHg.bpm in the postprandial session). Conclusion: These data suggest that fasted exercise does not significantly alter the blood pressure. Furthermore, the meal provided before the postprandial exercise may promote a greater blood pressure responsiveness during exercise.

RESUMO Introdução: O exercício pré-prandial promove maior mobilização do metabolismo de gordura devido ao aumento da liberação de catecolaminas, cortisol e glucagon. Contudo, tal resposta afeta a forma como o sistema cardiovascular responde ao exercício. Objetivo: Avaliar a resposta da pressão sistólica, diastólica e média, a frequência cardíaca (FC) e o duplo produto (DP) ao exercício pré e pós-prandial. Métodos: Dez indivíduos ativos (25,50 ± 2,22 anos) foram submetidos a dois protocolos de exercício em esteira (pré e pós-prandial) realizados durante 36 minutos a 65% do VO2máx em dias diferentes. Em ambos os dias, os indivíduos compareceram ao laboratório em jejum de 10 horas. Para a sessão pós-prandial, os voluntários ingeriram uma refeição pré-exercício de 349,17 kcal, contendo 59,3 g de carboidratos (76,73%), 9,97 g de proteína (12,90%) e 8,01 g de lipídeos (10,37%). A pressão sanguínea, a FC e o DP foram medidos antes e depois do exercício. A Anova fatorial (2 X 2) com as comparações múltiplas de Bonferroni foi aplicada para análise das variáveis nos dois momentos (pré e pós-prandial). O nível de significância foi fixado em p < 0,05. Resultados: A pressão sanguínea sistólica (121,70 ± 7,80 vs. 139,78 ± 12,91 mmHg) e a diastólica (66,40 ± 9,81 vs. 80,22 ± 8,68 mmHg) aumentaram significantemente após o exercício somente na sessão pós-prandial (p < 0,05). A FC aumentou significantemente (p < 0,05) após ambos os protocolos (64,20 ± 15,87 vs. 141,20 ± 10,33 bpm pré-prandial e 63,60 ± 8,82 vs. 139,20 ± 10,82 bpm pós-prandial). O DP teve resultado semelhante (8.052,10 ± 1.790,68 vs. 18.382,60 ± 2.341,66 mmHg.bpm na sessão pré-prandial e 7.772,60 ± 1.413,76 vs. 19.564,60 ± 3.128,99 mmHg.bpm na sessão pós-prandial). Conclusão: Esses dados sugerem que o exercício em jejum não altera significantemente a pressão sanguínea. Além disso, a refeição fornecida antes do exercício pós-prandial pode promover maior responsividade da pressão sanguínea durante o exercício.

RESUMEN Introducción: El ejercicio preprandial promueve una mayor movilización de metabolismo de la grasa debido al aumento de la liberación de catecolaminas, cortisol y glucagón. Sin embargo, tal respuesta afecta la forma en que el sistema cardiovascular responde al ejercicio. Objetivo: Evaluar la respuesta de la presión sistólica, diastólica y media, la frecuencia cardíaca (FC) y el doble-producto (DP) al ejercicio pre y postprandial. Métodos: Diez hombres activos (25,50 ± 2,22 años), fueron sometidos a dos protocolos de ejercicio en cinta rodante (pre y postprandial) realizados durante 36 minutos a 65% del VO2máx en días diferentes. En ambos días, los individuos asistieron al laboratorio después de un ayuno de 10 horas. Para la sesión postprandial, los voluntarios ingirieron una comida pre-ejercicio de 349,17 kcal, que contenía 59,3 g de hidratos de carbono (76,73%), 9,97 g de proteínas (12,90%) y 8,01 g de lípidos (10,37%). La presión sanguínea, la FC y el DP se midieron antes y después del ejercicio. Se aplicó el ANOVA factorial (2 x 2) con las comparaciones múltiples de Bonferroni para analizar las variables en los dos momentos (pre y postprandial). El nivel de significación se ha fijado en p < 0,05. Resultados: La presión sanguínea sistólica (121,70 ± 7,80 vs. 139,78 ± 12,91 mmHg) y la diastólica (66,40 ± 9,81 vs. 80,22 ± 8,68 mmHg) aumentaron significativamente después del ejercicio sólo en la sesión postprandial (p < 0,05). La FC aumentó significativamente (p < 0,05) después de ambos protocolos (64,20 ± 15,87 vs. 141,20 ± 10,33 lpm preprandial y 63,60 ± 8,82 vs. 139,20 ± 10,82 lpm postprandial). El DP tuvo un resultado similar (8.052,10 ± 1.790,68 vs. 18.382,60 ± 2.341,66 mmHg.lpm preprandial y 7.772,60 ± 1.413,76 vs. 19.564,60 ± 3.128.99 mmHg.lpm postprandial). Conclusión: Estos datos sugieren que el ejercicio en ayunas no altera significativamente la presión sanguínea. Además, la comida suministrada antes del ejercicio postprandial puede promover una mayor capacidad de respuesta de la presión sanguínea durante el ejercicio.

Effect of self-paced active recovery and passive recovery on blood lactate removal following a 200 m freestyle swimming trial.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of self-paced active recovery (AR) and passive recovery (PR) on blood lactate removal following a 200 m freestyle swimming trial. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Fourteen young swimmers (with a training frequency of 6-8 sessions per week) performed two maximal 200 m freestyle trials followed by 15 minutes of different recovery methods, on separate days. Recovery was performed with 15 minutes of passive rest or 5 minutes of passive rest and 10 minutes of self-paced AR. Performance variables (trial velocity and time), recovery variables (distance covered and AR velocity), and physiological variables (blood lactate production, blood lactate removal, and removal velocity) were assessed and compared. RESULTS: There was no difference between trial times in both conditions (PR: 125.86±7.92 s; AR: 125.71±8.21 s; p=0.752). AR velocity was 69.10±3.02% of 200 m freestyle trial velocity in AR. Blood lactate production was not different between conditions (PR: 8.82±2.47 mmol L-1; AR: 7.85±2.05 mmol L-1; p=0.069). However, blood lactate removal was higher in AR (PR: 1.76±1.70 mmol L-1; AR: 4.30±1.74 mmol L-1; p<0.001). The velocity of blood lactate removal was significantly higher in AR (PR: 0.18±0.17 mmol L-1 min-1; AR: 0.43±0.17 mmol L-1 min-1; p<0.001). CONCLUSION: Self-paced AR shows a higher velocity of blood lactate removal than PR. These data suggest that athletes may be able to choose the best recovery intensity themselves.

Acute metabolic response to fasted and postprandial exercise.

The aim of this study was to analyze the acute metabolic response to exercise in fasting and postprandial. For this, ten individuals were submitted to an incremental treadmill test, with an initial speed of 5 and 1 km/h increments every minute, with no inclination, and a body composition assessment. After this 1st day, all volunteers were submitted to two experimental procedures (fasting and postprandial), with an aerobic exercise performed for 36 minutes at 65% of maximal oxygen consumption. At postprandial procedure, all subjects ingested a breakfast containing 59.3 g of carbohydrate (76.73%), 9.97 g of protein (12.90%), 8.01 g of lipids (10.37%), with a total energy intake of 349.17 kcal. An analysis of plasma concentration of triglycerides, lactate, and glucose was performed in two stages: before and after exercise. The Shapiro-Wilk test was used to verify the normality of the data. For analysis of glucose concentration, plasma lactate, and triglycerides, we used a repeated measures analysis of variance factorial 2×2, with Bonferroni multiple comparison test. The significance level of P<0.05 was adopted. The results indicated a maintenance level of glucose at fasting and a decrease in glucose concentration at postprandial exercise. Both conditions increase plasma lactate. Triglycerides also increased in the two experimental conditions; however, after exercise fasting, the increase was significantly higher than in the postprandial exercise. These data suggest that both exercises could increase plasma lactate and triglycerides. However, exercise performed in fasting condition decreases glucose concentration and increases triglycerides, even more than postprandial exercise.