Social determinants and sexual risk behaviors within Immunodeficiency Virus cases in Solidaridad, Quintana Roo, México / Determinantes sociales y conductas sexuales de riesgo en casos de Virus de la Inmunodeficiencia en Solidaridad, Quintana Roo, México

Abstract Objective: To determine the prevalence of HIV in individuals by analyzing the influence of social determinants and sexual risk behaviors, in order to estimate the crude and adjusted risks of being HIV positive in the municipality of Solidaridad, state of Quintana Roo, Mexico. Method and Materials: A cross-sectional study was conducted in the municipality of Solidaridad, Quintana Roo, Mexico. Third and fourth generation HIV rapid tests were performed. Descriptive statistics, measures of association (OR and 95 % CI) and p value were calculated for each stratum. Logistic regression models were performed to determine the risk factors associated with being HIV positive in the tests. Results: The sample consisted of 4,800 people, of whom 3,030 were men (63.12%); the mean age was 32.6 years (SD 14.96). The variables included in the multivariate model for being HIV positive are: men who have sex with men with OR=61.20, age 30-39 years OR=1.72, having anal sex OR=2.21, and as a protective factor having health service OR =0.42. Conclusions: This study confirms already known social determinants such as being male and being in economically active age and sexual practices such as: having anal sex and men with men. Being entitled to health services was shown to be the only protective factor.

Resumen Objetivo: Determinar la prevalencia de VIH en personas analizando la influencia de los determinantes sociales y las conductas sexuales de riesgo, para estimar los riesgos crudos y ajustados para ser VIH positivo en el municipio Solidaridad, estado de Quintana Roo, México. Método y Materiales: Se realizó un estudio transversal en el municipio de Solidaridad, Quintana Roo, México. Se realizaron pruebas rápidas de VIH de tercera y cuarta generación. Se calcularon las estadísticas descriptivas, las medidas de asociación (OR e IC del 95 %) y el valor de p para cada estrato. Se realizaron modelos de regresión logística para determinar los factores de riesgo asociados con ser VIH positivo en las pruebas. Resultados: La muestra estuvo compuesta por 4,800 personas de las cuales; 3,030 hombres (63.12%); la edad promedio fue de 32.6 años (D.E. 14.96). Las variables incluidas en el modelo multivariado para ser VIH positivo son: hombres que tienen sexo con hombres con OR=61.20, edad 30-39 años OR=1.72, tener sexo anal OR=2.21, y como factor protector contar con servicio de salud OR =0.42. Conclusiones: Este estudio confirma determinantes sociales ya conocidos como el ser hombre y estar en edad económicamente activa y prácticas sexuales como: el tener sexo anal y hombres con hombres. Contar con derechohabiencia se muestra como único factor protector.

The link between cognitive and affective empathy and interpersonal emotion regulation direction and strategies.

Interpersonal emotion regulation (ER) refers to the different processes aimed at changing the emotional states of others. Some authors have speculated about the pivotal role of empathy for interpersonal ER to happen. However, the very limited empirical evidence suggests that only cognitive empathy as opposed to affective empathy may be a necessary antecedent. As previous research only considered interpersonal affect improvement and showed mixed evidence for the regulation strategies, we aimed to address this gap in the current research. To that aim, 374 adults (M = 30.3 years, 249 female) reported their tendency to engage in cognitive (perspective-taking) and affective empathy (empathic concern and personal distress) as well as their tendency to improve and worsen others' mood, and to use different regulation strategies (situation modification, attention deployment, cognitive change, and modulation of the emotional response) to change others' feelings. Results of the regression analyses showed that while affect improvement was not significantly predicted by any of the empathy variables, affect worsening was positively predicted by personal distress. Concerning the regulation strategies, while cognitive change and situation modification were positively predicted by personal distress, attention deployment was positively predicted by perspective-taking. Overall, the obtained results highlight the need to further investigate the link between empathy and ER and to carefully consider the methods selected for that purpose.

Propiedades Psicométricas del Test de Empatía Cognitiva y Afectiva (TECA) en Población Mexicana / Psychometric Properties of the Cognitive and Affective Empathy Test in a Mexican Sample

Resumen Introducción: Evaluar la empatía es cada vez más necesario dentro de diferentes áreas de investigación. Objetivo: El presente estudio presenta un análisis de las propiedades psicométricas del cuestionario Test de Empatía Cognitiva y Afectiva (TECA) que evalúa la empatía desde una perspectiva integral; siendo uno de los pocos construidos originalmente en el lenguaje español. Método: Sé evaluó la fiabilidad y validez de constructo en 607 adultos (137 hombres/ 470 mujeres) estudiantes de población mexicana. Resultados: Los resultados muestran una adecuada fiabilidad del instrumento en general (α = .86). Sin embargo, los análisis factoriales exploratorios y confirmatorios sugiere la necesidad de revisar los ítems. Discusión: La incorporación de metodologías robustas que consideran la naturaleza ordinal de las escalas Likert, como el análisis factorial con la incorporación del intercepto aleatorio permiten mejorar el ajuste de los modelos sin alterar la estructura factorial original. Por último, la invariancia métrica no es alcanzada entre la muestra española original y la mexicana. Conclusiones: El TECA se puede aplicar en población mexicana pero se sugiere una revisión en la construcción de los ítems.

Abstract Introduction: Assessing empathy is an increasing necessity within different research areas. Objective: The present study aims to analyse psychometric properties of the Cognitive and Affective Empathy Test (TECA) questionnaire that assesses empathy from a comprehensive perspective; being one of the few originally built in the Spanish language. Method: The reliability and construct validity were evaluated in 607 adults (137 men / 470 women) students from the Mexican population. Results: The results show adequate reliability of the instrument in general (α = .86). However, the exploratory and confirmatory factor analyzes suggest the need to review the items. Discussion: The incorporation of new methodologies such as robust factor analysis for ordinal type data (i.e. like Likert scales), with the incorporation of the random intercept, allows improving the fit of the models without altering the original factorial structure. Finally, metric invariance is not reached between the original Spanish sample and the Mexican one. Conclusions: The TECA can be applied in the Mexican population but a review of the construction of the items is suggested.

(Re)construcción del rol histórico de la enfermería en Chile: una mirada desde las representaciones sociales de las personas vinculadas a la enfermería / (Re) construção do papel histórico da enfermagem no Chile: um olhar a partir dasrepresentações sociais de pessoas vinculadas à enfermagem / (Re) construction of the historical role of nursing in Chile: a look from the social representations of people linked to nursing

Aim. Explore the social representations of the historical role of Chilean nursing in people linked to thisprofession. Methodology. A study of social representations was carried out through the application of free listsin people linked to nursing. From the structuralist approach, the central nucleus and the peripheries of the socialrepresentation were determined, complementing it with an analysis of similarity of the words evoked and one ofthe discourses that support the choice of the participants, interpreted according to their lexicographicrelationships. Results The central nucleus was made up of the terms: “Care”, “History”, “Management” and“Florence Nightingale”. Two main nodes were identified: “nursing” and “role”. The elements “history” and“health” showed a greater relationship with “nursing”; while “role” was linked to the execution and the management of the profession. Conclusion. Although there is a diversity of terms related to milestones in thehistorical role of Chilean nursing, there are elements that are not present. It is essential to reinforce the spacesfor discussion and training, since the omission in matters of public policies in which the nursing discipline inChile has been a participant throughout history is evident. (AU)

Objetivo. Explorar las representaciones sociales del rol histórico de la enfermería chilena, en personasvinculadas a esta profesión. Metodología. Se realizó un estudio de las representaciones sociales por medio de laaplicación de listados libres en personas vinculadas a la enfermería. A partir del enfoque estructuralista sedeterminó el núcleo central y las periferias de la representación social complementando con un análisis desimilitud de las palabras evocadas y uno de los discursos que fundamentan la elección de los participantes,interpretado en función de sus relaciones lexicográficas. Resultados El núcleo central estuvo conformado porlos términos: “Cuidados”, “Historia”, “Gestión” y “Florence Nightingale”. Se identificaron dos nodos:“enfermería” y “rol”. Los elementos “historia” y “salud” mostraron mayor relación con “enfermería”; mientrasque “rol” se vinculó a la ejecución y las gestiones propias de la profesión. Conclusión. A pesar que existe unadiversidad de términos relacionados con hitos del rol histórico de la enfermería chilena, hay aún elementos queno están presentes. Es indispensable reforzar los espacios de discusión y formación, ya que, se hace evidente laomisión en materia de políticas públicas en que ha sido partícipe la disciplina de enfermería en Chile a lo largode la historia. (AU)

Objetivo. Explorar as representações sociais do papel histórico da enfermagem chilena nas pessoasvinculadas a esta profissão. Metodologia. Foi realizado um estudo das representações sociais através daaplicação de listas livres em pessoas ligadas à enfermagem. A partir da abordagem estruturalista foideterminado o núcleo central e periférico da representação social complementando com uma análise dasemelhança das palavras evocadas e dos discursos que fundamentam a eleição dos participantes, interpretadosem função das suas relações lexicográficas. Resultados: O núcleo central foi formado pelos termos: “Cuidado”,“História”, “Gestão” e “Florence Nightingale”. Foram identificados dois nós: “enfermagem” e “função”. Oselementos “história” e “saúde” mostraram uma maior relação com a “enfermagem”, enquanto que “função”estava ligado à execução e gestão da profissão. Conclusão. Apesar de haver uma diversidade de termosrelacionados com marcos do papel histórico da enfermagem chilena, há elementos que não estão presentes. Éindispensável reforçar os espaços de discussão e formação, pois, torna-se evidente a omissão em matéria depolíticas públicas em que a disciplina de enfermagem têm participado no Chile ao longo da história. (AU)

Características clínico-patológicas del cáncer de mama:un estudio de 1,840 pacientes / Clinicopathological characteristics of breast cancer: a study of 1,840 patients

Resumen Objetivo: Reportar las características clínico-patológicas de mujeres diagnosticadas con cáncer de mama (Cama) que fueron atendidas en el Instituto Jalisciense de Cancerología (IJC), localizado en Guadalajara, Jalisco, durante el quinquenio 2013-2017. Materiales y métodos: Diseño transversal y analítico, cuya fuente de datos fueron los expedientes clínicos y el registro electrónico del IJC. Se incluyeron y analizaron los siguientes datos de mujeres con diagnóstico confirmado de Cama: edad, grado y variedad histológica, estadio clínico reportado por las categorías in situ (0), temprano (I-IIA), localmente avanzado (IIB-IIIC) y metástasis (IV), así como estatus de los receptores hormonales. Las mujeres fueron clasificadas en dos grupos de edad: <40 e ≥40 años, con la finalidad de comparar las características clínico-patológicas mediante pruebas estadísticas. Se presenta análisis descriptivo de los datos. Resultados: Se recolectaron y analizaron datos relacionados a 1,840 diagnósticos de Cama; la edad promedio de las mujeres al momento del diagnóstico fue 53.2 años. Las características clínico-patológicas de mayor frecuencia fueron: localmente avanzado (53.1%), ductal (88.9%), moderadamente diferenciado (60.1%) y Luminal A (31.6%); mientras que el 15% de los casos reportó la clasificación triple negativo, principalmente mujeres <40 años (21.3%). Salvo la variedad histológica (p <0.05), no se encontraron diferencias significativas entre ambos grupos de edad respecto a las características clínico-patológicas analizadas. Conclusiones: En México, raramente han sido reportadas las características clínico- patológicas del Cama en mujeres, cuya importancia radica en el manejo clínico y la toma de decisiones respecto a los diversos tratamientos terapéuticos. Por tanto, la evidencia presentada permitió reconocer cuál es el perfil clínico-patológico de las mujeres que buscaron atención oncológica en el IJC durante el quinquenio 2013-2017; además, puede justificar el diseño de otros estudios epidemiológicos para evaluar la repercusión en la recurrencia del Cama y las posibilidades de supervivencia de las mujeres.

Abstract Objective: To report the clinicopathological characteristics of breast cancer (BC) diagnosed women who were treated at the Instituto Jalisciense de Cancerología (IJC), located in Guadalajara, Jalisco, during 2013-2017. Materials and methods: Cross-sectional and analytical design whose data source was the clinical records and the electronic registry of the IJC. The following data from women with a confirmed BC diagnosis were included and analyzed: age, grade and histological variety, clinical stage reported by in situ (0), early stage (I-IIA), locally advanced (IIB-IIIC) and metastasis (IV) categories, as well as hormone receptor status. The women were classified into two age groups: <40 and ≥40 years, to compare the clinicopathological characteristics through statistical tests. Descriptive analysis of the data is presented. Results: Data related to 1,840 diagnoses of BC were collected and analyzed; the average age of diagnosis was 53.2 years. The most frequent clinicopathological characteristics were: locally advanced (53.1%), ductal (88.9%), moderately differentiated (60.1%) and Luminal A (31.6%); while 15% of the cases reported triple negative classification, mainly <40 years women (21.3%). Except for the histological variety (p <0.05), no significant differences were found between both age groups regarding the clinicopathological characteristics analyzed. Conclusions: In Mexico, clinicopathological characteristics of BC have rarely been reported, which involve important clinical management and decision-making regarding the various therapeutic treatments. Therefore, the evidence presented allowed us to recognize the clinicopathological profile of the women who sought cancer care at the IJC during 2013 2017; in addition, it may justify the design of other epidemiological studies to assess the impact on BC recurrence and the women survival chances.