Cellular expression of INK4a gene in cells of bladder cancer associated with human papilloma virus-16.

Hyperexpression of p16(INK4a) protein is an early marker of cervical cancer. Hyperexpression of INK4a gene encoding this protein at the level of mRNA and p16(INK4a) was detected in tumor cells of some patients with bladder cancer associated with human papilloma virus-16. However, in contrast to cervical cancer, this phenomenon in urothelial carcinomas does not correlate with expression of human papilloma virus-16 oncogenes E6 and E7.

[Are human papillomaviruses responsible for the occurrence of bladder cancer].

A female patient with recurrent bladder cancer underwent complex examination. The primary tumor removed in 2004 showed human papillomavirus (HPV) 16 DNA, mRNA corresponding to HPV16 oncogene E7, as well as HPV16 protein E7. The patient is a smoker who has been working at a chemical factory for over 20 years. During tumor recurrence in 2009, there was no DNA of high-risk HPV types in the cancer cells. HPV16 E7protein and cellular p 16(INK4alpha), an indicator of HPV-induced carcinogenesis, were not found. Colposcopy revealed no precancerous changes in the epithelium of the cervix uteri. The cervical epitheliocytes contained no high-risk HPV DNA, E7 and p16(INK4alpha) proteins. It seems expedient to continue in vitro studies of the possible role of HPV in urothelial carcinogenesis on an experimental model.

[Detection of oncoprotein E7 HPV16 in the cancer and normal urinary bladder urothelium].

Oncoprotein E7 HPV16 was detected by immunohistochemical staining with specific polyclonal antiserum [Fiedler et al., 2004] in 7 out of the 24 (29.2%) studied bladder cancer specimens. The result is in good agreement with the hypothesis that HPVs take part in the carcinogenesis of the urothelium. However, some of the observations made seem rather hard to be interpreted at present. The latter include the detection of E7 HPV16 in a small number of cancer cells in a few bladder cancer specimens being examined; the presence of this protein in the cytoplasm, rather in the cancer cell nuclei, and its detection in some morphologically normal bladder urothelial specimens from non-cancer patients. Thus, the hypothesis that HPVs are implicated in the carcinogenesis of the bladder urothelium deserves further verification.

[Results of a 5-year screening for prostatic cancer]. / Itogi 5-letnego skrininga raka predstatel'noi zhelezy.

The results of 5-year screening (1996-2000) for prostatic cancer in 1129 males 40 to 80 years of age are presented. The examination included: measurement of blood levels of prostate-specific antigen (PSA), finger rectal examination, transrectal ultrasonic examination (TRUE) and, on demand, biopsy of the prostatic gland. Prostatic cancer was diagnosed in 1.5, 2.2 and 16% patients having PSA levels of 0-4.0, 4.0-10.0 and 10.0-30.0% ng/ml, respectively. At finger rectal examination prostatic cancer was suspected in 8% examinees, only in 33% of them the diagnosis was verified morphologically. By TRUE evidence 7% examinees were suspected and in 44.3% of them prostatic cancer was confirmed. Thus, biopsy proved necessary in 172 cases of 1129 examinees. In 64 (5.7%) males prostatic cancer was diagnosed and confirmed. Early prostatic cancer in the screened men and those consulted in the outpatient department of the National Cancer Research Center was detected in 77.7 and 22% men, respectively. The conclusion is made that men over 50 years of age should undergo prophylactic examination of the prostatic gland once a year.

[An analysis of preliminary results in screening for prostatic cancer]. / Analiz predvaritel'nykh rezul'tatov skrininga raka predstatel'noi zhelezy.

450 males aged over 50 years free of urological symptoms were screened for prostatic cancer using three techniques; finger rectal examination (FRE), transrectal ultrasound investigation (TUI), assay for prostatic specific antigen in the serum (SPSA). SPSA quantities under 4 ng/ml, 4-10 ng/ml, 10-20 ng/ml, over 20 ng/ml were registered in 206(45.8%), 135(30%), 69(15.4%) and 40(8.8%) patients, respectively. Detectability of prostatic cancer increases by 33,37.9, 45.5, 69.2% due to TUI, FRE, TUI + FRE, all the three methods, respectively. Prostatic biopsy was needed in 102 (22.7%) cases. From the 450 examinees, prostatic cancer was diagnosed in 25 (5.6%). SPSA was high in all of them, higher than 10 ng/ml in 92%. 20 (80%) of 25 patients with cancer had early stages of the disease (TI-2). The study is going on.

[Our experience in treating patients with surface cancer of the bladder]. / Nash opyt lecheniia bol'nykh poverkhnostnym rakom mochevogo puzyria.

210 patients with surface cancer of the bladder were divided into three groups. 67 patients of group 1 underwent transurethral resection of the bladder (TRB) followed by preventive intravesical chemotherapy. 91 patients of group 2 received preventive intravesical BCG after TRB. 61 control patients (group 3) had TRB only. Recurrences emerged in 15 (16.5%), 12 (62.7%) and 45 (73.8%) group 2, 1 and 3 patients, respectively. The preventive chemotherapy was effective only in patients with primary tumor (the recurrence rate 42.3%), the relapses being less responsive to it (the recurrence rate 75.6%).

[Bilateral tumors of the testis]. / Bilateral'nye opukholi iaichka.

Sixteen cases of bilateral tumors of the testicle (1.7% of all patients with tumors of germ origin) were treated at the Clinic of Urology of the Center in 1953-1982. The age of the patients varied 17-54 years (mean age--32.9 years). Cryptorchism was recorded in 2 out of 16 cases. Separate tumor was found to develop in the contralateral testicle in most cases, this factor being of vital importance for the choice of treatment procedure. The results of treatment did not differ from those in cases of unilateral lesions and were chiefly related to stage and microscopic pattern of tumor.