Effects of time of day on shopping behavior.

Shoppers interviewed in a shopping mall at different times of the day show different activities within the mall and attitudes toward the products. Prices also vary with the time of the day. These results can be explained in terms of shopping values and the related demographic characteristics of the population visiting the shopping center at different times of the day.

Effects of circadian orientation, time of day, and arousal on consumers' depth of information processing of advertising.

Since depth of information processing, as defined by MacInnis and Jaworski in 1989 has been shown to influence the strength of the relation between the intent to purchase and the attitudes toward the advertisement, this paper focused on the interactive effects of three antecedents of information processing, arousal, circadian orientation, and time of day (Morning vs Evening). Analysis indicated that deeper information processing is reached by 65 morning-oriented consumers who are exposed to advertisements in the morning and by 52 relaxed consumers who are exposed to advertisements in the evening. Theoretical explanations and managerial implications are proposed.

Individual differences in circadian variations of consumers' emotional state.

A laboratory study investigated the effect of circadian orientation on consumers' emotional state at different times of day. Subjects' emotional state was measured using the Pleasure-Arousal-Dominance scale in the morning and in the evening. Individual circadian orientation (morningness-eveningness) was also assessed. Analyses showed that changes in consumers' emotional state as a function of the time of the day is moderated by individual differences in circadian orientation. Morning-types were in a more pleasurable emotional state in the morning than in the evening. The predicted reversed pattern for the evening-types did not reach significance. Null effects were reported for the arousal and submissive/dominance dimensions of emotional state. Morning-types rated themselves as more awake than evening-types. Morning-types were more awake in the morning than in the evening and vice-versa for evening-types. The magnitude of the differences between evening-type and morning-type individuals was significant in the morning. Findings are discussed from methodological, theoretical, and marketing perspectives.

Voice and advertising: effects of intonation and intensity of voice on source credibility, attitudes toward the advertised service and the intent to buy.

Voice has been neglected in research on advertising and attitude change. In an experiment with 2 x 2 x 2 factorial design (N = 279), several hypotheses derived from the Elaboration Likelihood Model and from phonetic literature were tested; 2 linguistically similar advertising messages on financial services of high (student loan) versus low (Automatic Teller Machine cards) involvement are recorded by a professional actor using 4 types of voice (2 levels of intonation of voice x 2 levels of intensity). Analysis by a system of simultaneous equations indicated that the effects of voice are different under low and high involvement. Intensity of voice affects credibility of the source significantly more under low than high involvement; intonation of voice affects credibility more under high than low involvement. Unexpectedly, characteristics of voice affect attitudes toward the advertised service and intent to buy.

The impact of mood on time perception, memorization, and acceptance of waiting.

The effects of mood on two cognitive processes, memorization and time perception, were examined. Participants (N = 155) first watched videos that successfully manipulated their mood (happy or sad); then they watched a video simulating a waiting line (Bateson & Hui, 1992; Bosselman & Craik, 1987). A questionnaire was administered to both groups to assess the number of items memorized from the "waiting" video, the estimated waiting time, and the degree of acceptance of waiting time. A series of analyses of variance showed that happy mood enhanced the number of items memorized and the acceptance of waiting but had no significant effect on time estimates. Memorization had no effect on time estimates or on acceptance of waiting; as expected, the longer the perceived waiting time, the less the acceptance of waiting time. A global model based on a system of linear equations (LINEQS) reproduced these results, which are interpreted in terms of both previous studies on mood and time estimate models.

Role of genetic factors in bronchial cancer. Based upon a case of anaplastic lung carcinoma in identical twins.

Having observed homozygotic identical twin brothers suffering simultaneously from anaplastic bronchial cancer leading rapidly to death in both cases, the authors assessed the frequency of such cases. The available literature failed to reveal any identical observations, although four cases of twins suffering from bronchial cancer featuring different histologies (three epidermoidal and one bronchiolar-alveolar) were noted. Statistics show that, in the area where the observed twins were living, anaplastic cancer occurs each year in 0.39% of 53-year-old men. The case of these twins therefore supports the idea of the role of genetic factors in the determination of bronchial cancer.

Affect and memory in advertising: an empirical study of the compensatory processes.

The influence of the affect dimensions (a) source identification, (b) attractiveness, and (c) fear appeal on memorization of a message by advanced Canadian students was investigated. Professionally designed commercials were used for the experiment. The results indicate a strong relationship between the three affective variables of the communication and the number of items in the respondents' memory. Two-way interactions between (a) attractiveness and identification and (b) attractiveness and fear were significant, as was the three-way interaction.

Interactive effects of musical and visual cues on time perception: an application to waiting lines in banks.

This study explores the interactive effects of musical and visual cues on time perception in a specific situation, that of waiting in a bank. Videotapes are employed to stimulate the situation; a 2 x 3 factorial design (N = 427) is used: 2 (high vs low) amounts of visual information and 2 (fast vs slow) levels of musical tempo in addition to a no-music condition. Two mediating variables are tested in the relation between the independent variables (musical and visual ones) and the dependent variable (perceived waiting time), mood and attention. Results of multivariate analysis of variance and a system of simultaneous equations show that musical cues and visual cues have no symmetrical effects: the musical tempo has a global (moderating) effect on the whole structure of the relations between dependent, independent, and mediating variables but has no direct influence on time perception. The visual cues affect time perception, the significance of which depends on musical tempo. Also, the "Resource Allocation Model of Time Estimation" predicts the attention-time relation better than Ornstein's "storage-size theory." Mood state serves as a substitute for time information with slow music, but its effects are cancelled with fast music.

Concurrent anaplastic bronchial cancer in identical twin brothers.

After having observed homozygotic identical twin brothers who simultaneously suffered from anaplastic bronchial cancer which rapidly led to death in both cases, the authors assess the frequency of such cases. Review of the available literature failed to produce identical observations, although 4 cases of twins suffering from bronchial cancer with differing histologies (3 epidermoidal and 1 bronchiolar-alveolar) were noted. Statistics show that in the area where the observed twins were living, anaplastic cancer occurs each year in 0.39 of 53-year-old men. The cases of these twins therefore support the notion of the role of genetic factors in the determination of bronchial cancer.

[Genetic factors in the development of bronchial cancer. Apropos of a pair of identical twins]. / Facteurs génétiques dans le déterminisme du cancer bronchique. A propos d'une paire de jumeaux univitellins.

An anaplastic bronchial cancer was observed to occur simultaneously in identical twin brothers, with a rapidly fatal outcome. This led to authors to appraise the prevalence of such cases and to study the role of genetic factors in the determining bronchial cancer. A review of the literature has not revealed an identical case, on the other hand 4 twin pairs suffered from a bronchial cancer with a different histology (3 epidermoid and 1 bronchoalveolar) were reported. Familial cases of bronchial cancer were also recorded. The authors go on to allude to the intervention of genetic factors in the defense mechanisms of the lung: mucociliary clearance, immunological defense and the role of aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase. The precise identification of these factors remains difficult on account of their interaction with environmental factors.

[Pneumopathies caused by hypersensitivity to amiodarone and associated nephropathies. Study by alveolar lavage]. / Pneumopathies d'hypersensibilité à l'amiodarone et néphropathies associées. Etude par lavage alvéolaire.

Four cases of amiodarone-induced restrictive, hypoxaemic lung disease are described. The cumulative dosages of amiodarone were relatively low (30 to 100 g). Alveolar lavage studies showed a lymphocytosis and study of the lymphocytic sub-populations showed an increase in the OKT8 group, and an inversion of the OKT4/OKT8 ratio. The outcome was favourable on withdrawal of amiodarone and steroid therapy. The immunological origin of this form of lung disease was confirmed. Two patients had renal failure; in the first case, hypercalcaemia, hyperphosphoremia and renal calcification were observed. The second patient had endo- and extracapillary glomerulonephritis with C3 deposits and circulating immune complexes. Renal failure regressed in both cases on withdrawal of amiodarone and with steroid therapy.

[Cystic fibrosis and pregnancy]. / Mucoviscidose et grossesse.

The authors point out the problems that are raised when a patient with cystic fibrosis becomes pregnant. Pregnancy in a patient with cystic fibrosis is rare but these patients do not seem to have diminished fertility. So it is likely that in the future this combination will increase in frequency. The genetic risk is raised. Heterozygotic subjects are about 3 to 5% of the population and there is a risk of 1 in 4 that heterozygotic parents who already have one child with cystic fibrosis will have a second. The BM test and the sweat test are used to screen for the disease at birth. The pregnancy does not always progress well. The level of prematurity is more than 26% and perinatal mortality is 11%. Furthermore, the birthweight of these children is at the lower limits of normal. Finally, the pregnancy makes the mother's state worse with an increase in her lung signs and change in her respiratory function. On the other hand, diabetes seems to be easily controlled. In conclusion, pregnancy seems to be detrimental for these patients.