Separation of enantiomers of chiral basic drugs with amylose- and cellulose- phenylcarbamate-based chiral columns in acetonitrile and aqueous-acetonitrile in high-performance liquid chromatography with a focus on substituent electron-donor and electron-acceptor effects.

In this study, amylose- and cellulose-phenylcarbamate-based chiral columns with different chiral-selector (CS) chemistries were compared to each other for the separation of enantiomers of basic chiral analytes in acetonitrile and aqueous-acetonitrile mobile phases in HPLC. For two chemistries the amylose-based columns with coated and immobilized CSs were also compared. The comparison of CSs containing only electron-donating or electron-withdrawing substituents with those containing both electron-donating and electron-withdrawing substituents showed opposite results for the studied set of chiral analytes in the case of amylose and cellulose derivatives. Along with the chemistry of CS the focus was on the behavior of polysaccharide phenylcarbamates in acetonitrile versus aqueous acetonitrile as eluents. In agreement with earlier results, it was found that in contrast to the commonly accepted view, polysaccharide phenylcarbamates do not behave as typical reversed-phase materials for basic analytes either. In the range of water content in the mobile phase of up to 20-30% v/v the behavior of these CSs is similar to hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC)-type adsorbents. This means that with increasing water content in the mobile phase up to 20-30% v/v, the retention of analytes mostly decreases. The important finding of this study is that the separation efficiency improves for most analytes when switching from pure acetonitrile to aqueous acetonitrile. Therefore, in spite of reduced retention, the separation of enantiomers improves and thus, the HILIC-range of mobile phase composition, offering shorter analysis time and better peak resolution, is advantageous over pure polar-organic solvent mode. Interesting examples of enantiomer elution order (EEO) reversal were observed for some analytes based on the content of water in the mobile phase on Lux Cellulose-1 and Lux Amylose-2 columns.

The effect of temperature on the separation of enantiomers with coated and covalently immobilized polysaccharide-based chiral stationary phases.

This article describes our attempt to re-visit the role of temperature in the separation of enantiomers with polysaccharide-based chiral columns in high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Rarely observed increased retention and separation factors with increasing temperature, as well as temperature dependent reversal of enantiomer elution order are reported for several arylpropionic acid derivatives. Chiral columns with coated and covalently immobilized chiral selectors were compared from the viewpoint of effect of temperature on analyte retention, enantiomer separation and enantiomer elution order. Thermodynamic parameters were calculated for analyte transfer from the liquid phase to the chiral stationary phase and the effect of temperature on chiral selectors was investigated by using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). DSC results along with chromatographic studies indicate that polysaccharide-based chiral selectors undergo some kind of transition at elevated temperature that is not reversible in the thermodynamic sense of this term.