Two new compounds from the capitula of Chrysanthemum morifolium cv. Fubaiju.

A new germacrane-type sesquiterpenoid (1) and a new alkamide (2), as well as six known compounds (3-8) were isolated from the capitula of Chrysanthemum morifolium cv. Fubaiju. The new structures were elucidated by comprehensive spectroscopic analysis and quantum chemical calculations. The known structures were characterised via 1D NMR data compared with the already existing literature data. Among the isolates, compound 5 showed inhibitory activity against human lung cancer A549 cells and human hepatoma HepG2 cells with the IC50 values of 19.50 ± 1.23 and 23.24 ± 1.30 µM, respectively, and compound 8 exhibited inhibitory effect on RSV infection with IC50 value of 12.50 ± 1.02 µM.

Undescribed phloroglucinol derivatives with antiviral activities from Dryopteris atrata (Wall. Ex Kunze) Ching.

Nine undescribed phloroglucinol derivatives (dryatraols A-I) with five different backbones and three known dimeric acylphloroglucinols were isolated from the rhizome of Dryopteris atrata (Wall. Ex Kunze) Ching (Dryopteridaceae). Dryatraol A contains an unprecedented carbon skeleton-a butyrylphloroglucinol and a rulepidanol-type sesquiterpene are linked via a furan ring to form a 6/5/6/6 ring system. Dryatraols B and C are the first examples of monomeric phloroglucinols coupled with the aristolane-type sesquiterpene through the C-C bond. Dryatraol D features a rare spiro [benzofuran-2',5″-furan] backbone. Dryatraols E-I are five undescribed adducts with a butyrylphloroglucinol or filicinic acid incorporated into the germacrene-type sesquiterpene via a pyran ring. These undescribed structures were determined by comprehensively analysing the spectroscopic data, X-ray diffraction results, and electronic circular dichroism calculations. The result of in vitro antiviral activity evaluation indicated that dryatraol C displayed the strongest antiviral effect against both respiratory syncytial virus and influenza A virus (H1N1), with IC50 values of 11.9 µM and 5.5 µM, respectively. Dryatraols F-H exhibited considerable inhibitory activity against herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), with IC50 values ranging from 2.6 to 6.3 µM. Analysis of the inhibitory mechanism using a time-of-addition assay revealed that dryatraol G may inhibit the replication of HSV-1 by interfering with the late stage of the viral life cycle.

[Effects of exogenous attapulgite addition on water conservation function of reclaimed soils in a semi-arid mining area]. / å¤–æºå‡¹å‡¸æ£’åœŸæ·»åŠ å¯¹åŠå¹²æ—±çŸ¿åŒºå¤åž¦åœŸå£¤æ°´åˆ†æ¶µå »åŠŸèƒ½çš„å½±å“.

Large-scale mining has greatly damaged vegetation and caused ecological degradation in the semi-arid area in China. It is urgent to restore the vegetation to solve the deteriorating ecological and environmental problems in mining area. How to reclaim soils for effectively storing and utilizing precipitation is the primary issue for vegetation restoration in the area. In this study, we proposed to take the mixture of attapulgite clay and local sandy soils as covering materials to improve the weak water conservation function of soils in mining areas, and studied the effects of the addition of attapulgite clay on soil infiltration, drainage and water storage sampled from the Shenmu mining area. The results showed that, with increasing application rates of attapulgite clay, the cumulated infiltration volumes decreased by 4.8%-37.4%, the infiltration rates dropped by 6.4%-46.3%, the wetting front advance rates decreased by 9.8%-116.9%, the saturated hydraulic conductivities decreased by 14.3%-59.5%, the drained water volumes reduced by 0.3%-4.3% for 24 hours and by 0.3%-2.5% for 72 hours, and the maximum soil water storages increased by 1.6%-22.4%. The maximum effect of attapulgite clay peaked at the application rate of 150 t·hm-2. Considering the economic cost, the optimum application rate should be 30-150 t·hm-2. The results syste-matically revealed the mechanism of reclaiming mining soils with attapulgite clay to restore the function of water conservation, and demonstrated that attapulgite clay is an effective material for soil reclamation in the semi-arid mining area, which can provide references for soil reclamation and ecological restoration in the semi-arid mining area.

Genome-wide identification, evolution and expression analysis of nuclear receptor superfamily in Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus.

The nuclear receptor (NR) superfamily, which is divided into 7 subfamilies, constitutes one of the largest classes of transcription factors. In this study, through comprehensive database search, we identified all NRs (including 4 novel members) from the tilapia (75), common carp (137), zebrafish (73), fugu (73), tetraodon (72), stickleback (70), medaka (69), coelacanth (55), spotted gar (51) and elephant shark (50). For 21 NRs, two duplicates were found in teleosts, while only one in tetrapods. These duplicates, except those of DAX1, SHP and GCNF found in the elephant shark, were derived from 3R (third round of genome duplication). The linkage duplication of 5 syntenic blocks (comprising 14 duplicated NR couples) in teleosts further supported their 3R origin. Based on transcriptome data from adult tilapia, 53 NRs were found to be expressed in more than one tissue (brain, head kidney, heart, liver, kidney, muscle, ovary and testis), and 4 were tissue-specific, indicating their essential roles in the corresponding tissue. Based on the XX and XY gonadal transcriptome data from four developmental stages, 65 NRs were detected in gonads, with 21, 31, 11 and 29 expressed sexual dimorphically at 5, 30, 90 and 180days after hatching, respectively. The expression of four selected genes was examined by in situ hybridization (ISH) and quantitative PCR (qPCR) to validate the spatial and temporal expression profiles of NRs. Comparative analyses of the expression profiles of duplicated NRs revealed divergence in gene expression as well as gene function. Our results demonstrated that NRs may play important roles in sex determination and gonadal development in teleosts.

Rhizobium borbori sp. nov., aniline-degrading bacteria isolated from activated sludge.

Three aniline-degrading bacteria, strains DN316(T), DN316-1 and DN365, were isolated from activated sludge. According to 16S rRNA gene sequence-based phylogenetic analysis, the isolates belonged to the genus Rhizobium, with Rhizobium ( = Agrobacterium) radiobacter LMG 140(T) as the closest relative, with 96.5 % sequence similarity. Phylogenetic analysis of the representative strain DN316(T) using sequences of the glnA, thrC and recA genes and the 16S-23S intergenic spacer region confirmed the phylogenetic arrangement obtained from analysis of the 16S rRNA gene. DNA-DNA relatedness between DN316(T) and R. radiobacter LMG 140(T) was 43.7 %, clearly indicating that the representative strain DN316(T) represents a novel species. Phenotypic and biochemical characterization of the isolates and insertion sequence-PCR fingerprinting patterns showed several distinctive features that differentiated them from closely related species. The major components of the cellular fatty acids were C(18 : 1)ω7c (57.10 %), C(16 : 0) (11.31 %) and C(19 : 0) cyclo ω8c (10.13 %). Based on our taxonomic analysis, the three isolates from activated sludge represent a novel species of the genus Rhizobium, for which the name Rhizobium borbori sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is DN316(T) ( = CICC 10378(T)  = LMG 23925(T)).