Emerging role of RNA modification and long noncoding RNA interaction in cancer.

RNA modification, especially N6-methyladenosine, 5-methylcytosine, and N7-methylguanosine methylation, participates in the occurrence and progression of cancer through multiple pathways. The function and expression of these epigenetic regulators have gradually become a hot topic in cancer research. Mutation and regulation of noncoding RNA, especially lncRNA, play a major role in cancer. Generally, lncRNAs exert tumor-suppressive or oncogenic functions and its dysregulation can promote tumor occurrence and metastasis. In this review, we summarize N6-methyladenosine, 5-methylcytosine, and N7-methylguanosine modifications in lncRNAs. Furthermore, we discuss the relationship between epigenetic RNA modification and lncRNA interaction and cancer progression in various cancers. Therefore, this review gives a comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms by which RNA modification affects the progression of various cancers by regulating lncRNAs, which may shed new light on cancer research and provide new insights into cancer therapy.

Intratumoral Lactate Depletion Based on Injectable Nanoparticles-Hydrogel Composite System Synergizes with Immunotherapy against Postablative Hepatocellular Carcinoma Recurrence.

Thermal ablation is a crucial therapeutic modality for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), but its efficacy is often hindered by the high recurrence rate attributed to insufficient ablation. Furthermore, the residual tumors following insufficient ablation exhibit a more pronounced immunosuppressive state, which accelerates the disease progression and leads to immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) resistance. Herein, evidence is presented that heightened intratumoral lactate accumulation, stemming from the augmented glycolytic activity of postablative residual HCC cells, may serve as a crucial driving force in exacerbating the immunosuppressive state of the tumor microenvironment (TME). To address this, an injectable nanoparticles-hydrogel composite system (LOX-MnO2 @Gel) is designed that gradually releases lactate oxidase (LOX)-loaded hollow mesoporous MnO2 nanoparticles at the tumor site to continuously deplete intratumoral lactate via a cascade catalytic reaction. Using subcutaneous and orthotopic HCC tumor-bearing mouse models, it is confirmed that LOX-MnO2 @Gel-mediated local lactate depletion can transform the immunosuppressive postablative TME into an immunocompetent one and synergizes with ICB therapy to significantly inhibit residual HCC growth and lung metastasis, thereby prolonging the survival of mice postablation. The work proposes an appealing strategy for synergistically combining antitumor metabolic therapy with immunotherapy to combat postablative HCC recurrence.

Dysregulation of immunity by cigarette smoking promotes inflammation and cancer: A review.

Smoking is a serious global health issue. Cigarette smoking contains over 7000 different chemicals. The main harmful components include nicotine, acrolein, aromatic hydrocarbons and heavy metals, which play the key role for cigarette-induced inflammation and carcinogenesis. Growing evidences show that cigarette smoking and its components exert a remarkable impact on regulation of immunity and dysregulated immunity promotes inflammation and cancer. Therefore, this comprehensive and up-to-date review covers four interrelated topics, including cigarette smoking, inflammation, cancer and immune system. The known harmful chemicals from cigarette smoking were summarized. Importantly, we discussed in depth the impact of cigarette smoking on the formation of inflammatory or tumor microenvironment, primarily by affecting immune effector cells, such as macrophages, neutrophils, and T lymphocytes. Furthermore, the main molecular mechanisms by which cigarette smoking induces inflammation and cancer, including changes in epigenetics, DNA damage and others were further summarized. This article will contribute to a better understanding of the impact of cigarette smoking on inducing inflammation and cancer.

Homogeneous Space Construction and Projection for Single-Cell Expression Prediction Based on Deep Learning.

Predicting cellular responses to perturbations is an unsolved problem in biology. Traditional approaches assume that different cell types respond similarly to perturbations. However, this assumption does not take into account the context of genome interactions in different cell types, which leads to compromised prediction quality. More recently, deep learning models used to discover gene-gene relationships can yield more accurate predictions of cellular responses. The huge difference in biological information between different cell types makes it difficult for deep learning models to encode data into a continuous low-dimensional feature space, which means that the features captured by the latent space may not be continuous. Therefore, the mapping relationship between the two conditional spaces learned by the model can only be applied where the real reference data resides, leading to the wrong mapping of the predicted target cells because they are not in the same domain as the reference data. In this paper, we propose an information-navigated variational autoencoder (INVAE), a deep neural network for cell perturbation response prediction. INVAE filters out information that is not conducive to predictive performance. For the remaining information, INVAE constructs a homogeneous space of control conditions, and finds the mapping relationship between the control condition space and the perturbation condition space. By embedding the target unit into the control space and then mapping it to the perturbation space, we can predict the perturbed state of the target unit. Comparing our proposed method with other three state-of-the-art methods on three real datasets, experimental results show that INVAE outperforms existing methods in cell state prediction after perturbation. Furthermore, we demonstrate that filtering out useless information not only improves prediction accuracy but also reveals similarities in how genes in different cell types are regulated following perturbation.

Fatty liver is associated with significant liver inflammation and increases the burden of advanced fibrosis in chronic HBV infection.

BACKGROUND: Concurrent non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is common in patients with chronic HBV infection. But the impact of fatty liver on the histologic progression of HBV infection remains controversial. METHODS: Consecutive HBV-infected patients who underwent liver biopsy between 2016 and 2021 were included. Alcohol consumption and other types of viral hepatitis were excluded. All biopsies were scored for grading and staging by Scheuer's score, and the steatosis was scored as an estimate of the percentage of liver parenchyma replaced by fat. Logistic regression analyses were applied to assess the associated factors for significant liver inflammation (G ≥ 2), significant fibrosis (S ≥ 2) and advanced fibrosis (S ≥ 3). RESULTS: Among the 871 HBV-infected patients, hepatic steatosis was prevalent in 255 patients (29.28%). Significant liver inflammation was present in 461 patients (52.93%). Significant fibrosis was observed in 527 patients (60.51%), while advanced liver fibrosis was observed in 171 patients (19.63%). Patients with concomitant NAFLD were more likely to have significant liver inflammation and advanced fibrosis. Fatty liver was an independent risk factor for significant liver inflammation (OR: 2.117, 95% CI: 1.500-2.988), but it could not predict the development of fibrosis. Especially, in HBV-infected patients with persistent normal ALT (immune tolerant and inactive carrier phase), the presence of significant liver inflammation was higher in NAFLD than those without NAFLD. The prevalence of advanced liver fibrosis was higher in NAFLD than non-NAFLD only in the immune tolerant phase, while NAFLD did not increase fibrosis burden in other stages of HBV infection. We developed a predictive model for significant liver inflammation with the area under receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) of 0.825, and a model for significant fibrosis with the AUROC of 0.760. CONCLUSIONS: NAFLD is independently associated with significant liver inflammation, and increases the burden of advanced liver fibrosis in HBV-infected patients. The influence of NAFLD on the degree of liver inflammation and fibrosis is different in distinct clinical phases of chronic HBV infection.

LncRNA RP11-93B14.5 promotes gastric cancer cell growth through PI3K/AKT signaling pathway.

OBJECTIVE: Emerging evidence indicates that long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) RP11-93B14.5 facilitates tumor progression in variety of malignancies. The present study proposed to study the functional effect of lncRNA RP11-93B14.5 in gastric cancer (GC) as well as the underlying mechanism. METHODS: Bioinformatics analysis was utilized to analyze lncRNA expression in GC tissues. siRNA was used for knockdown of RP11-93B14.5 in GC cells MKN45 and KATO III. The stable knockdown cell lines were constructed by CRISPR-Cas9. Cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assay and soft agar colony formation assay were used to analyze GC cell viability. Flow cytometry analysis was performed to analyze the cell cycle distribution of MKN45 and KATO III. RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) was employed to detect differential genes after transfection with siRP11-93B14.5. Quantitative PCR (Q-PCR) was used to examine gene expression in GC cell lines. Western-blot assay was used to measure protein levels. RNA fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) was conducted for lncRNA cellular location and expression. RESULTS: Based on the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) database, RP11-93B14.5 was upregulated in GC tissue, which was also verified in GC cell lines in comparison to the normal gastric epithelial HFE145 cells. Knockdown of RP11-93B14.5 decreased cell viability and the colony number of MKN45 and KATO III cells, and altered cell cycle distribution in vitro. RNA-seq analysis revealed RP11-93B14.5 may modulate genes expression of S100A2 and TIMP2 in MKN45 and KATO III cells. Mechanistically, RP11-93B14.5 may drive the progression of GC via S100A2 related-PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. CONCLUSIONS: LncRNA RP11-93B14.5 knockdown alleviated the malignant phenotypes of GC cells through regulating PI3K/AKT. Our results provide evidence for the role of lncRNAs in regulating tumor progression.

Deep Learning-Based Recognition of Periodontitis and Dental Caries in Dental X-ray Images.

Dental X-ray images are important and useful for dentists to diagnose dental diseases. Utilizing deep learning in dental X-ray images can help dentists quickly and accurately identify common dental diseases such as periodontitis and dental caries. This paper applies image processing and deep learning technologies to dental X-ray images to propose a simultaneous recognition method for periodontitis and dental caries. The single-tooth X-ray image is detected by the YOLOv7 object detection technique and cropped from the periapical X-ray image. Then, it is processed through contrast-limited adaptive histogram equalization to enhance the local contrast, and bilateral filtering to eliminate noise while preserving the edge. The deep learning architecture for classification comprises a pre-trained EfficientNet-B0 and fully connected layers that output two labels by the sigmoid activation function for the classification task. The average precision of tooth detection using YOLOv7 is 97.1%. For the recognition of periodontitis, the area under the curve (AUC) of the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve is 98.67%, and the AUC of the precision-recall (PR) curve is 98.38%. For the recognition of dental caries, the AUC of the ROC curve is 98.31%, and the AUC of the PR curve is 97.55%. Different from the conventional deep learning-based methods for a single disease such as periodontitis or dental caries, the proposed approach can provide the recognition of both periodontitis and dental caries simultaneously. This recognition method presents good performance in the identification of periodontitis and dental caries, thus facilitating dental diagnosis.

Chemical profiling and investigation of molecular mechanisms underlying anti-hepatocellular carcinoma activity of extracts from Polygonum perfoliatum L.

Polygonum perfoliatum L. is an herbal medicine that has been extensively used in traditional Chinese medicine to treat various health conditions ranging from ancient internal to surgical and gynecological diseases. Numerous studies suggest that P. perfoliatum extract elicits significant anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory, anti-bacterial, and anti-viral effects. Nevertheless, the underlying mechanisms of its anti-liver cancer effects remain poorly understood. Our study suggests that P. perfoliatum stem extract (PPLA) has a favorable safety profile and exhibits a significant anti-liver cancer effect both in vitro and in vivo. We identified that PPLA activates the cGMP-PKG signaling pathway, and key regulatory genes including ADRA1B, PLCB2, PRKG2, CALML4, and GLO1 involved in this activation. Moreover, PPLA modulates the expression of genes responsible for the cell cycle. Additionally, we identified four constituents of PPLA, namely taxifolin, myricetin, eriodictyol, and pinocembrin, that plausibly act via the cGMP-PKG signaling pathway. Both in vitro and in vivo experiments confirmed that PPLA, along with its constituting compounds taxifolin, myricetin, and eriodictyol, exhibit potent anti-cancer activities and hold the promise of being developed into therapeutic agents.

Small molecule inhibitors of RORγt for Th17 regulation in inflammatory and autoimmune diseases.

As a ligand-dependent transcription factor, retinoid-associated orphan receptor γt (RORγt) that controls T helper (Th) 17 cell differentiation and interleukin (IL)-17 expression plays a critical role in the progression of several inflammatory and autoimmune conditions. An emerging novel approach to the therapy of these diseases thus involves controlling the transcriptional capacity of RORγt to decrease Th17 cell development and IL-17 production. Several RORγt inhibitors including both antagonists and inverse agonists have been discovered to regulate the transcriptional activity of RORγt by binding to orthosteric- or allosteric-binding sites in the ligand-binding domain. Some of small-molecule inhibitors have entered clinical evaluations. Therefore, in current review, the role of RORγt in Th17 regulation and Th17-related inflammatory and autoimmune diseases was highlighted. Notably, the recently developed RORγt inhibitors were summarized, with an emphasis on their optimization from lead compounds, efficacy, toxicity, mechanisms of action, and clinical trials. The limitations of current development in this area were also discussed to facilitate future research.

Does each Component of Reactive Oxygen Species have a Dual Role in the Tumor Microenvironment?

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are a class of highly reactive oxidizing molecules, including superoxide anion (O2•-) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), among others. Moderate levels of ROS play a crucial role in regulating cellular signaling and maintaining cellular functions. However, abnormal ROS levels or persistent oxidative stress can lead to changes in the tumor microenvironment (TME) that favor cancer development. This review provides an overview of ROS generation, structure, and properties, as well as their effects on various components of the TME. Contrary to previous studies, our findings reveal a dual effect of ROS on different components of the TME, whereby ROS can either enhance or inhibit certain factors, ultimately leading to the promotion or suppression of the TME. For example, H2O2 has dual effects on immune cells and non-cellular components within the TME, while O2•- has dual effects on T cells and fibroblasts. Furthermore, each component demonstrates distinct mechanisms of action and ranges of influence. In the final section of the article, we summarize the current clinical applications of ROS in cancer treatment and identify certain limitations associated with existing therapeutic approaches. Therefore, this review aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of ROS, highlighting their dual effects on different components of the TME, and exploring the potential clinical applications that may pave the way for future treatment and prevention strategies.

Enzyme-catalyzed high-performing reaction with in-situ amplified photocurrent on carbon-functionalized inorganic photoanode for immunosensing.

An enzyme-catalyzed high-performing reaction with in-situ amplified photocurrent was innovatively designed for the quantitative screening of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) in biological fluids by coupling with carbon-functionalized inorganic photoanode. A split-type photoelectrochemical (PEC) immunoassay was initially executed with horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-labeled secondary antibody on the capture antibody-coated microtiter. Then, the photocurrent of carbon-functionalized inorganic photoanode were improved through enzymatic insoluble product. Experimental results revealed that introduction of the outer carbon layer on the inorganic photoactive materials caused the amplifying photocurrent because of the improving light harvesting and separation of photo-generated e-/h+ pairs. Under optimum conditions, the split-type photoelectrochemical immunosensing platform displayed good photocurrent responses within the dynamic range of 0.01 - 80 ng mL-1 CEA, and allowed the detection of CEA as low as a concentration of 3.6 pg mL-1 at the 3Sblank level. The strong attachment of antibodies onto nano label and high-performing photoanode resulted in a good repeatability and intermediate precision down to 9.83%. No significant differences at the 0.05 significance level were encountered in the analysis of six human serum specimens between the developed PEC immunoassay and the commercially available CEA ELISA kits.

Machine Learning Explains Long-Term Trend and Health Risk of Air Pollution during 2015-2022 in a Coastal City in Eastern China.

Exposure to air pollution is one of the greatest environmental risks for human health. Air pollution level is significantly driven by anthropogenic emissions and meteorological conditions. To protect people from air pollutants, China has implemented clean air actions to reduce anthropogenic emissions, which has led to rapid improvement in air quality over China. Here, we evaluated the impact of anthropogenic emissions and meteorological conditions on trends in air pollutants in a coastal city (Lianyungang) in eastern China from 2015 to 2022 based on a random forest model. The annual mean concentration of observed air pollutants, including fine particles, inhalable particles, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, and carbon monoxide, presented significant decreasing trends during 2015-2022, with dominant contributions (55-75%) by anthropogenic emission reduction. An increasing trend in ozone was observed with an important contribution (28%) by anthropogenic emissions. The impact of meteorological conditions on air pollution showed significant seasonality. For instance, the negative impact on aerosol pollution occurred during cold months, while the positive impact was in warm months. Health-risk-based air quality decreased by approximately 40% in 8 years, for which anthropogenic emission made a major contribution (93%).

Agrimoniin is a dual inhibitor of AKT and ERK pathways that inhibit pancreatic cancer cell proliferation.

Molecular-targeted therapy has shown its effectiveness in pancreatic cancer, while single-targeted drug often cannot provide long-term benefit because of drug resistance. Fortunately, multitarget combination therapy can reverse drug resistance and achieve better efficacy. The typical treatment characteristics of traditional Chinese medicine monomer on tumor are multiple targets, with small side effects, low toxicity, and so forth. Agrimoniin has been reported to be effective on some cancers, while the mechanism still needs to be clarified. In this study, we used 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine, cell counting kit-8, flow cytometry, and western blot experiments to confirm that agrimoniin can significantly inhibit the proliferation of pancreatic cancer cell PANC-1 by inducing apoptosis and cell cycle arrest. In addition, by using SC79, LY294002 (the agonist or inhibitor of AKT pathway), and U0126 (the inhibitor of ERK pathway), we found that agrimoniin inhibited cell proliferation by simultaneously inhibiting AKT and ERK pathways. Moreover, agrimoniin could significantly increase the inhibitory effect of LY294002 and U0126 on pancreatic cancer cells. Meanwhile, in vivo experiments also supported the above results. In general, agrimoniin is a double-target inhibitor of AKT and ERK pathways in pancreatic cancer cells; it is expected to be used as a resistance reversal agent of targeted drugs or a synergistic drug of the inhibitor of AKT pathway or ERK pathway.

Identification of MAP Kinase Kinase 3 as a protein target of myricetin in non-small cell lung cancer cells.

Myricetin is a typical flavonol with various pharmacological effects which shows favorable biological activities in cancer. However, the underlying mechanisms and potential targets of myricetin in NSCLC (non-small cell lung cancer) cells remain unclear. First, we demonstrated that myricetin not only inhibited the proliferation, migration and invasion, but also induced apoptosis in A549 and H1299 cells in a dose-dependent manner. Then, we confirmed myricetin may play an anti-NSCLC effect through modulating MAPK-related functions and signaling pathway by Network pharmacology. Furthermore, MKK3 (MAP Kinase Kinase 3) was identified and confirmed as a potential target of myricetin by biolayer interferometry (BLI) and molecular docking, revealing that myricetin directly bound to MKK3. Moreover, three mutations (D208, L240, and Y245) of key amino acids predicted by molecular docking obviously decreased the affinity between myricetin and MKK3. Finally, enzyme activity assay was utilized to determine the effect of myricetin on MKK3 activity in vitro, and the result showed that myricetin attenuated MKK3 activity. Subsequently, myricetin decreased the phosphorylation of p38 MAPK. Furthermore, knockdown of MKK3 reduced the susceptibility of A549 and H1299 cells to myricetin. These results suggested that myricetin inhibited the growth of NSCLC cells via targeting MKK3 and influencing the downstream p38 MAPK signaling pathway. The findings revealed that MKK3 is a potential target of myricetin in the NSCLC and myricetin is considered to be a small-molecular inhibitor of MKK3, which can improve comprehension of the molecular mechanisms of myricetin pharmacological effects in cancer and further development of MKK3 inhibitors.

Implantable and in-vivo shape-recoverable nanocellulose-hyaluronic acid composite hydrogel.

Hydrogels have been used as a filling material in medical cosmetology, but current injection hydrogels have poor shaping ability due to its fluidity, while the hydrogels with fixed shape are easy to cause large wound size, resulting in rarely used in clinical practice. An implantable and in-vivo shape-recoverable hyaluronic acid (HA) based hydrogel is developed for tissue filling. In this work, complexes were made by hydrogen bonding between two natural polysaccharides: HA and TEMPO-oxidation cellulose nano-fiber. The elastic modulus of the HA/TOCN physical crosslinking hydrogel was maintained at 2500 G' in Pa, while, when ethylene glycol diglycidyl ether was introduced in the hydrogel, the elastic modulus could reach 60,000 G' in Pa. The volume of shrunk hydrogel reduced 80 ± 6 % of initial state, importantly, it can recover the shape in vivo inducing by extracellular moisture environment. Facts have proved that these shape recovery hydrogels were non-toxic to mammalian cells.

Starch from Pueraria lobata and the amylose fraction alleviates dextran sodium sulfate induced colitis in mice.

Starch from Pueraria lobata (PLS) had polyhedral or spherical granules, displaying a bimodal size distribution within 0.6-30 µm. It showed a trimodal distribution of different molecular weight peaks, with amylose fraction of 18.2 %. PLS had a high crystallinity degree of 37.76 % and consisted of C-type starch, which gelatinized at 64.46-79.61 °C, with a high range of gelatinization (15.15 °C) and high enthalpy (13.98 J/g). A 21-day supplementation of PLS presented a regulative effect on gut microbiota in normal mice, and alleviated DSS-induced murine colitis through attenuating colonic inflammation, maintaining barrier function, preventing gut dysbiosis, increasing the short-chain fatty acids production and inhibiting NF-κB/IL-1ß axis. The protective effect of PLS against colitis was in a gut microbiota-dependent manner. Notably, the amylose fraction was responsible for the prebiotic effect of PLS. The results would potentiate new application of PLS and the amylose fraction as functional prebiotics for prevention of colitis.

Characterization of nitrated aromatic compounds in fine particles from Nanjing, China: Optical properties, source allocation, and secondary processes.

Recently, nitrated aromatic compounds (NACs) have received much attention due to their role as key chromophores of brown carbon (BrC) and their impact on human health and the climate. In this study, a method for detection of 12 NACs in the atmosphere was developed and applied to the detection of 191 atmospheric samples in the northern suburbs of Nanjing in 2017. The average concentration of total NACs in Nanjing was 26.48 ng m-3, which was lower than that in North China. The total NACs also showed obvious seasonal variation, with the highest concentration in winter (51.99 ng m-3) and the lowest concentration in summer (11.26 ng m-3). Moreover, the contribution of subcomponents of NACs also changed with the seasons. Nitrophenols (NPs) and nitrocatechols (NCs) were most abundant in winter, while nitrosalicylic acids (NSAs) were more abundant in summer, accounting for 30%, 27%, and 85%, respectively. The reason for this result may be due to the different sources of dominance of NACs in different seasons. The light absorption of NACs to water-soluble BrC was mainly concentrated in the 300-400 nm range, and its contribution reached the maximum at 310 nm. NPs and NCs had the highest contribution to BrC among all NACs in winter, with a range of 25-54% and 3-59%, respectively. The Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) was used to analyze the main sources of NACs in different seasons. Secondary generation was the largest source in summer, accounting for 43.5%, and biomass combustion contributed the most in autumn, accounting for 36.7%. NACs are affected by temperature, especially in summer, and the subcomponents vary in temperature dependence. The secondary generation process of NACs is affected by NO2 and O3, especially when NO2 is greater than 40 µg m-3 and O3 is less than 220 µg m-3.

Identification of the Genetic Association Between Type-2-Diabetes and Pancreatic Cancer.

Type-2-diabetes (T2D) and pancreatic cancer (PC) are both common diseases globally. Although T2D is reported as the adverse factor for predicting PC prognosis, its pathophysiology and relation with PC remain unknown. This study focused on exploring differentially expressed genes (DEGs) as well as their functional roles in T2D and PC, aiming to reveal the underlying association between the T2D and PC. To identify DEGs in T2D and PC, this study analyzed four microarray datasets obtained from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. Then, this work carried out enrichment as well as protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analysis for exploring DEGs-enriched functions and pathway. Besides, expression of hub genes was explored. TISIDB database was adopted to analyze the correlations among key gene and immune characteristics. Finally, the key gene expression was confirmed in vitro. DEGs were first screened from gene expression profiles of T2D and PC datasets, respectively. Then 135 common genes were identified in these four datasets. Based on functional analysis, common DEGs were mostly related to hormone secretion and metabolism pathways. Four hub genes were up-regulated, among which, MAFB was the most significant potential biomarker for PC. MAFB expression was strongly correlated with chemokines, chemokine receptors and immunomodulators. Finally, RT-qPCR was conducted to demonstrate the MAFB expression in T2D and PC. This study identified 15 hub genes with significant effects on the association of T2D with PC, and MAFB gene might be a biomarker for PC and had potential treatment value for PC.

Targeting hypoxia-inducible factors for breast cancer therapy: A narrative review.

Hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs), central regulators for cells to adapt to low cellular oxygen levels, are often overexpressed and activated in breast cancer. HIFs modulate the primary transcriptional response of downstream pathways and target genes in response to hypoxia, including glycolysis, angiogenesis and metastasis. They can promote the development of breast cancer and are associated with poor prognosis of breast cancer patients by regulating cancer processes closely related to tumor invasion, metastasis and drug resistance. Thus, specific targeting of HIFs may improve the efficiency of cancer therapy. In this review, we summarize the advances in HIF-related molecular mechanisms and clinical and preclinical studies of drugs targeting HIFs in breast cancer. Given the rapid progression in this field and nanotechnology, drug delivery systems (DDSs) for HIF targeting are increasingly being developed. Therefore, we highlight the HIF related DDS, including liposomes, polymers, metal-based or carbon-based nanoparticles.

Synthesis of Ligand-Induced Chiral Tellurium Nanocrystals.

Chiral tellurium nanoparticles have recently garnered tremendous attention as emerging inorganic nanomaterials with intrinsically chiral space groups owing to their potential in next-generation stereosynthesis, spintronics, and optoelectronics. Inspired by the chiral ligand-mediated synthetic strategy, we herein present hydrothermal-assisted synthesis of chiral polyhedral tellurium nanoparticles that provides differed chirogenesis than that of particles fabricated by wet chemistry in recent studies; the thiolated cysteine molecules change the morphology of tellurium nanoparticles from fundamental two-dimensional shapes to chiral three-dimensional polyhedra owing to the screw dislocation effects observed only during nanoparticle growth. However, the nanoparticles do not exhibit chiral behaviors at the nucleation stage. Further investigation indicates that the growth of chiral polyhedral tellurium nanoparticles is overwhelmingly affected by parameters such as the hydrothermal reaction time, amount of polyvinylpyrrolidone, and species of chiral molecules. We believe that these findings can provide new insights into the fundamental relationships among structural chirality, chiral ligands, screw dislocations, and chiral space groups in principle.