Improved Mobility-Stretchability Properties of Diketopyrrolopyrrole-Based Conjugated Polymers with Diastereomeric Conjugation Break Spacers.

Stretchable conjugated polymers with conjugation break spacers (CBSs) synthesized via random terpolymerization have gained considerable attention because of their efficacy in modulating mobility and stretchability. This study incorporates a series of dianhydrohexitol diastereomers of isosorbide (ISB) and isomannide (IMN) units into the diketopyrrolopyrrole-based backbone as CBSs. It is found that the distorted CBS (IMN) improves the mobility-stretchability properties of the polymer with a highly coplanar backbone, whereas the extended CBS (ISB) enhances those of the polymer with a noncoplanar backbone. Additionally, the different configurations of ISB and IMN sufficiently affect the solid-state packing, aggregation capabilities, crystallographic parameters, and mobility-stretchability properties of the polymer. The IMN-based polymers exhibit the highest mobility of 1.69 cm2 V-1 s-1 and crystallinity retentions of (85.7, 78.6)% under 20% and 60% strains, outperforming their ISB-based or unmodified counterparts. The improvement is correlated with a robust aggregation capability. Furthermore, the CBS content affects aggregation behavior, notably affecting mobility. This result indicates that incorporating CBSs into the polymer can enhance backbone flexibility via movement and rotation of the CBS without affecting the crystalline regions.

Association of the manganese superoxide dismutase gene Ala-9Val polymorphism with clinical phenotypes and tardive dyskinesia in schizophrenic patients.

OBJECTIVE: Several recent studies that have investigated the genetic association between the manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) gene Ala-9Val single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) and tardive dyskinesia (TD) have produced conflicting results. This study was to investigate whether this SNP was associated with clinical phenotypes and antipsychotic-induced tardive dyskinesia (TD) in schizophrenia in a genetically homogeneous Han Chinese inpatient population. METHODS: Genotyping was performed for the MnSOD gene Ala-9Val SNP in Chinese schizophrenia patients with (n=176) and without TD (n=346). The severity of TD was assessed using the abnormal involuntary movement scale (AIMS), and psychopathology using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS). RESULTS: The frequencies of genotypes and alleles did not differ significantly between schizophrenic patients with and without TD (both p>0.05). Also, there was no significant difference in the AIMS total score between the Val/Val and Ala allele carrier groups (p>0.05). However, the PANSS negative symptom subscore was significantly higher in patients with Val/Val genotype (21.8+/-7.3) than those with Ala alleles (20.1+/-7.7) (t=2.32, p=0.03). CONCLUSION: While the MnSOD gene Ala-9Val polymorphism did not play a major role in the susceptibility to TD in schizophrenic patients, it might be associated with negative symptoms of schizophrenia.