Glutamate from nerve cells promotes perineural invasion in pancreatic cancer by regulating tumor glycolysis through HK2 mRNA-m6A modification.

BACKGROUND: Perineural invasion (PNI) has a high incidence and poor prognosis in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). Our study aimed to identify the underlying molecular mechanism of PNI and propose effective intervention strategies. METHODS: To observe PNI in vitro and in vivo, a Matrigel/ dorsal root ganglia (DRG) model and a murine sciatic nerve invasion model were respectively used. Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging and positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET-CT) imaging were also used to evaluate tumor growth. Publicly available datasets and PDAC tissues were used to verify how the nerve cells regulate PDAC cells' PNI. RESULTS: Our results showed that glutamate from nerve cells could cause calcium influx in PDAC cells via the N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR), subsequently activating the downstream Ca2+ dependent protein kinase CaMKII/ERK-MAPK pathway and promoting the mRNA transcription of gene METTL3. Next, METTL3 upregulates the expression of hexokinase 2 (HK2) through N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modification in mRNA, enhances the PDAC cells' glycolysis, and promotes PNI. Furthermore, the IONPs-PEG-scFvCD44v6-scAbNMDAR2B nanoparticles dual targeting CD44 variant isoform 6 (CD44v6) and t NMDAR subunit 2B (NMDAR2B) on PDAC cells were synthesized and verified showing a satisfactory blocking effect on PNI. CONCLUSIONS: Here, we firstly provided evidence that glutamate from the nerve cells could upregulate the expression of HK2 through mRNA m6A modification via NMDAR2B and downstream Ca2+ dependent CaMKII/ERK-MAPK pathway, enhance the glycolysis in PDAC cells, and ultimately promote PNI. In addition, the dual targeting nanoparticles we synthesized were verified to block PNI effectively in PDAC.

Arsenic trioxide-loaded nanoparticles enhance the chemosensitivity of gemcitabine in pancreatic cancer via the reversal of pancreatic stellate cell desmoplasia by targeting the AP4/galectin-1 pathway.

Pancreatic stellate cells (PSCs) constitute the fibrotic tumor microenvironment composed of the stroma matrix, which blocks the penetration of gemcitabine (GEM) in pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PDAC) and results in chemoresistance. We analyzed the expression of α-SMA, collagen type I, and fibronectin by immunohistochemistry of pancreatic cancer tissues and demonstrated that the abundant interstitial stroma is associated with dismal survival. Two desmoplastic pancreatic tumor models are treated with arsenic trioxide (ATO) and GEM to confirm the sensitizing effect of ATO on GEM. RNA-seq was performed to analyze the potential fibrotic genes regulated by ATO. Western blotting, CCK-8 methods, colony formation, and wound healing and transwell assays were utilized to verify that ATO attenuates the tumor-promoting ability of PSCs by inhibiting its activation and decreasing matrix secretion via the PI3K/AKT/AP4/galectin-1 pathway. Furthermore, we developed targeted ATO-loaded nanoparticles self-assembled by poly (D,L-lactide) and poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG-PDLLA) and modified by the single-chain antibody of FAP-α (scAbFAP-α) (scAb-ATO-NPs) to promote the delivery efficiency of ATO to PSCs and enhance anti-tumor effects with gemcitabine. Herein, we elucidate the mechanism of how ATO inhibits the activation of PSCs and enhances the therapeutic effect of GEM. We propose a novel cocktail therapy including scAb-ATO-NPs and GEM, indicating a new perspective in the treatment of PDAC.

TIMP1 derived from pancreatic cancer cells stimulates Schwann cells and promotes the occurrence of perineural invasion.

Perineural invasion (PNI) occurs in most pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas (PDACs). The relationship between cancer cells and peripheral nerves, however, is unknown. Therefore, we focused on the cooperation of PDAC cells and peripheral nerve astrocytes, Schwann cells (SCs), in PNI. The mutual tumor-supportive secretory cytokines between SCs (sNF96.2) and PDAC cells (PANC-1, BxPC-3) were screened by human cytokine arrays and verified. The prognostic value of selected cytokines and SC-associated markers was confirmed in PDAC patients. TIMP1 and CCL7 were found to form a paracrine feedback loop between PDAC cells and SCs. PDAC cell-derived TIMP1 promotes SCs proliferation and migration via CD63/PI3K/AKT signaling. CCL7 secreted from SCs enhances PDAC cell migration, invasion and expression of TIMP1 via CCR2/STAT3. PDAC cell-SC cooperation in PNI was blocked when TIMP1 knockdown in vitro and in vivo. Finally, TIMP1, CCL7 and SC-associated markers were correlated with PNI and prognosis in PDAC patients. In conclusion, SCs collaborate with PDAC cells through the TIMP1-CCL7 paracrine feedback loop to promote PNI. TIMP1 knockdown in PDAC cells suppresses PNI. Strategies to disrupt the TIMP1-CCL7 feedback loop might be developed to inhibit PNI in PDAC.

GLUT1 Regulates the Tumor Immune Microenvironment and Promotes Tumor Metastasis in Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma via ncRNA-mediated Network.

Pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PAAD) is a digestive tumor with extremely high malignancy. Previous studies have reported that Glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1) contributes to the aggressive tumor progression in various cancer types and indicates an unfavorable prognosis. However, the function of GLUT1 in PAAD remains largely unclear. Through pan-cancer analysis of GLUT1 expression, GLUT1 expression was significantly higher in several cancer types including PAAD. Survival analysis based on the GLUT1 expression showed that GLUT1 could serve as a predictor of poor prognosis. We further predicted and screened the candidate non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) upstream of the GLUT1 mRNA through correlation analysis, and found that the CASC19/miR-140-5p axis contributing to the regulation of GLUT1 expression. Our study suggested a link exists between GLUT1 expression and selected immunity-related indicators. Subsequent analysis revealed overexpression of GLUT1 in pancreatic cancer specimens and patients with highly expressed GLUT1 expression had worse prognosis. Based on the significantly different expression of GLUT1, the possibility that GLUT1 participated in tumor progression was identified. Using online public databases, genes co-expressed with GLUT1 were screened and enriched to metastasis-related pathways by enrichment analysis. Additionally, functional assays verified that GLUT1 could function in the metastatic process of PAAD cancer cells. Therefore, we proposed that GLUT1 might serve as a role in tumor immunity and tumor metastasis, and was expected to be a prognostic factor in PAAD.

Bioinformatics-Based Identification of Tumor Microenvironment-Related Prognostic Genes in Pancreatic Cancer.

OBJECTIVE: Growing evidence has highlighted that the immune and stromal cells that infiltrate in pancreatic cancer microenvironment significantly influence tumor progression. However, reliable microenvironment-related prognostic gene signatures are yet to be established. The present study aimed to elucidate tumor microenvironment-related prognostic genes in pancreatic cancer. METHODS: We applied the ESTIMATE algorithm to categorize patients with pancreatic cancer from TCGA dataset into high and low immune/stromal score groups and determined their differentially expressed genes. Then, univariate and LASSO Cox regression was performed to identify overall survival-related differentially expressed genes (DEGs). And multivariate Cox regression analysis was used to screen independent prognostic genes and construct a risk score model. Finally, the performance of the risk score model was evaluated by Kaplan-Meier curve, time-dependent receiver operating characteristic and Harrell's concordance index. RESULTS: The overall survival analysis demonstrated that high immune/stromal score groups were closely associated with poor prognosis. The multivariate Cox regression analysis indicated that the signatures of four genes, including TRPC7, CXCL10, CUX2, and COL2A1, were independent prognostic factors. Subsequently, the risk prediction model constructed by those genes was superior to AJCC staging as evaluated by time-dependent receiver operating characteristic and Harrell's concordance index, and both KRAS and TP53 mutations were closely associated with high risk scores. In addition, CXCL10 was predominantly expressed by tumor associated macrophages and its receptor CXCR3 was highly expressed in T cells at the single-cell level. CONCLUSIONS: This study comprehensively investigated the tumor microenvironment and verified immune/stromal-related biomarkers for pancreatic cancer.

TIMP1 down-regulation enhances gemcitabine sensitivity and reverses chemoresistance in pancreatic cancer.

The therapeutic effect of gemcitabine (GEM) in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is limited due to low drug sensitivity and high drug resistance. Tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloprotease 1 (TIMP1) is reportedly associated with GEM resistance in PDAC. However, the effect of TIMP1 down-regulation in combination with GEM treatment is unknown. We analyzed the expression of TIMP1 in human PDAC tissue using western blot, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), and immunohistochemistry. TIMP1 was highly expressed in PDAC specimens. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis suggested that a higher level of TIMP1 was correlated with poorer overall survival in 103 PDAC patients. The mRNA and protein expression profiles of TIMP1 were explored in the HTERT-HPNE human pancreatic ductal epithelium cell line, five PDAC cell lines (MIA PaCa-2, PANC-1, BxPC-3, Capan2, and SW1990), and two GEM-resistant PDAC cell lines (MIA PaCa-2R and PANC-1R). Compared with HTERT-HPNE, TIMP1 was highly expressed in the PDAC cell lines. In addition, TIMP1 was upregulated in GEM-resistant PDAC cell lines compared with their parental cells. When TIMP1 was knocked-down using short hairpin RNA, GEM-induced cytotoxicity and apoptosis were increased, while colony formation was repressed in MIA PaCa-2, PANC-1, and their GEM-resistant cells. When Bax was activated by BAM7 or Bcl-2 was inhibited by venetoclax, CCK-8 assays demonstrated that GEM sensitivity was restored in GEM-resistant cells. When Bax was down-regulated by siRNA, CCK-8 assays verified that GEM sensitivity was decreased in PDAC cells. The observations that TIMP1 knockdown enhanced GEM sensitivity and reversed chemoresistance by inducing cells apoptosis indicated cooperative antitumor effects of shTIMP1 and GEM therapy on PDAC cells. The combination may be a potential strategy for PDAC therapy.

Peripheral blood monocytes predict clinical prognosis and support tumor invasiveness through NF-κB-dependent upregulation of Snail in pancreatic cancer.

BACKGROUND: The tumor inflammatory microenvironment plays a vital role in the initiation and progression of pancreatic cancer (PC). Both the lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio (LMR) and preoperative peripheral blood monocytes are related to the prognosis of PC patients. However, the direct effect of monocytes on PC cells is not fully understood. The current study aimed to assess the effect of monocytes on PC and explore its potential mechanism. METHODS: The cutoff value of peripheral blood monocytes was evaluated by the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. Transwell migration and invasion assays were used to detect the mobility of PC cells. The cytokines derived from monocytes were measured by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Western blotting was utilized to assess the expression of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) related markers. The expression level of Snail in PC tissue was determined by immunohistochemical (IHC) staining. RESULTS: A high monocyte count was inversely correlated with lymph node status and 5-year overall survival in PC. The PC cells underwent a cellular morphology change and increased cell motility after coculture with THP-1 monocytes. The THP-1 monocytes secreted various proinflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1α (IL-1α), which activated the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling pathway leading to the upregulation of Snail and thereby promoting the EMT of PC cells. The expression level of Snail correlated significantly with the density of peripheral blood monocytes, and their level status was significantly associated with 5-year overall survival. CONCLUSIONS: These findings indicated that elevated monocytes counts were a poor prognostic marker in PC, and monocytes could directly induce the EMT process of PC cells by upregulating Snail expression through the NF-κB signaling pathway.

A 3-MicroRNA Signature Identified From Serum Predicts Clinical Outcome of the Locally Advanced Gastric Cancer.

Background: Current staging systems are inadequate for evaluating the prognosis of patients with locally advanced gastric cancer (LAGC, stages II-III). Therefore, we developed a serum microRNA (miRNA) signature to facilitate individualized management of these patients. Methods: Using microarray analysis, we analyzed 12 serum specimens based on different prognoses (good survival group, n = 7; poor survival group, n = 5). We identified and confirmed differential expression of these miRNAs using quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) of serum from 51 patients with LAGC. A three miRNA-based classifier was established as a training set by Cox proportional hazard regression and risk-score analysis. We validated the prognostic accuracy of this model in an internal validation cohort (Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, SYSUCC validation cohort, n = 50) and an external independent cohort (Beijing Cancer Hospital, BJCH cohort, n = 67). Results: Three miRNAs were found to be associated with survival of LAGC (P < 0.001 for miR-132, P = 0.011 for miR-548a-3p, and P < 0.001 for miR-1826). A three-miRNA signature was developed for the training set, and a significant difference was found between the survival of low- and high-risk score patients (P < 0.01). The combination of the miRNA signature and tumor-node-metastasis (TNM) stage exhibited superior discrimination. Consistent results were obtained by further validation of the internal set and the BJCH set, which confirmed the predictive value of the model. Conclusions: We built an easy-to-use prognostic signature using three serum miRNAs as markers. Our miRNA signature may improve postoperative risk stratification and serve as a complement to the TNM staging system.

Identification of the distinct genomic features in gastroesophageal junction adenocarcinoma and its Siewert subtypes.

Rates of gastroesophageal junction adenocarcinomas (GEJAs) have shown an alarming increase; however, the genetic background of GEJA and its Siewert classification have yet to be uncovered. Here, 60 paired tumor and normal DNA samples from GEJA patients were analyzed by whole-exome sequencing. Among them, 13 were Siewert type I, 14 were type II, and 33 were type III. A predominance of C/G>T/A substitutions was discovered in GEJA, followed by C/G>A/T substitutions. Notably, Siewert type I and type II/III display distinct sets of driver genes, mutational spectrum, and recurrently disrupted pathways. Siewert type I showed similarity to esophageal adenocarcinomas (EACs) and the chromosomal instability subtype of stomach adenocarcinomas, while Siewert type II/III showed similarity to the genomic stable subtype of stomach adenocarcinoma. We also found that mutation of FBXW7, a driver gene of GEJA, was enriched in Siewert type I. Our data identify differences between GEJA and stomach/EACs at the genomic level and provide evidence for differential treatment based on Siewert classification of GEJA. © 2020 The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Bmi-1-induced miR-27a and miR-155 promote tumor metastasis and chemoresistance by targeting RKIP in gastric cancer.

BACKGROUND: We previously reported an inverse relationship between B cell-specific Moloney murine leukemia virus integration site 1 (Bmi-1) and Raf kinase inhibitory protein (RKIP), which is associated with the prognosis of gastric cancer (GC). In this study, we further explored the microRNA (miRNA) regulatory mechanism between Bmi-1 and RKIP. METHODS: Microarray analysis was first carried out to identify miRNA profiles that were differentially expressed in cells overexpressing Bmi-1. Then, miRNAs that could regulate RKIP were identified. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) and Western blotting were performed to measure the expression of Bmi-1, miR-155, miR-27a and RKIP. RKIP was confirmed as a target of miR-27a and miR-155 through luciferase reporter assays, qRT-PCR and Western blotting. The effects of the Bmi-1/miR-27a/RKIP and Bmi-1/miR-155/RKIP axes on tumor growth, proliferation, migration, invasion, colony-formation ability, metastasis and chemoresistance were investigated both in vitro and in vivo. RESULTS: The downregulation of RKIP by Bmi-1 occurred at the protein but not mRNA level. This indicates probable posttranscriptional regulation. miRNA expression profiles of cells with ectopic expression of Bmi-1 were analyzed and compared to those of control cells by microarray analysis. A total of 51 upregulated and 72 downregulated miRNAs were identified. Based on publicly available algorithms, miR-27a and miR-155 were predicted, selected and demonstrated to target RKIP. Bmi-1, miR-27a and miR-155 are elevated in human GC and associated with poor prognosis of GC, while RKIP is expressed at lower levels in GC and correlated with good prognosis. Then, in vitro tests shown that in addition to regulating RKIP expression via miR-27a and miR-155, Bmi-1 was also able to regulate the migration, invasion, proliferation, colony-formation ability and chemosensitivity of GC cells through the same pathway. Finally, the in vivo test showed similar results, whereby the knockdown of the Bmi-1 gene led to the inhibition of tumor growth, metastasis and chemoresistance through miR-27a and miR-155. CONCLUSIONS: Bmi-1 was proven to induce the expression of miR-27a and miR-155 and thus promote tumor metastasis and chemoresistance by targeting RKIP in GC. Overall, miR-27a and miR-155 might be promising targets for the screening, diagnosis, prognosis, treatment and disease monitoring of GC.

Nanoparticles modified by triple single chain antibodies for MRI examination and targeted therapy in pancreatic cancer.

Precise diagnosis and effective treatment are crucial to the prognosis of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). Magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) are superior magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agents, while antibodies are significant immunotherapy reagents. Herein, we firstly generated a novel nanocomposite combining triple single chain antibodies (scAbs) and IONPs for the detection and treatment of PDAC. METHODS: Triple scAbs (scAbMUC4, scAbCEACAM6, scFvCD44v6, MCC triple scAbs) were conjugated to the surface of polyethylene glycol modified IONPs (IONPs-PEG), forming the IONPs-PEG-MCC triple scAbs nanocomposite. Characterization of the nanocomposite was performed, and its cytotoxicity, specificity, and apoptosis induction were evaluated. In vivo MRI study and anti-pancreatic cancer effect assessment were performed in tumor-bearing nude mice. RESULTS: The size of the IONPs-PEG-MCC triple scAbs nanocomposite was about 23.6 nm. The nanocomposite was non-toxic to normal pancreatic ductal epithelial cells, and could specifically bind to and be internalized by MUC4/CEACAM6/CD44v6-expressing PDAC cells. With an r2 relaxivity of 104.2 mM-1 s-1, the IONPs-PEG-MCC triple scAbs nanocomposite could significantly shorten the MRI T2-weighted signal intensity both in vitro and in vivo. The IONPs-PEG-MCC triple scAbs nanocomposite also showed a favorable anti-pancreatic cancer effect. CONCLUSION: In the present study, the IONPs-PEG-MCC triple scAbs nanocomposite was firstly confirmed as a bi-functional nanocomposite in both MRI and treatment, providing its critical clinical transformation potential in PDAC detection and treatment.

Development and validation of a novel nomogram for pretreatment prediction of liver metastasis in pancreatic cancer.

PURPOSE: The diagnostic value of nomogram in pancreatic cancer (PC) with liver metastasis (PCLM) is still largely unknown. We sought to develop and validate a novel nomogram for the prediction of liver metastasis in patients with PC. METHOD: About 604 pathologically confirmed PC patients from the Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center (SYSUCC) between July, 2001 and December, 2013 were retrospectively studied. The SYSUCC cohort was randomly assigned to as the training set and internal validation set. Using these two sets, we derived and validated a prognostic model by using concordance index and calibration curves. Another two independent cohorts between August, 2002 and December, 2013 from the Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital (SYSMH, n = 335) and Guangdong General Hospital (GDGH, n = 503) was used for external validation. RESULT: Computed tomography (CT) reported liver metastasis status, carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) level and differentiation type were identified as risk factors for PCLM in the training set. The final diagnostic model demonstrated good calibration and discrimination with a concordance index of 0.97 and had a robust internal validation. The score ability to diagnose PCLM was further externally validated in SYSMH and GDGH with a concordance index of 0.93. The model showed better calibration and discrimination than CT, CEA and differentiation in each cohort. CONCLUSION: Based on a large multi-institution database and on the routinely observed CT-reported status, CEA level and tumor differentiation in clinical practice, we developed and validated a novel nomogram to predict PLCM.

Prognostic and metastasis-related factors in colorectal neuroendocrine tumors: A cross-sectional study based on the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results.

The incidence of colorectal neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) is gradually increasing with the increasing availability of colonoscopy and computed tomography. However, prognostic and metastatic factors for colorectal NETs are unknown. The aim of the present study was to identify clinicopathological prognostic and metastasis-related risk factors for colorectal NETs. Based on the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) program, the data of 3,093 patients with colorectal NETs were included in the present study. χ2 test, crosstabulation, Kaplan-Meier method, Cox proportional hazard regression model, nomogram and logistic regression analysis were used to evaluate the risk factors. Systemic analysis of data from 3,093 patients revealed that age (P<0.001), marital status (P<0.001), number of malignant tumors (P<0.001), histopathological grade (P<0.001) and clinical stage (P<0.001) were independent prognostic factors of cancer-specific survival (CSS). Among them, married patients exhibited longer CSS compared with unmarried patients (P<0.05). A nomogram based on these five factors with an area under the curve of 0.921 [95% confidence interval (CI), 0.908-0.934; P<0.001] was constructed. Age (P=0.010), primary tumor site (P<0.001), surgery (P<0.001), tumor size (P<0.001) and histopathological grade (P<0.001) were risk factors for distant metastasis of colorectal NETs. In conclusion, age, marital status, number of malignant tumors, histopathological grade and clinical stage may be independent prognostic factors for CSS of colorectal NETs, and the nomogram may have higher predictive efficiency compared with clinical stage. Age, primary tumor site, surgery, tumor size and histopathological grade may be risk factors for the distant metastasis of colorectal NETs.

c-Met-dependent phosphorylation of RhoA plays a key role in gastric cancer tumorigenesis.

RhoA has been identified as having a gain-of-function mutation in approximately 20% of diffuse gastric cancer patients. However, the carcinogenic role of RhoA mutations in gastric cancer (GC) is unclear. In the present study, we report that RhoA directly interacts with c-Met and can be phosphorylated by c-Met at Y42 before subsequent K48-linked polyubiquitination and proteasome-mediated protein degradation. Y42C-mutated RhoA exhibits higher protein levels and promotes the proliferation and motility of GC cells. Interestingly, a c-Met inhibitor significantly repressed the growth of GC cells transfected with WT RhoA but not RhoA mutated at Y42 in vivo and in vitro. Analyses of human GC tissues showed that the combined levels of p-c-Met and p-RhoA are a better predictor for prognosis than either factor alone. Taken together, our findings unravel the mechanism by which the RhoA Y42 mutant is linked to poor prognosis in GC. Moreover, this study helps to identify a strategy for patient stratification and optimization of targeted c-Met therapy. © 2019 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Combination of CRP and NLR: a better predictor of postoperative survival in patients with gastric cancer.

OBJECTIVES: C-reactive protein (CRP) and neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR) were independent predictive factors for gastric cancer (GC). Our study was designed to prove the prognostic value of the combination of CRP and NLR (COC-NLR) in GC patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 1,058 GC patients who underwent D2 resection from Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center between 2003 and 2013 were included. They were divided into three groups (low: NLR ≤2.5, CRP ≤6.1; medium: NLR >2.5, CRP ≤4.5; high: NLR >2.5, CRP >4.5 or NLR ≤2.5, CRP >6.1) by the random forest method. Survival analysis stratified by COC-NLR groups was performed. RESULTS: The mean survival time for each group was: for the low group 75.44 months (95% CI: 72.48-78.40), the medium group 56.50 months (95% CI: 50.68-62.31), and the high group 38.65 months (95% CI: 34.51-42.97). The low group showed obviously better overall survival (OS) than other two groups (p<0.001). Survival analysis showed that COC-NLR had statistical significance in both univariate and multivariate analyses (p<0.01). CONCLUSION: This study showed that COC-NLR could work as an independent prognostic factor in GC and provide more accurate prediction than single NLR or CRP.

A novel classifier based on three preoperative tumor markers predicting the cancer-specific survival of gastric cancer (CEA, CA19-9 and CA72-4).

Several studies have highlighted the prognostic value of the individual and the various combinations of the tumor markers for gastric cancer (GC). Our study was designed to assess establish a new novel model incorporating carcino-embryonic antigen (CEA), carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (CA19-9), carbohydrate antigen 72-4 (CA72-4). A total of 1,566 GC patients (Primary cohort) between Jan 2000 and July 2013 were analyzed. The Primary cohort was randomly divided into Training set (n=783) and Validation set (n=783). A three-tumor marker classifier was developed in the Training set and validated in the Validation set by multivariate regression and risk-score analysis. We have identified a three-tumor marker classifier (including CEA, CA19-9 and CA72-4) for the cancer specific survival (CSS) of GC (p<0.001). Consistent results were obtained in the both Training set and Validation set. Multivariate analysis showed that the classifier was an independent predictor of GC (All p value <0.001 in the Training set, Validation set and Primary cohort). Furthermore, when the leave-one-out approach was performed, the classifier showed superior predictive value to the individual or two of them (with the highest AUC (Area Under Curve); 0.618 for the Training set, and 0.625 for the Validation set), which ascertained its predictive value. Our three-tumor marker classifier is closely associated with the CSS of GC and may serve as a novel model for future decisions concerning treatments.

Prognostic value of programmed death-1, programmed death-ligand 1, programmed death-ligand 2 expression, and CD8(+) T cell density in primary tumors and metastatic lymph nodes from patients with stage T1-4N+M0 gastric adenocarcinoma.

BACKGROUND: Anti-programmed death-1/programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-1/PD-L1) immunotherapy has been proved to be effective on gastric cancer in ongoing clinical trials. However, the value of PD-L1 in predicting responses of patients with gastric cancer to anti-PD-1/PD-L1 immunotherapy is controversial. Some studies suggested that intra- and inter-tumoral heterogeneity of PD-L1 expression might explain the controversy. This study aimed to analyze the expression of PD-L1, PD-L2, and PD-1 as well as CD8(+) T-cell density in primary tumors and lymph nodes from patients with stage T1-4N+M0 gastric adenocarcinoma to explore the heterogeneity of PD-1 signaling pathway molecules. METHODS: In primary tumors and metastatic as well as non-metastatic lymph nodes from patients with stage T1-4N+M0 gastric adenocarcinoma, we detected PD-L1 and PD-L2 expression with immunohistochemistry. CD8(+) T-cell density in primary tumors and PD-1 expression on CD8(+) T cells were detected with immunofluorescence. Univariate analysis was used to determine the prognostic values of them. Cox proportional hazard regression model was used to identify independent risk factors that affect patients' overall survival and disease-free survival. RESULTS: Among 119 eligible patients who had undergone surgical resection, the positive rate of PD-L1 was higher in metastatic lymph nodes than in primary tumors (45.4% vs. 38.7%, P = 0.005); the positive rate of PD-1 on CD8(+) T cells was significantly higher in primary tumors and metastatic lymph nodes than in tumor-free lymph nodes (both P < 0.001). The intensity of PD-1 expression on CD8(+) T cells in primary tumors and in metastatic lymph nodes were stronger than that in tumor-free lymph nodes from the same patient. Beside, the positive rate of PD-L2 did not show any differences between primary tumors and metastatic lymph nodes. In multivariate analysis, PD-L1 expression, PD-L2 expression, a low density of CD8(+) T cells in primary tumors, and PD-1 expression on CD8(+) T cells in primary tumors were associated with poor prognosis. CONCLUSION: The expression of PD-L1 is heterogeneous in primary tumors and in metastatic lymph nodes from patients with stage T1-4N+M0 gastric adenocarcinoma, which might explain the inconsistent results in assessing the prognostic value of PD-L1 expression in previous studies.

Lymph nodes ratio based nomogram predicts survival of resectable gastric cancer regardless of the number of examined lymph nodes.

To develop a nomogram to predict the prognosis of gastric cancer patients on the basis of metastatic lymph nodes ratio (mLNR), especially in the patients with total number of examined lymph nodes (TLN) less than 15. The nomogram was constructed based on a retrospective database that included 2,205 patients underwent curative resection in Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University (SYSUCC). Resectable gastric cancer (RGC) patients underwent curative resection before December 31, 2008 were assigned as the training set (n=1,470) and those between January 1, 2009 and December 31, 2012 were selected as the internal validation set (n=735). Additional external validations were also performed separately by an independent data set (n=602) from Jiangxi Provincial Cancer Hospital (JXCH) in Jiangxi, China and a data set (n=3,317) from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database. The Independent risk factors were identified by Multivariate Cox Regression. In the SYSUCC set, TNM (Tumor-node-metastasis) and TRM-based (Tumor-Positive Nodes Ratio-Metastasis) nomograms were constructed respectively. The TNM-based nomogram showed better discrimination than the AJCC-TNM staging system (C-index: 0.73 versus 0.69, p<0.01). When the mLNR was included in the nomogram, the C-index increased to 0.76. Furthermore, the C-index in the TRM-based nomogram was similar between TLN ≥16 (C-index: 0.77) and TLN ≤15 (C-index: 0.75). The discrimination was further ascertained by internal and external validations. We developed and validated a novel TRM-based nomogram that provided more accurate prediction of survival for gastric cancer patients who underwent curative resection, regardless of the number of examined lymph nodes.

Prognostic value of pretreatment albumin-globulin ratio in predicting long-term mortality in gastric cancer patients who underwent D2 resection.

BACKGROUND: Several studies have highlighted the prognostic value of the albumin-globulin ratio (AGR) in various kinds of cancers. Our study was designed to assess whether AGR is associated with the prognosis of gastric cancer patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A total of 507 gastric cancer patients between 2005 and 2012 were included. The AGR was defined as the ratio of serum albumin to nonalbumin and calculated by the equation: albumin/(total protein - albumin). Furthermore, AGR was divided into two groups (low and high) using the X-tile software. Survival analysis stratified by AGR groups was performed. RESULTS: The mean survival time for each group was 36.62 months (95% CI: 33.92-39.32) for the low AGR group and 48.95 months (95% CI: 41.93-55.96, P=0.003) for the high AGR group. Patients in the high group (AGR ≥1.93) had a significantly lower 5-year mortality in comparison with the low group (AGR <1.93) (52.4% vs 78.5%, P=0.003). The high AGR group showed obviously better overall survival than the low AGR group according to Kaplan-Meier curves (P=0.003). Multivariate analysis showed that AGR was an independent predictive factor of prognosis in gastric patients. CONCLUSION: Pretreatment AGR is a significant and independent predictive factor of prognosis.

Phosphorylation by mTORC1 stablizes Skp2 and regulates its oncogenic function in gastric cancer.

BACKGROUND: Both mTOR and Skp2 play critical roles in gastric cancer (GC) tumorigenesis. However, potential mechanisms for the association between these two proteins remains unidentified. METHODS: The regulatory role for mTORC1 in Skp2 stability was tested using ubiquitination assay. The functions of p-Skp2 (phosphorylation of Skp2) were studied in vitro and in vivo. Expression of p-Skp2 and p-mTOR (phosphorylation of mTOR) were shown in GC lines and in 169 human primary GC tissues. RESULTS: mTORC1 can directly interact with Skp2 and phosphorylated Skp2 at Ser64, which sequentially protect Skp2 from ubiquitination and degradation. Furthermore, the phospho-deficient p-Skp2 (S64) mutant significantly suppresses GC cell proliferation and tumorigenesis. The expression of p-Skp2 was associated with p-mTOR in GC cell lines and tissues. Interestingly, the combination of p-Skp2 and p-mTOR was a better predictor of survival than either factor alone. CONCLUSION: The mTORC1 function to regulate Skp2 by Ser64 phosphorylation may represent an oncogenic event in GC tumorigenesis. Moreover, our study also indicates that Skp2 Ser64 expression is a potential indicator in the treatment of GC patients using mTORC1 inhibitor.