Effects of heat treatment on rumen degradability and protein intestinal digestibility of black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens L.) in goat.

The black soldier fly larvae (BSF) are used as a substitute for soybean meal due to their high crude protein content. This experiment aims to assess the impact of heat treatment on the rumen degradability of BSF and protein digestion in the small intestine using the in situ nylon bag method and the three-step in vitro method. This study comprises a total of 8 groups (n = 6). The negative control group includes only full-fat soybeans (FFS) and BSF (FF group and BS group). The positive control groups consist of a 95% BSF or 95% FFS mixed with 5% cassava (FFC and BSC groups). The treatment groups involve adding 75% water to the positive control mixture, followed by vigorous kneading to achieve uniform mixing. The resulting mixture was then pressed to a thickness of approximately 5 cm, placed in an oven, and dried for 120 min at temperatures of 120 °C and 140 °C (12FFC, 14FFC, 12BSC, and 14BSC groups). Nylon bags will be incubated in the rumen for 0, 2, 4, 8, 12, 24, and 48 h, and the small intestine protein digestion rate will be analyzed at 16 h. Compared to the BS group, heat-treated BSF showed increased (P < 0.05) rumen DM degradability and effective degradability. The 14BSC group increased (P < 0.05) rumen CP degradability and degradation kinetic parameters, while the 12BSC group decreased (P < 0.05) these parameters. The CP degradability of BSF was significantly higher (P < 0.05) than that of full-fat soybeans. The Idg and IDCP of heat-treated full-fat soybeans were significantly higher (P < 0.05) than those of other treatment groups. At the same time, heat treatment was beneficial for increasing (P < 0.05) the Idg and IDCP of BSF, and the 14BSC treatment effect was significantly better (P < 0.05) than that of the 12BSC group. Therefore, based on the results of this experiment, it is recommended to supplement BSF with cassava and subject them to heat treatment at 140 °C.

Purification of polyphenol oxidase from tea (Camellia sinensis) using three-phase partitioning with a green deep eutectic solvent.

In this study, tea polyphenol oxidase (PPO) was purified via three-phase partitioning (TPP) using a deep eutectic solvent (DES) instead of t-butanol. First, the properties of 13 types of synthesized DESs were characterized, and DES-7 (thymol/dodecanoic acid) was selected as the best alternative solvent. The process parameters were optimized using response surface methodology. The experimental results revealed that when the (NH4)2SO4 concentration, DES to crude extract ratio, extraction time, and pH were 41%, 0.5:1, 75 min, and 5.6, respectively, the recovery and purification fold of tea PPO were 78.44% and 8.26, respectively. SDS-PAGE and native-PAGE were used to analyze the PPO before and after purification of the TTP system, and the molecular weight and purification effect of PPO were detected. Moreover, the DES could be recovered and recycled. The results indicate an environmentally friendly and stable DES, and provide a reference for the large-scale application of TPP to extract PPO.

Effects of black soldier fly larvae (Hermetia illucens L.) as feed supplements on muscle nutrient composition, meat quality, and antioxidant capacity in Qianbei goat.

Objective: Black soldier fly (BSF) as an animal protein feed source is currently becoming a research hot topic. This study investigated the effects of the BSF as a protein feed source for goats on slaughter performance, muscle nutrient composition, amino acids, fatty acids, minerals, and antioxidant levels. Methods: Thirty Qianbei Ma goats (20.30 ± 1.09 kg) were randomly divided into three groups: the control group (GRPC) supplemented with 10% full-fat soybean, treatment 1 (GRPU) supplemented with 10% untreated BSF, and treatment 2 (GRPT) supplemented with 10% heat-treated BSF. One-way ANOVA among groups (with Fisher's least significant difference (LSD) post hoc comparison) was used in this study. Results: The nutrients, amino acids, fatty acids, minerals, and antioxidants in muscle were analyzed. The results showed that there were no significant differences in the moisture, dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), ash, amino acids, and mineral content of the muscles among the three feeding groups. The slaughter rate and carcass weight of the GRPU and GRPT groups were significantly lower (p<0.05). The overall meat quality of the GRPU and GRPT groups decreased (p<0.05). The individual unsaturated fatty acids and total unsaturated fatty acids in the GRPU group were higher (p<0.05) than those in the GRPC and GRPT groups. Both GRPU and GRPT decreased (p<0.05) the antioxidant capacity of the meat. Conclusion: Therefore, the heat-treated BSF had a better effect on meat quality compared to untreated BSF, but there were greater negative effects on the meat quality of GRPU and GRPT than GRPC.

Effects of Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens L., BSF) Larvae Addition on In Vitro Fermentation Parameters of Goat Diets.

The purpose of this experiment was to evaluate the effects of different levels of BSF on rumen in vitro fermentation gas production, methane (CH4) production, ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N), and volatile fatty acids (VFAs). The experiment comprised four treatments, each with five replicates. The control group contained no BSF (BSF0), and the treatment groups contained 5% (BSF5), 10% (BSF10), and 15% (BSF15) BSF, respectively. Results showed that at 3 h, 9 h, and 24 h, gas production in BSF5 and BSF10 was significantly higher than in BSF0 and BSF15 (p < 0.05). Gas production in BSF5 and BSF10 was higher than in BSF0, while gas production in BSF15 was lower than in BSF0. At 6 h and 12 h, CH4 emission in BSF15 was significantly lower than in the other three groups (p < 0.05). There were no differences in the pH of in vitro fermentation after BSF addition (p > 0.05). At 3 h, NH3-N levels in BSF10 and BSF15 were significantly higher than in BSF0 and BSF5 (p < 0.05). At 6 h, NH3-N levels in BSF5 and BSF10 were significantly higher than in BSF0 and BSF15 (p < 0.05). Acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid, and total VFAs in BSF0, BSF5, and BSF10 were significantly higher than in BSF15 (p < 0.05). In conclusion, gas production, CH4 emission, NH3-N, acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid, and VFAs were highest in BSF5 and BSF10 and lowest in BSF15.

Immunologic, Anti-Inflammatory, and Anti-Muscle Damage Profile of Supplemented Vitamin D3 in Healthy Adults on Strenuous Endurance Exercise.

Reportedly, strenuous endurance exercise can depress the immune system and induce inflammation and muscle damage. Therefore, this double-blinded, matched-pair study aimed to investigate the impact of vitamin D3 supplementation on immune response (leukocyte, neutrophil, lymphocyte, CD4+, CD8+, CD19+, and CD56+ counts), inflammatory profile (TNF-α and IL-6), muscle damage (CK and LDH levels), as well as aerobic capacity after strenuous endurance exercise in 18 healthy men taking 5000 IU of vitamin D3 (n = 9) or placebo (n = 9) daily for 4 weeks. Total and differential blood leukocyte counts, levels of cytokines, and muscle damage biomarkers were determined before, immediately after, and 2, 4, and 24 h after exercise. The IL-6, CK, and LDH levels were significantly lower in vitamin D3 group at 2, 4, and 24 h post exercise (p < 0.05). Maximal and average heart rates during exercise were also significantly lower (p < 0.05). In the vitamin D3 group, the CD4+/CD8+ ratio after 4 weeks of supplementation was only significantly lower at post-0 than at baseline and significantly higher at post-2 than at baseline and post-0 (all p < 0.05). Taken together, 5000 IU of daily vitamin D3 supplementation for 4 weeks exhibited positive effects in terms of increased blood 25(OH)D levels, CD4+/CD8+ ratio (immune response), and aerobic capacity while inhibiting inflammatory cytokines and CK and LDH (muscle damage) in people performing strenuous endurance exercise.

Sustainable Valorization of Tomato Pomace (Lycopersicon esculentum) in Animal Nutrition: A Review.

Under the background of the current shortage of feed resources, especially the shortage of protein feed, attempts to develop and utilize new feed resources are constantly being made. If the tomato pomace (TP) produced by industrial processing is used improperly, it will not only pollute the environment, but also cause feed resources to be wasted. This review summarizes the nutritional content of TP and its use and impact in animals as an animal feed supplement. Tomato pomace is a by-product of tomato processing, divided into peel, pulp, and tomato seeds, which are rich in proteins, fats, minerals, fatty acids, and amino acids, as well as antioxidant bioactive compounds, such as lycopene, beta-carotenoids, tocopherols, polyphenols, and terpenes. There are mainly two forms of feed: drying and silage. Tomato pomace can improve animal feed intake and growth performance, increase polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and PUFA n-3 content in meat, improve meat color, nutritional value, and juiciness, enhance immunity and antioxidant capacity of animals, and improve sperm quality. Lowering the rumen pH and reducing CH4 production in ruminants promotes the fermentation of rumen microorganisms and improves economic efficiency. Using tomato pomace instead of soybean meal as a protein supplement is a research hotspot in the animal husbandry industry, and further research should focus on the processing technology of TP and its large-scale application in feed.

Synergistic multi-joint kinematic strategies to reduce tripping risks during obstacle-crossing in older long-term Tai-Chi Chuan practitioners.

Introduction: Losing balance or tripping over obstacles is considered one of the most common causes of falls in the elderly. Tai-Chi Chuan (TCC) has been shown to improve muscle strength, inter-joint coordination and balance control in the elderly. This study aimed to determine whether older long-term TCC practitioners would show multi-joint kinematic strategies that would reduce the risk of tripping during obstacle-crossing compared to peers without TCC experience. Methods: Three-dimensional motions of the pelvis and lower extremities were measured using a motion capture system in fifteen older long-term TCC practitioners (TCC group) and 15 healthy controls without TCC experience during walking and crossing obstacles of three different heights. Crossing angles of the pelvis and lower limbs and toe-obstacle clearances were obtained and analyzed using two-way analyses of variance to study the between-subject (group) and within-subject (height) effects. A multi-link system approach was used to reveal the relationship between joint angular changes and toe-obstacle clearances. Results: Compared to the controls, the TCC group showed increased leading and trailing toe-obstacle clearances (p < 0.05) with increased pelvic hiking and hip flexion but decreased hip adduction on the swing side and decreased knee flexion on the stance side during leading-limb crossing (p < 0.05), and increased pelvic hiking and anterior tilt but decreased hip adduction on the swing side, and decreased knee flexion on the stance side during trailing limb crossing (p < 0.05). All significant joint angular changes contributed to the increases in the toe-obstacle clearances. Conclusion: The current study identified the kinematic changes of the pelvis and the lower limb joints and revealed a specific synergistic multi-joint kinematic strategy to reduce tripping risks during obstacle-crossing in older long-term TCC practitioners as compared to non-TCC controls. The observed multi-joint kinematic strategies and the associated increases in toe-obstacle clearances appeared to be related to the training characteristics of TCC movements. Long-term TCC practice may be helpful for older people in reducing the risk of tripping and the subsequent loss of balance.

Dietary Bacitracin Methylene Disalicylate Improves Growth Performance by Mediating the Gut Microbiota in Broilers.

The growth performance of livestock and poultry has always been a concern. However, much work is currently focused on the selection of breeds and diets to improve the growth performance of livestock and poultry. Furthermore, numerous studies have shown that the gut microbiota is closely related to the growth performance of livestock and poultry. At present, there are many reports on the impact of antibiotic intervention on the structure of gut microbiota. However, there are few reports on the influence of antibiotic intervention on the structure of intestinal microbes and the effect of this change on growth performance. Bacitracin methylene disalicylate (BMD) intervention changes the microbial structure in the caecum of broilers at different growth stages, as shown in this study. To further reveal the potential relationship between gut microbiota changes and growth performance caused by BMD intervention, correlation analysis was used for analysis. A total of 144 1-day-old male Cobb-Vantress were randomly divided into two groups. In addition to antibiotic-free starter mash diets, starter mash diets supplemented with 55 mg/kg BMD were also used, called the CON group and the BMD group, and lasted 28 days. (1) These study results showed that adding BMD to the diet had a significant effect on the growth performance of broilers. Compared with the CON group, the body weight of the BMD group increased significantly by 11.08% and 20.13% on Days 14 and 28, respectively (p < 0.05). Similarly, at 0−14, 14−28 and 0−28 days of age, the average daily gain of the BMD group increased significantly by 12.28%, 24.49% and 20.80%, respectively. The average daily feed intake of the BMD group increased significantly by 18.28%, 27.39% and 24.97% (p < 0.05). In addition, at 0−28 days of age, the feed conversion ratio increased significantly by 5.5% (p < 0.05). (2) Alpha diversity results show that BMD intervention has an impact on gut microbiota at different growth stages. (3) The early intervention significantly affected 7 taxa by Day 14, followed by 22 taxa by Day 28, which is similar to the results in the caecal flora. Compared with the CON group, the Christensenellaceae R-7 group had the highest linear discriminant analysis (LDA) score on Day 28. In addition, Pearson's correlation analysis showed that the Lachnospiraceae FCS020 group was significantly negatively correlated with growth performance. In general, these results indicate that dietary supplementation of BMD has an effect on broiler gut microbiota structure and growth performance. However, changes in growth performance may be caused by the gut microbiota structure.

Effects of long-term Tai-Chi Chuan practice on whole-body balance control during obstacle-crossing in the elderly.

Older people are subject to an increased risk of falling compared to the young, especially during obstacle negotiation. This study aimed to quantify the effects of long-term Tai-Chi Chuan (TCC) practice on the balance control during obstacle-crossing in older people in terms of the inclination angles (IA) of the body's centre of mass (COM) relative to the centre of pressure (COP), and the rate of change of IA (RCIA). Fifteen healthy older adults who had practised TCC for at least 13 years and 15 healthy controls without any experience in TCC performed obstacle-crossing in a gait laboratory. The TCC group showed significantly greater leading and trailing toe-obstacle clearances but smaller trailing stride lengths when compared to controls. In the sagittal plane, the TCC group showed significantly smaller average anterior IA when the COM was anterior to the COP but greater average posterior IA when the COM was posterior to the COP, with significantly smaller average and peak RCIA over the crossing cycle. Long-term TCC practitioners showed an obstacle-crossing technique for less risk of tripping and better balance control, as indicated respectively by significantly increased toe-obstacle clearances and more posterior COM position relative to the COP with smaller anterior IA and RCIA during leading crossing and greater posterior IA and frontal RCIA at trailing-toe crossing. These benefits appeared to be related to the main features of TCC movements that emphasized maintaining balance during single-leg support and keeping the body weight on the trailing limb during the slow weight-shifting of double-limb support.

Best-Compromise Control Strategy Between Mechanical Energy Expenditure and Foot Clearance for Obstacle-Crossing in Older Adults: Effects of Tai-Chi Chuan Practice.

Background: Obstacle-crossing increases the risk of falls in older people. This study aimed to identify the effects of long-term Tai-Chi Chuan (TCC) practice on the control strategies for obstacle-crossing in older people. Methods: A multi-objective optimal control technique with measured gait data was used to identify the control strategies adopted by 15 long-term TCC practitioners and 15 healthy controls when crossing obstacles of different heights, in terms of the best-compromise weighting sets for the conflicting objectives of minimizing energy expenditure and maximizing the toe-obstacle and heel-obstacle clearances. Results and Conclusions: The long-term TCC older practitioners adopted a best-compromise control strategy similar to those adopted by young adults, with greater weightings on the minimization of the mechanical energy expenditure and smaller weightings on foot-clearance as compared to non-TCC controls (TCC: 0.72, 0.14, 0.14; Control: 0.55, 0.225, 0.225). This strategy enabled the long-term TCC older practitioners to cross obstacles with significantly greater leading-toe clearances but with relatively less mechanical energy expenditure. With the current approach, further simulations of obstacle-crossing mechanics with a given weighting set will be useful for answering clinically relevant what-if questions, such as what abilities would be needed if the non-TCC older people were to cross obstacles using the crossing strategy of the TCC people.

Effects of Tai-Chi Chuan Practice on Patterns and Stability of Lower Limb Inter-Joint Coordination During Obstructed Gait in the Elderly.

Losing balance or tripping during obstacle-crossing is one of the most frequent causes of falls in the elderly. As a low speed, low impact exercise, Tai Chi Chuan (TCC) can be promising in helping the elderly develop strategies for improved balance, inter-joint coordination, and end-point control during obstacle-crossing. This study investigates the effects of TCC training on the patterns and variability of the lower-limb inter-joint coordination during obstacle-crossing in the elderly. Fifteen older TCC practitioners and 15 healthy controls crossed obstacles of three different heights, while sagittal angles ( x ) and angular velocities ( x ' ) of the hips, knees and ankles were measured and their phase angles obtained. The continuous relative phases (CRP) of the hip-knee and knee-ankle coordination were also calculated. The standard deviations of the CRP curve points were averaged to obtain deviation phase (DP) values for the stance and swing phases. The TCC group was found to cross obstacles with increased leading and trailing toe-clearances with unaltered CRP values when the swing toe was above the obstacle. Long-term TCC training altered the patterns and magnitudes of the CRPs primarily over double-limb support and significantly reduced the variabilities of leading knee-ankle and trailing hip-knee and knee-ankle CRP curves over the crossing cycle, regardless of obstacle height. The current results suggest that long-term TCC practice was helpful for a crossing strategy with significantly increased foot-obstacle clearances and reduced variability of the way the motions of the lower limb joints are coordinated during obstacle-crossing. These benefits may be explained by the long-lasting effects of continuous practice of the slow movement patterns emphasizing between-limb transfer of body weight in TCC.

Human Brain Dynamics Reflect the Correctness and Presentation Modality of Physics Concept Memory Retrieval.

Human memory retrieval is the core cognitive process of the human brain whenever it is processing the information. Less study has focused on exploring the neural correlates of the memory retrieval of scientific concepts when presented in word and picture modalities. Fewer studies have investigated the differences in the involved brain regions and how the brain dynamics in these regions would associate with the accuracy of the memory retrieval process. Therefore, this study specifically focused on investigating the human brain dynamics of participants when they retrieve physics concepts in word vs. pictorial modalities, and whether electroencephalogram (EEG) activities can predict the correctness of the retrieval of physics concepts. The results indicated that word modality induced a significant stronger right frontal theta augmentation than pictorial modality during the physics concepts retrieval process, whereas the picture modality induced a significantly greater right parietal alpha suppression than the word modality throughout the retrieval process spurred by the physics concept presentations. In addition, greater frontal midline theta augmentation was observed for incorrect responses than the correct responses during retrieve physics concepts. Moreover, the frontal midline theta power has greater negative predictive power for predicting the accuracy of physics concepts retrieval. In summary, the participants were more likely to retrieve physics concepts correctly if a lower amount of theta were allocated during the maintaining period from 2,000 ms through 3,500 ms before making responses. It provides insight for our future application of brain computer interface (BCI) in real-time science learning. This study implies that the lower frontal midline theta power is associated with a lower degree of cognitive control and active maintenance of representations as participants approach a correct answer.

Eye fixation-related fronto-parietal neural network correlates of memory retrieval.

Eye movements are considered to be informative with regard to the underlying cognitive processes of human beings. Previous studies have reported that eye movements are associated with which scientific concepts are retrieved correctly. Moreover, other studies have also suggested that eye movements involve the cooperative activity of the human brain's fronto-parietal circuits. Less research has been conducted to investigate whether fronto-parietal EEG oscillations are associated with the retrieval processing of scientific concepts. Our findings in this study demonstrated that the fronto-parietal network is indeed crucial for successful memory retrieval. In short, significantly lower theta augmentation in the frontal midline and lower alpha suppression in the right parietal region were observed at the 5th eye fixation for physics concepts that were correctly retrieved than for those that were incorrectly retrieved. Moreover, the visual cortex in the occipital lobe exhibits a significantly greater theta augmentation followed by an alpha suppression following each eye fixation, while a right fronto-parietal asymmetry was also found for the successful retrieval of presentations of physics concepts. In particular, the study results showed that eye fixation-related frontal midline theta power and right parietal alpha power at the 5th eye fixation have the greatest predictive power regarding the correctness of the retrieval of physics concepts.

Effects of femoral rotational taping on pain, lower extremity kinematics, and muscle activation in female patients with patellofemoral pain.

OBJECTIVES: To explore the hip and knee joint kinematics as well as muscle activation between participants with patellofemoral pain syndrome (PFPS) and controls, and to investigate the immediate effect of proximal femoral rotational taping on pain, joint kinematics, and muscle activation during single-leg squat (SLS). DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. METHODS: Sixteen female participants with PFPS, and eight healthy female controls participated. Three-dimensional hip and patellar kinematics measured by electromagnetic tracking system, hip (gluteus maximus and gluteus medius) and thigh (rectus femoris) muscle activation measured by EMG, and subjective report of pain were recorded during SLS in three randomized conditions of no tape, sham taping, and femoral rotational taping with kinesiotape. RESULTS: Without taping, compared with controls, PFPS group had increased hip adduction angle (23.5±11.3° vs. 15.8±7.3°) during SLS. Additionally, PFPS group exhibited lesser rectus femoris activity during the initial 0-15° of SLS. Application of both femoral rotational and sham tapes reduced pain for PFPS group. Compared with no tape or sham tape, femoral rotational tape significantly shifted the patella into more posterior (1.59±0.83cm in no tape vs. 1.54±0.87cm in sham tape vs. 1.32±0.72cm in femoral rotational tape) and distal (-2.49±0.95cm vs. -2.64±0.80cm vs. -3.11±0.77cm) positions in the PFPS group. CONCLUSIONS: Femoral rotational taping could alter patellofemoral kinematics and decrease pain in treatment of young female participants with PFPS.

Influence of model complexity and problem formulation on the forces in the knee calculated using optimization methods.

BACKGROUND: Predictions of the forces transmitted by the redundant force-bearing structures in the knee are often performed using optimization methods considering only moment equipollence as a result of simplified knee modeling without ligament contributions. The current study aimed to investigate the influence of model complexity (with or without ligaments), problem formulation (moment equipollence with or without force equipollence) and optimization criteria on the prediction of the forces transmitted by the force-bearing structures in the knee. METHODS: Ten healthy young male adults walked in a gait laboratory while their kinematic and ground reaction forces were measured simultaneously. A validated 3D musculoskeletal model of the locomotor system with a knee model that included muscles, ligaments and articular surfaces was used to calculate the joint resultant forces and moments, and subsequently the forces transmitted in the considered force-bearing structures via optimization methods. Three problem formulations with eight optimization criteria were evaluated. RESULTS: Among the three problem formulations, simultaneous consideration of moment and force equipollence for the knee model with ligaments and articular contacts predicted contact forces (first peak: 3.3-3.5 BW; second peak: 3.2-4.2 BW; swing: 0.3 BW) that were closest to previously reported theoretical values (2.0-4.0 BW) and in vivo data telemetered from older adults with total knee replacements (about 2.8 BW during stance; 0.5 BW during swing). Simultaneous consideration of moment and force equipollence also predicted more physiological ligament forces (< 1.0 BW), which appeared to be independent of the objective functions used. Without considering force equipollence, the calculated contact forces varied from 1.0 to 4.5 BW and were as large as 2.5 BW during swing phase; the calculated ACL forces ranged from 1 BW to 3.7 BW, and those of the PCL from 3 BW to 7 BW. CONCLUSIONS: Model complexity and problem formulation affect the prediction of the forces transmitted by the force-bearing structures at the knee during normal level walking. Inclusion of the ligaments in a knee model enables the simultaneous consideration of equations of force and moment equipollence, which is required for accurately estimating the contact and ligament forces, and is more critical than the adopted optimization criteria.

Encoding of physics concepts: concreteness and presentation modality reflected by human brain dynamics.

Previous research into working memory has focused on activations in different brain areas accompanying either different presentation modalities (verbal vs. non-verbal) or concreteness (abstract vs. concrete) of non-science concepts. Less research has been conducted investigating how scientific concepts are learned and further processed in working memory. To bridge this gap, the present study investigated human brain dynamics associated with encoding of physics concepts, taking both presentation modality and concreteness into account. Results of this study revealed greater theta and low-beta synchronization in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) during encoding of concrete pictures as compared to the encoding of both high and low imageable words. In visual brain areas, greater theta activity accompanying stimulus onsets was observed for words as compared to pictures while stronger alpha suppression was observed in responses to pictures as compared to words. In general, the EEG oscillation patterns for encoding words of different levels of abstractness were comparable but differed significantly from encoding of pictures. These results provide insights into the effects of modality of presentation on human encoding of scientific concepts and thus might help in developing new ways to better teach scientific concepts in class.

Best-compromise between mechanical energy expenditure and foot clearance predicts leading limb motion during obstacle-crossing.

This study aimed to identify the control strategy of obstacle-crossing of different heights with a multi-objective optimal control technique. Twelve young healthy adults walked and crossed obstacles of three different heights while their kinematic and ground reaction force data were measured simultaneously. Obstacle-crossing was formulated as an optimal control problem with two conflicting objectives: minimization of mechanical energy expenditure and maximization of foot-obstacle clearance. The results supported the hypothesis that experimentally measured ankle trajectories and joint angles of the swing limb and the joint moments of the stance limb could be predicted by the best compromise between these objectives, which was also independent of obstacle height. This control strategy was fundamentally different from that for unobstructed gait, and appeared to be pre-programmed into the nervous system. The results will serve as baseline data and the current technique be used for identifying changes in obstacle-crossing control strategies in people at higher risk of falling.

A method for estimating subject-specific body segment inertial parameters in human movement analysis.

An optimization-based, non-invasive, radiation-free method was developed for estimating subject-specific body segment inertial properties (BSIPs) using a motion capture system and two forceplates. The method works with accurate descriptions of the geometry of the body segments, subject-specific center of pressure (COP) and kinematic data captured during stationary standing, and an optimization procedure. Twelve healthy subjects performed stationary standing in different postures, level walking and squatting while kinematic and forceplate data were measured. The performance of the current method was compared to three commonly used predictive methods in terms of the errors of the calculated ground reaction force, COP and joint moments using the corresponding predicted BSIPs. The current method was found to be capable of producing estimates of subject-specific BSIPs that predicted accurately the important variables in human motion analysis during static and dynamic activities. With the differences in the BSIPs from the current method, the mean COP errors were less than 5 mm during stationary standing postures, while those from the existing comparative methods ranged from 11 to 25 mm. During dynamic activities, the existing methods gave COP errors three times as large as the proposed method, with up to 2.5 times RMSE in joint moments during walking. Being non-invasive and using standard motion laboratory equipment, the current method will be useful for routine clinical gait analysis and relevant clinical applications, particularly in patient populations that are not targeted by the existing predictive methods.

A new device for in situ static and dynamic calibration of force platforms.

In human motion analysis, in situ calibration of the force plate is necessary to improve the accuracy of the measured ground reaction force (GRF) and center of pressure (COP). Few existing devices are capable of both static and dynamic calibration of the usually non-linear GRF and COP errors, while are also easy to move and/or set up without damaging the building. The current study developed a small device (160 cm × 88 cm × 43 cm) with a mass of 50 kg, equipped with auxiliary wheels and fixing suction pads for rapid deployment and easy set-up. A PC-based controller enabled quick movement and accurate positioning of the applied force to the calibration point. Static calibration at 100 validation points and dynamic calibration of a force plate were performed using the device. After correction by an artificial neural network (ANN) trained with the static data from another 121 points, the mean errors for the GRF were all reduced from a maximum of 0.64% to less than 0.01%, while those for the COP were all reduced from a maximum of about 1.37 mm to less than 0.04 mm. For dynamic calibration, the mean errors for the GRF were reduced from a maximum of 0.46% to less than 0.28%, while those for the COP were reduced from a maximum of 0.95 mm to less than 0.11 mm. The results suggest that the calibration device with the ANN method will be useful for obtaining more accurate GRF and COP measurements in human motion analysis.

Symmetrical kinematic changes in highly functioning older patients post-stroke during obstacle-crossing.

With the advances in stroke care, the number of high-functioning patients after stroke is increasing. However, existing clinical tools may not be sensitive enough to identify the residual deficits in these patients. The current study aimed to investigate the control of the pelvis, and the joints and end-point of the lower limbs in high-functioning older patients post-stroke during obstacle-crossing using motion analysis techniques. Twenty-four high-functioning older patients following unilateral stroke and fifteen healthy controls walked and crossed obstacles of three different heights. End-point variables (leading toe-clearance and trailing toe-obstacle distance) and crossing pelvic and joint angles were obtained for both limbs during leading limb crossing. Whether leading with the contralesional or ipsilesional limb, the stroke group exhibited significantly different joint kinematics from the controls mainly in the frontal and transverse planes, with greater leading toe-clearance, trailing toe-obstacle distance, and posterior pelvic tilt. None of the end-point and joint variables were significantly different between limbs. High-functioning patients post-stroke appeared to have acquired a specific symmetric kinematic strategy with increased leading toe-clearance during obstacle-crossing, most likely in order to prevent tripping. This symmetric strategy, possibly a consequence of brain reorganization, may help in performing functional activities during which symmetric performance between the contralesional and ipsilesional sides is required. Obstacle-crossing training with both limbs leading alternately may be helpful for the development of this symmetric strategy. It is suggested that computerized motion analysis of obstacle-crossing can be a sensitive assessment tool for distinguishing the motor performance between normal and high-functioning patients post-stroke.