Application of surfactants in the electrochemical sensing and biosensing of biomolecules and drug molecules.

Realizing sensitive and efficient detection of biomolecules and drug molecules is of great significance. Among the detection methods that have been proposed, electrochemical sensing is favored for its outstanding advantages such as simple operation, low cost, fast response and high sensitivity. The unique structure and properties of surfactants have led to a wide range of applications in the field of electrochemical sensors and biosensors for biomolecules and drug molecules. Through the comparative analysis of reported works, this paper summarizes the application modes of surfactants in electrochemical sensors and biosensors for biomolecules and drug molecules, explores the possible electrocatalytic mechanism of their action, and looks forward to the development trend of their applications. This review is expected to provide some new ideas for subsequent related research work.

A pairwise radiomics algorithm-lesion pair relation estimation model for distinguishing multiple primary lung cancer from intrapulmonary metastasis.

Background: Distinguishing multiple primary lung cancer (MPLC) from intrapulmonary metastasis (IPM) is critical for their disparate treatment strategy and prognosis. This study aimed to establish a non-invasive model to make the differentiation pre-operatively. Methods: We retrospectively studied 168 patients with multiple lung cancers (307 pairs of lesions) including 118 cases for modeling and internal validation, and 50 cases for independent external validation. Radiomic features on computed tomography (CT) were extracted to calculate the absolute deviation of paired lesions. Features were then selected by correlation coefficients and random forest classifier 5-fold cross-validation, based on which the lesion pair relation estimation (PRE) model was developed. A major voting strategy was used to decide diagnosis for cases with multiple pairs of lesions. Cases from another institute were included as the external validation set for the PRE model to compete with two experienced clinicians. Results: Seven radiomic features were selected for the PRE model construction. With major voting strategy, the mean area under receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC), accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity of the training versus internal validation versus external validation cohort to distinguish MPLC were 0.983 versus 0.844 versus 0.793, 0.942 versus 0.846 versus 0.760, 0.905 versus 0.728 versus 0.727, and 0.962 versus 0.910 versus 0.769, respectively. AUCs of the two clinicians were 0.619 and 0.580. Conclusions: The CT radiomic feature-based lesion PRE model is potentially an accurate diagnostic tool for the differentiation of MPLC and IPM, which could help with clinical decision making.

Methylation of N6 adenosine-related long noncoding RNA: effects on prognosis and treatment in 'driver-gene-negative' lung adenocarcinoma.

The improvement of treatment for patients with 'driver-gene-negative' lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) remains a critical problem to be solved. We aimed to explore the role of methylation of N6 adenosine (m6A)-related long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) in stratifying 'driver-gene-negative' LUAD risk. Patients negative for mutations in EGFR, KRAS, BRAF, HER2, MET, ALK, RET, and ROS1 were identified as 'driver-gene-negative' cases. RNA sequencing was performed in 46 paired tumors and adjacent normal tissues from patients with 'driver-gene-negative' LUAD. Twenty-three m6A regulators and relevant lncRNAs were identified using Pearson's correlation analysis. K-means cluster analysis was used to stratify patients, and a prognostic nomogram was developed. The CIBERSORT and pRRophetic algorithms were employed to quantify the immune microenvironment and chemosensitivity. We identified two clusters highly consistent with the prognosis based on their unique expression profiles for 46 m6AlncRNAs. A risk model constructed from nine m6A lncRNAs could stratify patients into high- and low-risk groups with promising predictive power (C-index = 0.824), and the risk score was an independent prognostic factor. The clusters and risk models were closely related to immune characteristics and chemosensitivity. Additional pan-cancer analysis using the nine m6AlncRNAs showed that the expression of DIO3 opposite strand upstream RNA (DIO3OS) is closely related to the immune/stromal score and tumor stemness in a variety of cancers. Our results show that m6AlncRNAs are a reliable prognostic tool and can aid treatment decision-making in 'driver-gene-negative' LUAD. DIO3OS is associated with the development of various cancers and has potential clinical applications.

Comparative genomic and biochemical analyses identify a collagen galactosylhydroxylysyl glucosyltransferase from Acanthamoeba polyphaga mimivirus.

Humans and Acanthamoeba polyphaga mimivirus share numerous homologous genes, including collagens and collagen-modifying enzymes. To explore this homology, we performed a genome-wide comparison between human and mimivirus using DELTA-BLAST (Domain Enhanced Lookup Time Accelerated BLAST) and identified 52 new putative mimiviral proteins that are homologous with human proteins. To gain functional insights into mimiviral proteins, their human protein homologs were organized into Gene Ontology (GO) and REACTOME pathways to build a functional network. Collagen and collagen-modifying enzymes form the largest subnetwork with most nodes. Further analysis of this subnetwork identified a putative collagen glycosyltransferase R699. Protein expression test suggested that R699 is highly expressed in Escherichia coli, unlike the human collagen-modifying enzymes. Enzymatic activity assay and mass spectrometric analyses showed that R699 catalyzes the glucosylation of galactosylhydroxylysine to glucosylgalactosylhydroxylysine on collagen using uridine diphosphate glucose (UDP-glucose) but no other UDP-sugars as a sugar donor, suggesting R699 is a mimiviral collagen galactosylhydroxylysyl glucosyltransferase (GGT). To facilitate further analysis of human and mimiviral homologous proteins, we presented an interactive and searchable genome-wide comparison website for quickly browsing human and Acanthamoeba polyphaga mimivirus homologs, which is available at RRID Resource ID: SCR_022140 or https://guolab.shinyapps.io/app-mimivirus-publication/ .

Perioperative risk factors for occurrence of myasthenia gravis after thymectomy in patients with thymoma.

OBJECTIVES: The goal of this study was to identify the relationship between clinical characteristics and the occurrence of postoperative myasthenia gravis (PMG) in patients with thymomas and to further identify the relationship between PMG and prognosis. METHODS: Thymoma patients who had surgery at the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University between July 2004 and July 2016 were reviewed and those who had no previous symptoms of myasthenia gravis were selected for further investigation. In total, 229 patients were included in the study; their clinical characteristics were gathered and analysed. RESULTS: Among the 229 patients, 19 (8.3%) had PMG. The time between the operation and the onset of myasthenia gravis was 134 days on average (range 2-730 days). Patients experiencing PMG showed a lower rate of complete thymoma resection (73.7% vs 91.4%; P = 0.014) and total thymectomy (63.2% vs 82.9%; P = 0.035) compared with those who did not. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression revealed that thymomectomy [odds ratio (OR) 2.81, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.02-7.77; P = 0.047] and incomplete tumour resection (OR 3.79, 95% CI 1.20-11.98; P = 0.023) were associated with the occurrence of PMG. Multivariable Cox regression showed that the PMG was not related to overall survival (P = 0.087). CONCLUSIONS: This study revealed that incomplete tumour resection and thymomectomy were independent risk factors for PMG in thymoma patients with no previous history of myasthenia gravis.

Surgical treatment to multiple primary lung cancer patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: As there is no consensus on the optimal surgery strategy for multiple primary lung cancer (MPLC), we conducted this study to address this issue by comparing the prognosis of MPLC patients underwent different surgical strategies including sublobar resection and the standard resection through a systemic review and meta-analysis. METHODS: Relevant literature was obtained from three databases including PubMed, Embase and Web of Science. Inclusion and exclusion criteria were set for the screening of articles to be selected for further conduction of systemic review and meta-analysis. The HRs of OS of the sublobar group compared with standard resection group were extracted directly or calculated indirectly from included researches. RESULTS: Ten researches published from 2000 to 2017 were included in this study, with 468 and 445 MPLC cases for the standard resection group and sublobar resection group respectively. The result suggested that OS of MPLC patients underwent sublobar resection (segmentectomy or wedge resection for at least one lesion) was comparable with those underwent standard resection approach (lobectomy or pneumonectomy for all lesions), with HR 1.07, 95% CI 0.67-1.71, p = 0.784. Further analysis found no difference in subgroups of synchronous and metachronous (from second metachronous lesion), different population region and dominant sex type. CONCLUSIONS: This study may reveal that sublobar resection is acceptable for patients with MPLC at an early stage, because of the equivalent prognosis to the standard resection and better pulmonary function preservation. Further research is needed to validate these findings.

In vitro expression, monoclonal antibody and bioactivity for capsid protein of porcine circovirus type II without nuclear localization signal.

We expressed firstly the Capsid protein gene defecting the nuclear localization signal (NLS) of Porcine circovirus type II (PCV2) in Escherichia coli as a fusion protein with glutathione S-transferase (rGST-dCap protein). The purified rGST-dCap protein and the recombinant NLS-defected Cap protein of PCV2 (rdCap protein) from the purified rGST-dCap protein reacted specifically with swine antiserum to PCV2. Furthermore, the obtained monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) to rdCap protein were shown to bind to PCV2 particles replicated in PK15 cell and capsid protein (Cap protein) of PCV2 expressed in PK15 cells, respectively. mAbs to rdCap protein also revealed the neutralizing ability to PCV2 particles. These results demonstrated that rGST-dCap protein expressed in E. coli was folded correctly or at least partly, and mAbs to rdCap protein possessed the binding epitopes of PCV2 particles whereas mAbs 4C4 and 3F6 to rdCap protein remained the neutralization epitope of PCV2 particle, showing a possibility of neutralizing mAb to rdCap protein as an immnuotherapeutic agent and a potential of rGST-dCap protein as a vaccine antigen or serodiagnostic reagent.