Quantifying the contributions of meteorology, emissions, and transport to ground-level ozone in the Pearl River Delta, China.

Ozone pollution presents a growing air quality threat in urban agglomerations in China. It remains challenge to distinguish the roles of emissions of precursors, chemical production and transportations in shaping the ground-level ozone trends, largely due to complicated interactions among these 3 major processes. This study elucidates the formation factors of ozone pollution and categorizes them into local emissions (anthropogenic and biogenic emissions), transport (precursor transport and direct transport from various regions), and meteorology. Particularly, we attribute meteorology, which affects biogenic emissions and chemical formation as well as transportation, to a perturbation term with fluctuating ranges. The Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model was utilized to implement this framework, using the Pearl River Delta region as a case study, to simulate a severe ozone pollution episode in autumn 2019 that affected the entire country. Our findings demonstrate that the average impact of meteorological conditions changed consistently with the variation of ozone pollution levels, indicating that meteorological conditions can exert significant control over the degree of ozone pollution. As the maximum daily 8-hour average (MDA8) ozone concentrations increased from 20 % below to 30 % above the National Ambient Air Quality Standard II, contributions from emissions and precursor transport were enhanced. Concurrently, direct transport within Guangdong province rose from 13.8 % to 22.7 %, underscoring the importance of regional joint prevention and control measures under adverse weather conditions. Regarding biogenic emissions and precursor transport that cannot be directly controlled, we found that their contributions were generally greater in urban areas with high nitrogen oxides (NOx) levels, primarily due to the stronger atmospheric oxidation capacity facilitating ozone formation. Our results indicate that not only local anthropogenic emissions can be controlled in urban areas, but also the impacts of local biogenic emissions and precursor transport can be potentially regulated through reducing atmospheric oxidation capacity.

MXene@c-MWCNT Adhesive Silica Nanofiber Membranes Enhancing Electromagnetic Interference Shielding and Thermal Insulation Performance in Extreme Environments.

A lightweight flexible thermally stable composite is fabricated by combining silica nanofiber membranes (SNM) with MXene@c-MWCNT hybrid film. The flexible SNM with outstanding thermal insulation are prepared from tetraethyl orthosilicate hydrolysis and condensation by electrospinning and high-temperature calcination; the MXene@c-MWCNTx:y films are prepared by vacuum filtration technology. In particular, the SNM and MXene@c-MWCNT6:4 as one unit layer (SMC1) are bonded together with 5 wt% polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) solution, which exhibits low thermal conductivity (0.066 W m-1 K-1) and good electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding performance (average EMI SET, 37.8 dB). With the increase in functional unit layer, the overall thermal insulation performance of the whole composite film (SMCx) remains stable, and EMI shielding performance is greatly improved, especially for SMC3 with three unit layers, the average EMI SET is as high as 55.4 dB. In addition, the organic combination of rigid SNM and tough MXene@c-MWCNT6:4 makes SMCx exhibit good mechanical tensile strength. Importantly, SMCx exhibit stable EMI shielding and excellent thermal insulation even in extreme heat and cold environment. Therefore, this work provides a novel design idea and important reference value for EMI shielding and thermal insulation components used in extreme environmental protection equipment in the future.

UBE2N promotes cell viability and glycolysis by promoting Axin1 ubiquitination in prostate cancer cells.

BACKGROUND: Ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 N (UBE2N) is recognized in the progression of some cancers; however, little research has been conducted to describe its role in prostate cancer. The purpose of this paper is to explore the function and mechanism of UBE2N in prostate cancer cells. METHODS: UBE2N expression was detected in Cancer Genome Atlas Prostate Adenocarcinoma (TCGA-PRAD) data, prostate cancer tissue microarrays, and prostate cancer cell lines, respectively. UBE2N knockdown or overexpression was used to analyze its role in cell viability and glycolysis of prostate cancer cells and tumor growth. XAV939 or Axin1 overexpression was co-treated with UBE2N overexpression to detect the involvement of the Wnt/ß-catenin signaling and Axin1 in the UBE2N function. UBE2N interacting with Axin1 was analyzed by co-immunoprecipitation assay. RESULTS: UBE2N was upregulated in prostate cancer and the UBE2N-high expression correlated with the poor prognosis of prostate cancer. UBE2N knockdown inhibited cell viability and glycolysis in prostate cancer cells and restricted tumor formation in tumor-bearing mice. Wnt/ß-catenin inhibition and Axin1 overexpression reversed the promoting viability and glycolysis function of UBE2N. UBE2N promoted Axin1 ubiquitination and decreased Axin1 protein level.

Insights into anthropogenic impact on atmospheric inorganic aerosols in the largest city of the Tibetan Plateau through multidimensional isotope analysis.

Particulate inorganic nitrogen aerosols (PIN) significantly influence air pollution and pose health risks worldwide. Despite extensive observations on ammonium (pNH4+) and nitrate (pNO3-) aerosols in various regions, their key sources and mechanisms in the Tibetan Plateau remain poorly understood. To bridge this gap, this study conducted a sampling campaign in Lhasa, the Tibetan Plateau's largest city, with a focus on analyzing the multiple isotopic signatures (δ15N, ∆17O). These isotopes were integrated into a Bayesian mixing model to quantify the source contributions and oxidation pathways for pNH4+ and pNO3-. Our results showed that traffic was the largest contributor to pNH4+ (31.8 %), followed by livestock (25.4 %), waste (21.8 %), and fertilizer (21.0 %), underscoring the impact of vehicular emissions on urban NH3 levels in Lhasa. For pNO3-, coal combustion emerged as the largest contributor (27.3 %), succeeded by biomass burning (26.3 %), traffic emission (25.3 %), and soil emission (21.1 %). In addition, the ∆17O-based model indicated a dominant role of NO2 + OH (52.9 %) in pNO3- production in Lhasa, which was similar to previous observations. However, it should be noted that the NO3 + volatile organic component (VOC) contributed up to 18.5 % to pNO3- production, which was four times higher than the Tibetan Plateau's background regions. Taken together, the multidimensional isotope analysis performed in this study elucidates the pronounced influence of anthropogenic activities on PIN in the atmospheric environment of Lhasa.

A simplified electrochemical model for lithium-ion batteries based on ensemble learning.

The mass transfer in lithium-ion batteries is a low-frequency dynamic that affects their voltage and performance. To find an effective way to describe the mass transfer in lithium-ion batteries, a simplified electrochemical lithium-ion battery model based on ensemble learning is proposed. The proposed model simplifies lithium-ion transfer in electrode particles with ensemble learning which ensembles discrete-time realization algorithm (DRA), fractional-order Padé approximation model (FOM), and three parameters (TPM) parabolic. The lithium-ion transfer in the electrolyte is simplified by the first-order inertial element (FIE). The results show that the proposed model achieves not only accurate lithium-ion concentration prediction in solid and electrolyte phase but also precise voltage prediction with low computational complexity.

A compendium of ruminant gastrointestinal phage genomes revealed a higher proportion of lytic phages than in any other environments.

BACKGROUND: Ruminants are important livestock animals that have a unique digestive system comprising multiple stomach compartments. Despite significant progress in the study of microbiome in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) sites of ruminants, we still lack an understanding of the viral community of ruminants. Here, we surveyed its viral ecology using 2333 samples from 10 sites along the GIT of 8 ruminant species. RESULTS: We present the Unified Ruminant Phage Catalogue (URPC), a comprehensive survey of phages in the GITs of ruminants including 64,922 non-redundant phage genomes. We characterized the distributions of the phage genomes in different ruminants and GIT sites and found that most phages were organism-specific. We revealed that ~ 60% of the ruminant phages were lytic, which was the highest as compared with those in all other environments and certainly will facilitate their applications in microbial interventions. To further facilitate the future applications of the phages, we also constructed a comprehensive virus-bacteria/archaea interaction network and identified dozens of phages that may have lytic effects on methanogenic archaea. CONCLUSIONS: The URPC dataset represents a useful resource for future microbial interventions to improve ruminant production and ecological environmental qualities. Phages have great potential for controlling pathogenic bacterial/archaeal species and reducing methane emissions. Our findings provide insights into the virome ecology research of the ruminant GIT and offer a starting point for future research on phage therapy in ruminants. Video Abstract.

Interface-Compatible Gel-Polymer Electrolyte Enabled by NaF-Solubility-Regulation toward All-Climate Solid-State Sodium Batteries.

Gel-polymer electrolyte (GPE) is a pragmatic choice for high-safety sodium batteries but still plagued by interfacial compatibility with both cathode and anode simultaneously. Here, salt-in-polymer fibers with NaF salt inlaid in polylactide (PLA) fiber network was fabricated via electrospinning and subsequent in situ forming gel-polymer electrolyte in liquid electrolytes. The obtained PLA-NaF GPE achieves a high ion conductivity (2.50×10-3 S cm-1) and large Na+ transference number (0.75) at ambient temperature. Notably, the dissolution of NaF salt occupies solvents leading to concentrated-electrolyte environment, which facilitates aggregates with increased anionic coordination (anion/Na+ >1). Aggregates with higher HOMO realize the preferential oxidation on the cathode so that inorganic-rich and stable CEI covers cathode' surface, preventing particles' breakage and showing good compatibility with different cathodes (Na3V2(PO4)3, Na2+2xFe2-x(SO4)3, Na0.72Ni0.32Mn0.68O2, NaTi2(PO4)3). While, passivated Na anode induced by the lower LUMO of aggregates, and the lower surface tension between Na anode and PLA-NaF GPE interface, leading to the dendrites-free Na anode. As a result, the assembled Na || Na3V2(PO4)3 cells display excellent electrochemical performance at all-climate conditions.

Deubiquitinating enzyme OTUD4 stabilizes RBM47 to induce ATF3 transcription: a novel mechanism underlying the restrained malignant properties of ccRCC cells.

Dysregulation of deubiquitination contributes to various diseases, including cancer, and aberrant expression of deubiquitinating enzymes is involved in carcinoma progression. As a member of the ovarian tumor (OTU) deubiquitinases, OTUD4 is considered a tumor suppressor in many kinds of malignancies. The biological characteristics and mechanisms of OTUD4 in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) remain unclear. The downregulation of OTUD4 in ccRCC was confirmed based on the TCGA database and a validation cohort of 30-paired ccRCC and para-carcinoma samples. Moreover, OTUD4 expression was detected by immunohistochemistry in 50 cases of ccRCC tissues, and patients with lower levels of OTUD4 showed larger tumor size (p = 0.015). TCGA data revealed that patients with high expression of OTUD4 had a longer overall survival rate. In vitro and in vivo studies revealed that downregulation of OTUD4 was essential for tumor cell growth and metastasis in ccRCC, and OTUD4 overexpression inhibited these malignant phenotypes. We further found that OTUD4 sensitized ccRCC cells to Erastin-induced ferroptosis, and ferrostain-1 inhibited OTUD4-induced ferroptotic cell death. Mechanistic studies indicated that OTUD4 functioned as an anti-proliferative and anti-metastasic factor through the regulation of RNA-binding protein 47 (RBM47)-mediated activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3). OTUD4 directly interacted with RBM47 and promoted its stability via deubiquitination events. RBM47 was critical in ccRCC progression by regulating ATF3 mRNA stability, thereby promoting ATF3-mediated ferroptosis. RBM47 interference abolished the suppressive role of OTUD4 overexpression in ccRCC. Our findings provide mechanistic insight into OTUD4 of ccRCC progression and indicate a novel critical pathway OTUD4/RBM47/ATF3 may serve as a potential therapeutic pathway for ccRCC.

Association between the American Heart Association's new "Life's Essential 8" metrics and kidney stone.

PURPOSE: The incidence of kidney stone disease has increased worldwide, resulting in high medical costs and social burden. Kidney stone disease shares some common features with the risk factors of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). We investigated the association between cardiovascular health (CVH) based on the Life's Essential 8 (LE8) score developed by the American Heart Association and the incidence of kidney stone disease. METHODS: We analyzed the data of 29,469 US adults aged 20 years or above from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2007-2018. According to the LE8 score, CVH was divided into three categories: poor, intermediate, and ideal. Logistic regression was used to determine the association between CVH and the incidence of kidney stone disease by estimating odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). RESULTS: The average age of the participants was 48.6 years, and 50% of the participants were women. The numbers of participants with poor, intermediate, and ideal CVH were 4149, 19,782, and 5538, respectively. After adjusting for related confounding factors, ideal CVH was associated with a reduction in the odds of kidney stone occurrence as compared to poor CVH (adjusted OR [aOR]: 0.45, 95% CI: 0.35-0.57, p < 0.001). Moreover, if the ideal CVH metrics was ≥ 6, the odds of kidney stone occurrence decreased by up to 61% (aOR: 0.39, 95% CI: 0.30-0.51). CONCLUSIONS: In the present study, ideal CVH, a factor indicative of a healthy lifestyle, was associated with lower odds of kidney stone occurrence.

High incidence of HPV infection in minors with oral squamous cell carcinoma.

BACKGROUND: Oral squamous cell carcinoma in minors is considered to be a distinct entity from OSCC in older patients, with an uncertain etiology. Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection may trigger the initiation and promote the progression of OSCC, but these roles have not been firmly established.We aimed to explore the correlation between HPV infection and the development of oral squamous cell carcinoma in minors and know the characteristics of OSCC in young patients more thoroughly. METHOD: From January 2013 to December 2022,6 cases of OSCC aged < 15 years were selected from the Department of Oral Pathology, Peking University School of Stomatology, Beijing, China. All cases underwent testing for high-risk HPV mRNA infection using the RNA scope technique, and immunohistochemical staining was performed to investigate the expression of p16, pan-cytokeratin (CK), CK5/6, CK7, CK8/18, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), p53, and Ki-67. Furthermore, we reviewed the literature on OSCC in patients aged < 21 years. CONCLUSIONS: Minors OSCC is associated with HPV infection, and that p16 can serve as an immunohistochemical marker of HPV positivity.

Effect of Missed Post-Procedure Creatinine Measurement on Sub-Acute Kidney Injury Following Coronary Angiography.

Serum creatinine (SCr) levels are essential for the diagnosis of kidney disease after coronary angiography (CAG). However, the influence of missed post-procedure SCr measurement in this situation is unclear. The present study included 14,127 patients undergoing CAG as part of the Cardiorenal ImprovemeNt registry II. Patients were divided into two groups according to whether a post-procedure SCr was measured within 3 days. The primary endpoint was acute kidney disease (AKD). Logistic regression was used to evaluate the relationship between post-procedure SCr and AKD. Of the 14,127 patients (61.6 ± 9.8 years, 34.2% females), 55.4% (n = 7822) did not have a post-procedure SCr measurement. The incidence of AKD was higher in the missed post-procedure SCr group (15.7 vs 11.9%; median follow-up 6.54 years). Multivariate logistic regression showed that missed post-procedure SCr measurement was associated with significantly higher risk of AKD (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]: 1.26, 95% CI: 1.10-1.45, P < .001). The results were more significant in patients with normal renal function at baseline (aOR: 1.36, 95% CI: 1.16-1.60, P < .001). In our study, over half of the patients undergoing CAG missed their post-procedure SCr measurement. The missed post-procedure SCr group had a significantly higher risk of developing AKD compared with those with a post-procedure SCr measurement.

Efficient Recovery of Complete Gut Viral Genomes by Combined Short- and Long-Read Sequencing.

Current metagenome assembled human gut phage catalogs contained mostly fragmented genomes. Here, comprehensive gut virome detection procedure is developed involving virus-like particle (VLP) enrichment from ≈500 g feces and combined sequencing of short- and long-read. Applied to 135 samples, a Chinese Gut Virome Catalog (CHGV) is assembled consisting of 21,499 non-redundant viral operational taxonomic units (vOTUs) that are significantly longer than those obtained by short-read sequencing and contained ≈35% (7675) complete genomes, which is ≈nine times more than those in the Gut Virome Database (GVD, ≈4%, 1,443). Interestingly, the majority (≈60%, 13,356) of the CHGV vOTUs are obtained by either long-read or hybrid assemblies, with little overlap with those assembled from only the short-read data. With this dataset, vast diversity of the gut virome is elucidated, including the identification of 32% (6,962) novel vOTUs compare to public gut virome databases, dozens of phages that are more prevalent than the crAssphages and/or Gubaphages, and several viral clades that are more diverse than the two. Finally, the functional capacities are also characterized of the CHGV encoded proteins and constructed a viral-host interaction network to facilitate future research and applications.

Significant Increase in Ammonia Emissions in China: Considering Nonagricultural Sectors Based on Isotopic Source Apportionment.

Isotopic source apportionment results revealed that nonagricultural sectors are significant sources of ammonia (NH3) emissions, particularly in urban areas. Unfortunately, nonagricultural sources have been substantially underrepresented in the current anthropogenic NH3 emission inventories (EIs). Here, we propose a novel approach to develop a gridded EI of nonagricultural NH3 in China for 2016 using a combination of isotopic source apportionment results and the emission ratios of carbon monoxide (CO) and NH3. We estimated that isotope-corrected nonagricultural NH3 emissions were 4370 Gg in China in 2016, accounting for an increase in the total NH3 emissions from 7 to 31%. As a result, compared to the original NH3 EI, the annual emissions of total NH3 increased by 35%. Thus, in comparison to the simulation driven by the original NH3 EI, the WRF-Chem model driven by the isotope-corrected NH3 EI has reduced the model biases in the surface concentrations and dry deposition flux of reduced nitrogen (NHx = gaseous NH3 + particulate NH4+) by 23 and 31%, respectively. This study may have wide-ranging implications for formulating targeted strategies for nonagricultural NH3 emissions controls, making it facilitate the achievement of simultaneously alleviating nitrogen deposition and atmospheric pollution in the future.

Risk factors on surgical compliance and its impact on survival outcomes in meningioma patients: a SEER-based retrospective propensity-score matched analysis.

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to analyze the effect of surgical compliance on the survival outcome of patients with meningioma and explore the factors affecting surgical compliance. METHODS: We selected data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database for 122,632 meningioma patients diagnosed between 2004 and 2018. The effect of surgical compliance on patients' overall survival (OS) was analyzed through Cox regression and Kaplan-Meier curves. Independent risk factors for surgical compliance were identified through multifactorial logistic regression analyses to construct diagnostic nomograms, further assessed by receiver operating characteristic curves. Furthermore, we used univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses to evaluate relevant variables linked to adherence with meningioma surgery. Moreover, 1:1 propensity score matching was applied to assess the validity of the results in patients with favorable and poor surgical compliance. RESULTS: A total of 48,735 were eligible from the initial cohort of 122,632 patients with meningioma. Among them, 45,038 (92.40%) exhibited good surgical compliance, while 3697 (7.60%) had poor surgical compliance. The rate of patients with good surgical compliance was significantly higher than that of patients with inadequate surgical compliance (p < 0.001). Moreover, surgical compliance is an independent prognostic factor for OS in meningioma patients. Univariate Cox regression analysis indicated that individuals with poor surgical compliance demonstrated lower OS rates than those with good surgical compliance (hazard ratio [HR 2.404; 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.276-2.54, p < 0.001], consistent with the observation in the multivariate analysis (HR 1.564; 95% CI 1.471-1.663, p < 0.001). We developed a prediction model using seven variables: age, sex, race, tumor behavior recode, tumor size, family income, and residential setting (p < 0.05). Surgical compliance was associated with patient age, sex, race, tumor behavior recode, tumor size, family income, and residential setting by logistic regression analysis. CONCLUSIONS: Surgical compliance emerged as an independent prognostic factor for survival in patients with meningioma. Poor surgical compliance was associated with older age, black and other races, females, advanced-stage tumors, larger tumor size, lower household income, and rural residence. When patients experienced these conditions, OS was shorter, requiring more aggressive treatment.

Quantified the influence of different synoptic weather patterns on the transport and local production processes of O3 events in Pearl River Delta, China.

Regional ozone (O3) pollution in the Pearl River Delta (PRD) region has become a topic of discussion in recent years. The occurrence of regional O3 pollution are influenced by local emissions and cross-regional transportation. In this study, we identified the predominant synoptic patterns that were associated with regional O3 pollution from August to November in 2015-2021 using the Lamb-Jenkinson classification technique. All synoptic types were divided into four major categories of NE-type, C-type, S-type and A-type, which accounted for 42 %, 25 %, 18 % and 15 % of the total number of regional O3 pollution days, respectively. The weather conditions for each synoptic pattern were described by using MERRA-2 datasets. Then a rapidly method was established to quantify the contribution of cross-regional processes to high O3 concentration in different synoptic patterns over the PRD through the WRF-Flexpart model. The NE-type weather condition was characterized by a relatively large wind speed with a significant cross-regional transport contribution of 35.8 %. The A-type weather condition had moderate surface wind speed with the stable weather condition, resulting in a lower cross-region transport contribution of 27.7 %. Under controlled by C-type, the stagnant weather condition caused by low-pressure systems on its periphery, would suppress diffusion of O3. As a result, the regional O3 pollution in the PRD were mostly attributed to locally (87.9 %) with minimal cross-regional transport (12.1 %). The S-type weather condition was mainly associated with the West Pacific Subtropical High and the surface equalization pressure field, accompanied by low wind speed. Therefore, the considerable (minor) contribution of local production (cross-regional transport) of 83.3 % (16.7 %) to O3 pollution in the PRD is a consequence of the stagnation weather condition.

Bifidobacterium longum promotes postoperative liver function recovery in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma.

Timely liver function recovery (LFR) is crucial for postoperative hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients. Here, we established the significance of LFR on patient long-term survival through retrospective and prospective cohorts and identified a key gut microbe, Bifidobacterium longum, depleted in patients with delayed recovery. Fecal microbiota transfer from HCC patients with delayed recovery to mice similarly impacted recovery time post hepatectomy. However, oral gavage of B. longum improved liver function and repair in these mice. In a clinical trial of HCC patients, orally administering a probiotic bacteria cocktail containing B. longum reduced the rates of delayed recovery, shortened hospital stays, and improved overall 1-year survival. These benefits, attributed to diminished liver inflammation, reduced liver fibrosis, and hepatocyte proliferation, were associated with changes in key metabolic pathways, including 5-hydroxytryptamine, secondary bile acids, and short-chain fatty acids. Our findings propose that gut microbiota modulation can enhance LFR, thereby improving postoperative outcomes for HCC patients.

Enabling Ultralow-Temperature (-70 °C) Lithium-Ion Batteries: Advanced Electrolytes Utilizing Weak-Solvation and Low-Viscosity Nitrile Cosolvent.

Low-temperature performance of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) has always posed a significant challenge, limiting their wide application in cold environments. In this work, the high-performance LIBs working under ultralow-temperature conditions, which is achieved by employing the weak-solvation and low-viscosity isobutyronitrile as a cosolvent to tame the affinity between solvents and lithium ions, is reported. The as-prepared electrolytes exhibit a sufficiently high conductivity (1.152 mS cm-1 ) at -70 °C. The electrolytes enable LiCoO2 cathode and graphite anode to achieve high Coulombic efficiency of >99.9% during long-term cycling at room temperature, and to respectively achieve 75.8% and 100.0% of their room-temperature capacities at -40 °C. Even the LiCoO2 //graphite pouch cells can retain 68.7% of the room-temperature capacity when discharged at -70 °C, and present stable cycling performance at -40 and 60 °C. This work provides a solution for the development of advanced electrolytes to enable LIBs working at wide-temperatures range.

Compared to histamine-2 receptor antagonist, proton pump inhibitor induces stronger oral-to-gut microbial transmission and gut microbiome alterations: a randomised controlled trial.

OBJECTIVE: We aim to compare the effects of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) and histamine-2 receptor antagonists (H2RAs) on the gut microbiota through longitudinal analysis. DESIGN: Healthy volunteers were randomly assigned to receive either PPI (n=23) or H2RA (n=26) daily for seven consecutive days. We collected oral (saliva) and faecal samples before and after the intervention for metagenomic next-generation sequencing. We analysed intervention-induced alterations in the oral and gut microbiome including microbial abundance and growth rates, oral-to-gut transmissions, and compared differences between the PPI and H2RA groups. RESULTS: Both interventions disrupted the gut microbiota, with PPIs demonstrating more pronounced effects. PPI usage led to a significantly higher extent of oral-to-gut transmission and promoted the growth of specific oral microbes in the gut. This led to a significant increase in both the number and total abundance of oral species present in the gut, including the identification of known disease-associated species like Fusobacterium nucleatum and Streptococcus anginosus. Overall, gut microbiome-based machine learning classifiers could accurately distinguish PPI from non-PPI users, achieving an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) of 0.924, in contrast to an AUROC of 0.509 for H2RA versus non-H2RA users. CONCLUSION: Our study provides evidence that PPIs have a greater impact on the gut microbiome and oral-to-gut transmission than H2RAs, shedding light on the mechanism underlying the higher risk of certain diseases associated with prolonged PPI use. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: ChiCTR2300072310.

[Spatio-temporal Characteristics and Influencing Factors of Ozone Suppression Events Under High Temperature in China].

Temperature is a key meteorological factor affecting ozone formation. In general, a positive correlation is observed between ozone and temperature, that is, ozone concentration increases with the increase in temperature. However, this relationship may change at extremely high temperatures. When the temperature exceeds a threshold value, the ozone concentration tends to decrease, which is referred to as an ozone suppression event. Ozone suppression events lead to greater uncertainties in the prediction of future air quality under climate change. Based on the national air quality monitoring data, reanalysis data, and meteorological observation data, this study used the Z test to systematically analyze the spatio-temporal characteristics of the critical temperature(Tx) and frequency of ozone suppression events in China during the warm season(April to September) from 2013 to 2020 and further analyzed the possible influencing factors for the occurrence of ozone suppression events. The results showed that approximately 18% of the sites in China experienced ozone suppression events in the warm season from 2013 to 2020. The sites with a high frequency of ozone suppression events were mainly distributed in the central and western regions of China, such as Sichuan, Xinjiang, and Shaanxi, with an average frequency of ten times per year. The critical temperature(Tx) ranged from 19.2 to 39.3℃, and the Tx of most sites showed an increasing trend from 2013 to 2020. The high values of Tx were mainly distributed in the central and western regions such as Sichuan, Chongqing, Hunan, and Hubei, whereas the low values of Tx were concentrated in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Contrary to the interannual trend of Tx, the frequency of ozone suppression events decreased significantly in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region and exhibited a characteristic of "increase-decrease-increase" in the Fenwei Plain, the Yangtze River Delta, and the Chengdu-Chongqing regions. The most significant effect of extreme high temperature on ozone suppresion was found in the Pearl River Delta Region. In addition, ozone precursors(e.g., NO2) and meteorological conditions(wind speed and direction) were possible factors affecting the occurrence of ozone suppression events.

Experimental Study on the Backflow Mechanism of Proppants in Induced Fractures and Fiber Sand Control Under the Condition of Large-Scale and Fully Measurable Flow Field.

The proppant backflow in the process of flowback has a great significant effect on gas field development. Therefore, the study of proppant backflow is of great significance for the development and production of gas wells. At present, the physical simulation methods for proppant backflow mainly include the tube perforation model, the slot model, an API standard flow tester, and a large-scale flowback apparatus. The current experimental methods are unable to observe the backflow of proppants during the process of the flowback test. In addition, the only characterization parameter for proppant backflow is the liquid flow rate corresponding to the sand discharge in the diversion chamber called critical velocity, which is too simple and single to accurately characterize the movement state of proppants during the flowback process. In this paper, a physical simulation method of proppant backflow in fractures based on the measurement of flow field was proposed. It can realize the observation and fine description of the proppant backflow state and movement rule. In addition, the process of proppant backflow can be quantitatively described by a multidimensional characterization parameter. The research shows that (1) the proppant backflow is closely related to the shape of the sand bank formed during the proppant placement and the irregular voids formed; (2) the fiber increases the strength of the proppant pack significantly; (3) the critical velocity with fiber increased by 2.25 times compared with the critical velocity without fiber, the optimum fiber concentration was 0.8%, and the fiber length was 12 mm; (4) the full fiber injection was selected as the best injection mode by the experiment; and (5) the whole process of flowback can be divided into two stages. In the strong fluid shear stage, the effect of fiber sand control is more significant. However, when the flowback enters the stage of slow erosion, the difference in the sand control effect under different parameters is no longer significant.