Molecular Characterization of Wheat Stripe Rust Pathogen (Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici) Collections from Nine Countries.

Stripe rust, caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst), is one of the most important diseases of wheat worldwide. To understand the worldwide distribution of its molecular groups, as well as the diversity, differentiation, and migration of the Pst populations, 567 isolates collected from nine countries (China, Pakistan, Italy, Egypt, Ethiopia, Canada, Mexico, Ecuador, and the U.S.) in 2010-2018 were genotyped using 14 codominant simple sequence repeat markers. A total of 433, including 333 new multi-locus genotypes (MLGs), were identified, which were clustered into ten molecular groups (MGs). The MGs and country-wise populations differed in genetic diversity, heterozygosity, and correlation coefficient between the marker and virulence data. Many isolates from different countries, especially the isolates from Mexico, Ecuador, and the U.S., were found to be identical or closely related MLGs, and some of the MGs were present in all countries, indicating Pst migrations among different countries. The analysis of molecular variance revealed 78% variation among isolates, 12% variation among countries, and 10% variation within countries. Only low levels of differentiation were found by the pairwise comparisons of country populations. Of the 10 MGs, 5 were found to be involved in sexual and/or somatic recombination. Identical and closely related MLGs identified from different countries indicated international migrations. The study provides information on the distributions of various Pst genetic groups in different countries and evidence for the global migrations, which should be useful in understanding the pathogen evolution and in stressing the need for continual monitoring of the disease and pathogen populations at the global scale.

Association of glutamate metabotropic receptor polymorphisms and sensorineural hearing loss in adults of different age groups / Associação entre polimorfismos do gene do receptor metabotrópico de glutamato 7 e perda auditiva neurossensorial em adultos de diferentes faixas etárias

Abstract Introduction: Sensorineural hearing loss is a common challenge all over the world, including a section of the young population. While there have been many published reports associating glutamate metabotropic receptor 7 with sensorineural hearing loss, there is no report, till date, about the association of glutamate metabotropic receptor 7 polymorphisms with sensorineural hearing loss at different ages. Objective: To test the association between the single nucleotide polymorphisms rs11928865 and rs11920109 of the glutamate metabotropic receptor 7 with sensorineural hearing loss in adults of different age groups. Methods: A total of 1661 subjects were studied. The individuals aged between 30 and 50, and between 51 and 70 years with sensorineural hearing loss comprised group A and group B, respectively. Individuals aged between 30 and 50; and between 51 and 70 years without hearing loss comprised control groups C and D, respectively. The MassARRAY method was used to analyze the genotypes. Results: The difference in genotypes for the glutamate metabotropic receptor 7 rs11928865 single nucleotide polymorphism between patients in the groups B and D was statistically significant (p = 0.018). The distribution frequencies of genotypes in patients that were aged between 30 and 50 years were not significantly different. The difference in genotypes for the rs11920109 single nucleotide polymorphism between the sensorineural hearing loss groups and control groups showed no statistical significance. Conclusion: The rs11928865 single nucleotide polymorphism was associated with the susceptibility to hearing loss in patients in group B but not with those in group A.

Resumo Introdução: A perda auditiva neurossensorial é um desafio comum no mundo todo, inclui uma parte da população jovem. Embora haja muitos relatos que associem o gene do receptor metabotrópico de glutamato 7 com perda auditiva neurossensorial, não há relato, até a presente data, sobre a associação de polimorfismos do receptor metabotrópico de glutamato 7 com perda auditiva neurossensorial em diferentes faixas etárias. Objetivo: Testar a associação entre os polimorfismos de nucleotídeo único, rs11928865 e rs11920109 do receptor metabotrópico de glutamato 7 e perda auditiva neurossensorial em adultos de diferentes faixas etárias. Método: Um total de 1661 indivíduos foram estudados. Os indivíduos com idade entre 30 e 50 anos e entre 51 e 70 anos com perda auditiva neurossensorial constituíram o grupo A e o grupo B, respectivamente. Indivíduos com idade entre 30 e 50 anos; e entre 51 e 70 anos sem perda auditiva foram os grupos controle C e D, respectivamente. O método MassARRAY foi utilizado para analisar os genótipos. Resultados: A diferença nos genótipos para o polimorfismo de nucleotídeo único rs11928865 do gene receptor metabotrópico de glutamato 7 entre os pacientes dos Grupos B e D foi estatisticamente significante (p = 0,018). As frequências de distribuição dos genótipos nos pacientes entre 30 e 50 anos não foram significantemente diferentes. A diferença nos genótipos para o polimorfismo de nucleotídeo único rs11920109 entre os grupos com perda auditiva neurossensorial e os grupos controle não mostrou significância estatística. Conclusão: O polimorfismo de nucleotídeo único rs11928865 foi associado à suscetibilidade para perda auditiva em pacientes do grupo B, mas não àqueles do grupo A.

Association of glutamate metabotropic receptor polymorphisms and sensorineural hearing loss in adults of different age groups.

INTRODUCTION: Sensorineural hearing loss is a common challenge all over the world, including a section of the young population. While there have been many published reports associating glutamate metabotropic receptor 7 with sensorineural hearing loss, there is no report, till date, about the association of glutamate metabotropic receptor 7 polymorphisms with sensorineural hearing loss at different ages. OBJECTIVE: To test the association between the single nucleotide polymorphisms rs11928865 and rs11920109 of the glutamate metabotropic receptor 7 with sensorineural hearing loss in adults of different age groups. METHODS: A total of 1661 subjects were studied. The individuals aged between 30 and 50, and between 51 and 70 years with sensorineural hearing loss comprised group A and group B, respectively. Individuals aged between 30 and 50; and between 51 and 70 years without hearing loss comprised control groups C and D, respectively. The MassARRAY method was used to analyze the genotypes. RESULTS: The difference in genotypes for the glutamate metabotropic receptor 7 rs11928865 single nucleotide polymorphism between patients in the groups B and D was statistically significant (p=0.018). The distribution frequencies of genotypes in patients that were aged between 30 and 50 years were not significantly different. The difference in genotypes for the rs11920109 single nucleotide polymorphism between the sensorineural hearing loss groups and control groups showed no statistical significance. CONCLUSION: The rs11928865 single nucleotide polymorphism was associated with the susceptibility to hearing loss in patients in group B but not with those in group A.