Assessment of valve regurgitation severity via contrastive learning and multi-view video integration.

Objective. This paper presents a novel approach for addressing the intricate task of diagnosing aortic valve regurgitation (AR), a valvular disease characterized by blood leakage due to incompetence of the valve closure. Conventional diagnostic techniques require detailed evaluations of multi-modal clinical data, frequently resulting in labor-intensive and time-consuming procedures that are vulnerable to varying subjective assessment of regurgitation severity.Approach. In our research, we introduce the multi-view video contrastive network, designed to leverage multiple color Doppler imaging inputs for multi-view video processing. We leverage supervised contrastive learning as a strategic approach to tackle class imbalance and enhance the effectiveness of our feature representation learning. Specifically, we introduce a contrastive learning framework to enhance representation learning within the embedding space through inter-patient and intra-patient contrastive loss terms.Main results. We conducted extensive experiments using an in-house dataset comprising 250 echocardiography video series. Our results exhibit a substantial improvement in diagnostic accuracy for AR compared to state-of-the-art methods in terms of accuracy by 9.60%, precision by 8.67%, recall by 9.01%, andF1-score by 8.92%. These results emphasize the capacity of our approach to provide a more precise and efficient method for evaluating the severity of AR.Significance. The proposed model could quickly and accurately make decisions about the severity of AR, potentially serving as a useful prescreening tool.

Population-based birth cohort study on diabetes in pregnancy and infant hospitalisations in Cree, other First Nations and non-Indigenous communities in Quebec.

OBJECTIVES: Diabetes in pregnancy, whether pre-gestational (chronic) or gestational (de novo hyperglycaemia), increases the risk of adverse birth outcomes. It is unclear whether gestational diabetes increases the risk of postnatal morbidity in infants. Cree First Nations in Quebec are at high risk for diabetes in pregnancy. We assessed whether pre-gestational or gestational diabetes may increase infant hospitalisation (an infant morbidity indicator) incidence, and whether this may be related to more frequent infant hospitalisations in Cree and other First Nations in Quebec. DESIGN: Population-based birth cohort study through administrative health data linkage. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: Singleton infants (≤1 year) born to mothers in Cree (n=5070), other First Nations (9910) and non-Indigenous (48 200) communities in rural Quebec. RESULTS: Both diabetes in pregnancy and infant hospitalisation rates were much higher comparing Cree (23.7% and 29.0%) and other First Nations (12.4% and 34.1%) to non-Indigenous (5.9% and 15.5%) communities. Compared with non-diabetes, pre-gestational diabetes was associated with an increased risk of any infant hospitalisation to a greater extent in Cree and other First Nations (relative risk (RR) 1.56 (95% CI 1.28 to 1.91)) than non-Indigenous (RR 1.26 (1.15 to 1.39)) communities. Pre-gestational diabetes was associated with increased risks of infant hospitalisation due to diseases of multiple systems in all communities. There were no significant associations between gestational diabetes and risks of infant hospitalisation in all communities. The population attributable risk fraction of infant hospitalisations (overall) for pre-gestational diabetes was 6.2% in Cree, 1.6% in other First Nations and 0.3% in non-Indigenous communities. CONCLUSIONS: The study is the first to demonstrate that pre-gestational diabetes increases the risk of infant hospitalisation overall and due to diseases of multiple systems, but gestational diabetes does not. High prevalence of pre-gestational diabetes may partly account for the excess infant hospitalisations in Cree and other First Nations communities in Quebec.

Nipple-Sparing Mastectomies in Patients over the Age of 60 Years: Factors Associated with Surgical Outcomes.

BACKGROUND: Nipple-sparing mastectomy (NSM) outcomes in the elderly have not been well characterized. The goal of this study was to evaluate NSM outcomes in patients over age 60. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A single-institution retrospective cohort study was performed for NSM patients over the age of 60 from January 2004 to January 2022. Demographic, intraoperative, and postoperative variables were collected. RESULTS: We identified 136 women who underwent a total of 200 NSMs at a mean age 65.2 years and with mean body mass index of 25. Most (56%) had invasive breast cancer, requiring neoadjuvant chemotherapy in 15%, and 17.5% had radiation prior to NSM. A total of 91% had immediate tissue expander placement. The infection rate was 19%, with 11.5% requiring expander explantation in the follow-up period. In binomial logistic regression analysis, prior radiation increased the odds of any complication by 2.9 (OR 2.93, CI 1.30-6.58, p = 0.009) and increased the odds of infection by 5.7 (OR 5.70, CI 1.95-16.66, p = 0.001), but no associations were seen for other covariates including age, comorbidities, prior chemotherapy, or presence of invasive disease. Diabetes increased the odds of wound breakdown specifically by 9.0 (OR 8.97, CI 2.01-39.92, p = 0.004). Local recurrence was 3% in mean 3.4-year follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: Our data support NSM in patients over the age of 60 years with acceptable outcomes within the standard of care. Locoregional recurrence was within the cited range of 0-5%, and only diabetes and prior radiation were associated with reconstructive complications. NSM should thus be offered when appropriate regardless of increased age to achieve oncologic and reconstructive goals.

Assessment of an embedded primary care-derived electronic health record (EHR) frailty index (eFI) in older adults with acute myeloid leukemia.

INTRODUCTION: Assessing frailty is integral to treatment decision-making for older adults with acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Prior electronic frailty indices (eFI) derive from an accumulated-deficit model and are associated with mortality in older primary care populations. We evaluated use of an embedded eFI in AML by describing baseline eFI categories by treatment type and exploring associations between eFI categories, survival, and treatment received. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was a retrospective study of subjects ≥60 years old with new AML treated at an academic medical center from 1/2018-10/2020. The eFI requires ≥2 ambulatory visits over two years and uses demographics, vitals, ICD-10 codes, outpatient labs, and available functional information from Medicare Annual Wellness Visits. Frailty was defined as fit (eFI ≤ 0.10), pre-frail (0.10 < eFI ≤ 0.21), and frail (eFI > 0.21). Chemotherapy was intensive (anthracycline-based) or less-intensive (hypomethylating agent, low dose cytarabine +/- venetoclax). Therapy type, pre-treatment characteristics, and chemotherapy cycles were compared by eFI category using chi-square and Fisher's exact tests and ANOVA. Median survival was compared by eFI category using log-rank tests stratified by therapy type. RESULTS: Among 166 older adults treated for AML (mean age 74 years, 61% male, 85% Caucasian), only 79 (48%) had a calculable eFI score before treatment. Of these, baseline eFI category was associated with treatment received (fit (n = 31): 68% intensive, 32% less intensive; pre-frail (n = 38): 37% intensive, 63% less intensive; frail (n = 10): 0% intensive, 100% less intensive; not calculable (n = 87): 48% intensive, 52% less-intensive; p < 0.01). The prevalence of congestive heart failure and secondary AML differed by frailty status (p < 0.01). Median survival did not differ between eFI categories for intensively (p = 0.48) or less-intensively (p = 0.09) treated patients. For those with less-intensive therapy who lived ≥6 months, eFI category was not associated with the number of chemotherapy cycles received (p = 0.97). The main reason for an incalculable eFI was a lack of outpatient visits in our health system prior to AML diagnosis. DISCUSSION: A primary care-derived eFI was incalculable for half of older adults with AML at an academic medical center. Frailty was associated with chemotherapy intensity but not survival or treatment duration. Next steps include testing adaptations of the eFI to the AML setting.

Carotid artery stenting for asymptomatic stenosis is associated with decreased 30-day readmission at very high volume centers.

Endovascular carotid artery stenting (CAS) is a common treatment for carotid artery stenosis and stroke prevention. Previous studies have shown that high procedural volume centers are associated with improved patient outcomes. Unplanned 30-day readmissions, which are associated with significant expenses, are increasingly used as a metric of patient outcome. Despite prior studies evaluating associations between procedural volume and multiple outcomes, the association between very high CAS volume and short-term (30-day) readmission has not yet been evaluated in a large multicenter study. The National Readmissions Database (NRD) was analyzed retrospectively from 2010 to 2015 to evaluate the association between hospital procedural volume and patient outcomes in asymptomatic and symptomatic CAS patients. Very high volume centers (VHVC) were defined as the top 10% hospitals in terms of procedural volume, performing >= 79 procedures a year. Univariate and multivariate analyses of patient and hospital characteristics evaluated associations with short-term (30-day) readmissions (SR), long-term (90-day) readmissions (LR), index mortality, discharge disposition, major complications, and neurological complications. A total of 36,128 asymptomatic patients and 8,390 symptomatic patients who underwent CAS were identified. Asymptomatic CAS patients treated at VHVCs were associated with decreased likelihood of SR (OR 0.88, 95% CI 0.80-0.95, p = 0.003) and LR (OR 0.91, 95% CI 0.85-0.99, p = 0.037) compared to asymptomatic patients at non-VHVCs. There was no significant difference in SR or LR between symptomatic CAS patients treated at a VHVC vs. non-VHVC. Our findings provide additional evidence to support the role of experience in improved CAS treatment outcomes.

Wireless physical activity monitor use among adults living with HIV in a community-based exercise intervention study: a quantitative, longitudinal, observational study.

OBJECTIVES: Our aim was to examine wireless physical activity monitor (WPAM) use and its associations with contextual factors (age, highest education level, social support and mental health) among adults living with HIV engaged in a community-based exercise (CBE) intervention. DESIGN: Quantitative, longitudinal, observational study. SETTING: Toronto YMCA, Ontario, Canada. PARTICIPANTS: Eighty adults living with HIV who initiated the CBE intervention. INTERVENTION: Participants received a WPAM to track physical activity during a 25-week CBE intervention involving thrice-weekly exercise, supervised weekly (phase 1) and a 32-week follow-up involving thrice-weekly exercise with no supervision (phase 2), completed in December 2018. OUTCOME MEASURES: Uptake was measured as participants who consented to WPAM use at initation of the intervention. Usage was defined as the proportion of days each participant had greater than 0 steps out of the total number of days in the study. We measured contextual factors using a baseline demographic questionnaire (age, highest education level), and median scores from the bimonthly administered Medical Outcomes Study-Social Support Scale and Patient Health Questionnaire (mental health), where higher scores indicated greater social support and mental health concerns, respectively. We calculated Spearman correlations between WPAM usage and contextual factors. RESULTS: Seventy-six of 80 participants (95%) consented to WPAM use. In phase 1, 66% of participants (n=76) and in phase 2, 61% of participants (n=64) used the WPAM at least 1 day. In phase 1, median WPAM usage was 50% (25th, 75th percentile: 0%, 87%; n=76) of days enrolled and in phase 2, 23% (0%, 76%; n=64) of days. Correlation coefficients with WPAM usage ranged from weak for age (ρ=0.26) and mental health scores (ρ=-0.25) to no correlation (highest education level, social support). CONCLUSIONS: Most adults living with HIV consented to WPAM use, however, usage declined over time from phase 1 to phase 2. Future implementation of WPAMs should consider factors to promote sustained usage by adults living with HIV. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: NCT02794415.

Polypharmacy in Oncology.

Polypharmacy, defined as taking five medications or more, is a common geriatric syndrome. It is especially prevalent in older adults with cancer. For older patients with breast, lung, prostate, and colorectal cancer and chronic lymphocytic leukemia, polypharmacy has numerous adverse effects, including interactions with medications prescribed for other comorbidities. Polypharmacy is influenced by drug-drug interactions and can reduce the efficacy of systemic cancer therapeutics. It is also associated with worse progression-free and overall survival for some cancers such as lung and colorectal cancer. This highlights the need for a judicious review of all medications and the role of interventions in improving quality of life and survival.

Non-operative management of pneumoperitoneum following cardiopulmonary resuscitation.

Spontaneous pneumoperitoneum in a patient with a tracheostomy tube following cardiopulmonary resuscitation is exceedingly rare, with little experimental nor observational data to guide evidence-based management. We present the case of a 75-year-old woman with a tracheostomy tube who developed pneumoperitoneum following CPR. The patient experienced pulseless electrical activity arrest requiring nine rounds of chest compressions to return to spontaneous circulation. Computerized tomography demonstrated pneumothoraces, subcutaneous emphysema and extensive intraperitoneal, extraperitoneal and retroperitoneal free air without evidence of visceral perforation. The patient's abdomen was distended without tenderness, guarding or rebound. She had a white blood cell count mildly elevated from her baseline levels. The management plan of serial abdominal exams without operative intervention was chosen given the absence of clinical and laboratory signs of peritonitis. This case highlights the importance of developing a standardized management algorithm for patients with pneumoperitoneum in the setting of tracheostomy tubes without evidence of perforation.

Simultaneous High-Strength and Deformable Nanolaminates With Thick Biphase Interfaces.

Two-phase nanolaminates are known for their high strength, yet they suffer from loss of ductility. Here, we show that broadening heterophase interfaces into "3D interfaces" as thick as the individual layers breaks this strength-ductility trade-off. In this work, we use micropillar compression and transmission electron microscopy to examine the processes underlying this breakthrough mechanical performance. The analysis shows that the 3D interfaces stifle flow instability via shear band formation through their interaction with dislocation pileups. To explain this observation, we use phase field dislocation dynamics (PFDD) simulations to study the interaction between a pileup and a 3D interface. Results show that when dislocation pileups fall below a characteristic size relative to the 3D interface thickness, transmission across interfaces becomes significantly frustrated. Our work demonstrates that 3D interfaces attenuate pileup-induced stress concentrations, preventing shear localization and offering an alternative way to enhanced mechanical performance.

Botulinum toxin as an adjunct for severe Dupuytren's contracture treated with collagenase injections.

Even with Dupuytren's proximal interphalangeal joint (PIPJ) contractures successfully released, volar flexor muscle memory can contribute to persistent contracture. We report using botulinum toxin (BoNTA) to the flexor digitorum superficialis muscle (FDS) to reduce flexor tone during recovery. Case Description. Two Collagenase clostridium histolyticum (CCH) injections were given to a patient with a -90° (PIPJ) contracture and a -35° degree distal interphalangeal joint (DIPJ) contracture. At the first CCH injection, 20 µ total of the Botulinum toxin was placed into the FDS muscle. Manipulation occurred at one week. A second injection of CCH followed by manipulation one week later occurred at two months, but no additional BoNTA was given. The final follow-up measurements at 53 months showed a PIPJ of -30° and a DIPJ of 0°. Total active motion improved from 140° to 240°. Outcomes of any treatment for severe Dupuytren's PIPJ contractures of the little finger are unpredictable and are often considered for staged external expansion or even salvage procedures. BoNTA injections weaken flexor tone in tendon repairs and for treating hypertonic muscles after strokes. Conclusion. We hypothesized that BoNTA injection could enhance the outcomes of DC treatment by inhibiting volar flexion forces during the recovery phase. The following case illustrates that using a BoNTA injection may have helped treat a severe PIPJ contracture. BoNTA injections need further research and controlled clinical trials to discover their proper role in Dupuytren's contractures treated via CCH injections, fasciotomies, and fasciectomies.

Metastatic Alveolar Rhabdomyosarcoma with Extensive Bone Marrow Replacement in an Older Adult.

Rhabdomyosarcoma is extremely rare in adults. Metastatic rhabdomyosarcoma can resemble other malignancies, which can delay diagnosis and prompt treatment. This case illustrates an example of metastatic alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma with concurrent bone marrow infiltration. A 67-year-old woman presented with epistaxis and diffuse bone pain. She developed progressive thrombocytopenia requiring platelet transfusions. The patient was initially thought to have leukemia. She was found to have a large sinonasal mass with extensive metastatic disease and bone marrow infiltration. The patient was ultimately diagnosed with metastatic alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma. She was started on chemotherapy with vincristine, actinomycin, and cyclophosphamide. Unfortunately, she died prior to discharge home. Alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma can resemble a primary bone marrow malignancy when it infiltrates the bone marrow. Further investigation is needed to clarify its clinical behavior and expedite diagnosis and treatment.

The positivity principle: do positive instructors improve learning from video lectures?

The positivity principle states that people learn better from instructors who display positive emotions rather than negative emotions. In two experiments, students viewed a short video lecture on a statistics topic in which an instructor stood next to a series of slides as she lectured and then they took either an immediate test (Experiment 1) or a delayed test (Experiment 2). In a between-subjects design, students saw an instructor who used her voice, body movement, gesture, facial expression, and eye gaze to display one of four emotions while lecturing: happy (positive/active), content (positive/passive), frustrated (negative/active), or bored (negative/passive). First, learners were able to recognize the emotional tone of the instructor in an instructional video lecture, particularly by more strongly rating a positive instructor as displaying positive emotions and a negative instructor as displaying negative emotions (in Experiments 1 and 2). Second, concerning building a social connection during learning, learners rated a positive instructor as more likely to facilitate learning, more credible, and more engaging than a negative instructor (in Experiments 1 and 2). Third, concerning cognitive engagement during learning, learners reported paying more attention during learning for a positive instructor than a negative instructor (in Experiments 1 and 2). Finally, concerning learning outcome, learners who had a positive instructor scored higher than learners who had a negative instructor on a delayed posttest (Experiment 2) but not an immediate posttest (Experiment 1). Overall, there is evidence for the positivity principle and the cognitive-affective model of e-learning from which it is derived.

Association Between Race/Ethnicity and Survival in Women With Advanced Ovarian Cancer.

Introduction Ovarian cancer is the fifth-leading cause of cancer-related mortality in US women. There are survival disparities between non-Hispanic black (NHB) and non-Hispanic white (NHW) women. We assessed if insurance status or extent of disease modified the effect of race/ethnicity on survival for ovarian cancer. Methods A historical cohort was assembled using the 2007-2015 National Cancer Institute's Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Result (SEER) dataset. Adult NHB and NHW (>18 years) diagnosed with regional and distant ovarian cancer were included. The outcome was five-year cause-specific mortality. Multivariable Cox regression models were fitted, including race by the extent of disease and race by insurance status interaction terms. Results For each significant interaction, separate Cox models were fitted. In total 8,043 women were included. The insurance status/race interaction was not statistically significant, but the extent of disease modified the effect of race on survival. NHB survival was lower in regional disease (adjusted hazard ratio (HR) =1.6; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.1-2.4), while there was no difference in survival between women with distant disease (adjusted HR =1.0; 95%CI 0.9-1.2). Conclusions Ovarian cancer mortality is similar between NHB and NHW women with the distant disease but higher in NHB women with regional disease. Further research should clarify whether this difference is due to access to quality cancer treatment or other factors affecting treatment response.

Role of c-Met/ß1 integrin complex in the metastatic cascade in breast cancer.

Metastases cause 90% of human cancer deaths. The metastatic cascade involves local invasion, intravasation, extravasation, metastatic site colonization, and proliferation. Although individual mediators of these processes have been investigated, interactions between these mediators remain less well defined. We previously identified a complex between receptor tyrosine kinase c-Met and ß1 integrin in metastases. Using cell culture and in vivo assays, we found that c-Met/ß1 complex induction promoted intravasation and vessel wall adhesion in triple-negative breast cancer cells, but did not increase extravasation. These effects may have been driven by the ability of the c-Met/ß1 complex to increase mesenchymal and stem cell characteristics. Multiplex transcriptomic analysis revealed upregulated Wnt and hedgehog pathways after c-Met/ß1 complex induction. A ß1 integrin point mutation that prevented binding to c-Met reduced intravasation. OS2966, a therapeutic antibody disrupting c-Met/ß1 binding, decreased breast cancer cell invasion and mesenchymal gene expression. Bone-seeking breast cancer cells exhibited higher levels of c-Met/ß1 complex than parental controls and preferentially adhered to tissue-specific matrix. Patient bone metastases demonstrated higher c-Met/ß1 complex than brain metastases. Thus, the c-Met/ß1 complex drove intravasation of triple-negative breast cancer cells and preferential affinity for bone-specific matrix. Pharmacological targeting of the complex may have prevented metastases, particularly osseous metastases.

The Path to U.S. Neurosurgical Residency for Foreign Medical Graduates: Trends from a Decade 2007-2017.

OBJECTIVE: The increasing competitiveness of the neurosurgical residency match has made it progressively difficult for foreign medical graduates (FMGs) to match in neurosurgery. We compared FMG to U.S. medical graduate (USMG) match rates in neurosurgery and identified factors associated with match outcomes for FMGs in neurosurgery. METHODS: Retrospective review of American Association of Neurological Surgeons membership data and Association of American Medical Colleges Charting the Outcomes match reports (2007-2017). RESULTS: Across 1857 neurosurgical residents (USMG: 91.1%, FMG: 8.9%), average FMG match rates were 24% (range, 15%-35%) versus 83% (range, 75%-94%; P < 0.001) for USMG. FMGs were more male (89.5% vs. 82.0%, P = 0.016), older (33.9 vs. 31.8 years, P = 0.008), and more likely to take research year(s) before matching (95.8% vs. 78.5%, P < 0.001). FMGs had greater publications (5 vs. 2, P < 0.001) and H-indices (3 vs. 1, P < 0.001). The number of matched USMGs increased by 3.3 annually, whereas that of matched FMGs remained unchanged (ß = 0.07). Compared with USMGs, FMGs were less likely to match to National Institutes of Health (NIH) Top 40 (32.7% vs. 47.5%, P < 0.001) and Doximity Top 20 (20.0% vs. 29.0%, P = 0.014) programs. FMGs with prior U.S. neurosurgery program affiliation were more likely to match at NIH and Doximity Top 20 programs (P < 0.05). For NIH programs, FMGs were older (35.3 vs. 32.0, P = 0.011), had higher H-indices (5 vs. 2, P < 0.001), publications (7 vs. 2, P < 0.001), and were more likely to take research year(s) (94.4% vs. 76.0%, P = 0.002) than USMGs. FMGs had similar patterns for matching into Doximity Top 20 programs. CONCLUSIONS: Although FMGs have lower match rates into U.S. neurosurgery residencies than USMGs, several demographic, professional, and academic factors could increase the chances of successful FMG neurosurgical match.

Effect of Preoperative Patient Education on Opioid Consumption and Well-Being in Breast Augmentation.

BACKGROUND: Perioperative use of opioids is common in surgical practice and frequently results in troublesome opioid-related side effects that often lead to suboptimal postsurgical outcomes. As such, multiple studies have sought to identify alternatives that may reduce reliance on opioid-based perioperative pain management. Recently, it has been shown that patient education and patient involvement in care positively impact surgical outcomes. This study evaluates how patient education regarding the role of endogenous beta-endorphins in reducing pain and the opposing effect of opioid analgesics impacts opioid consumption and mood after surgery. METHODS: Patients scheduled for breast augmentation were divided into two groups, A and B. Both groups received identical multimodal anesthesia regimens; however, only patients in group B were educated on the role of endogenous beta-endorphins in pain control and mood enhancement, and how opioids block their action. RESULTS: Patients in the group receiving preoperative education on the analgesic and mood-enhancing role of endogenous beta-endorphins and how opioids block their action consumed significantly less opioids and had better postsurgical outcomes as determined by self-reported measures of pain level and mood/sense of well-being. CONCLUSIONS: The findings of this study suggest that opioid use was significantly reduced and patients' mood/sense of well-being was significantly enhanced when patients received preoperative education on the oppositional relationship between beta-endorphins and opioids. Such patient education may be linked to a significant reduction in opioid use and improved patient mood/sense of well-being, especially when combined with opioid-free multimodal anesthesia. CLINICAL QUESTION/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Therapeutic, II.

Unique Epidemiology of Spinal Cord Injury in Hawai'i: Wave-related Incidents.

Spinal cord injury remains one of the most devastating forms of traumatic injury. The purpose of this study was to characterize the clinical characteristics of spinal cord injury patients and the geographic location where the injury occurred in the state of Hawai'i. Spinal cord injury cases from 2009-2017 were identified using the State Trauma Registry, which included demographics, mechanism of injury, and outcomes. In 1170 spinal cord injury cases, the second most frequent etiology was an ocean-wave related incident. Over half of wave related spinal cord injury occurred on ten beaches on four islands. Compared to other mechanisms, patients with wave related spinal cord injury were significantly less likely to be Hawai'i residents (15%), screen positive for alcohol (4%), or have an injury in the lower thoracic or lumbar region (4%). These patients were also less likely to die (1%) and more likely to be discharged to home (66%). Wave related incidents are a major cause of spinal cord injury in Hawai'i, disproportionately affecting visitors. Education focused toward middle-aged male visitors at beaches with moderate to severe shorebreak may reduce the incidence of injury.

The neurosurgery applicant's "arms race": analysis of medical student publication in the Neurosurgery Residency Match.

OBJECTIVE: Neurosurgery is consistently one of the most competitive specialties for resident applicants. The emphasis on research in neurosurgery has led to an increasing number of publications by applicants seeking a successful residency match. The authors sought to produce a comprehensive analysis of research produced by neurosurgical applicants and to establish baseline data of neurosurgery applicant research productivity given the increased emphasis on research output for successful residency match. METHODS: A retrospective review of publication volume for all neurosurgery interns in 2009, 2011, 2014, 2016, and 2018 was performed using PubMed and Google Scholar. Missing data rates were 11% (2009), 9% (2011), and < 5% (all others). The National Resident Matching Program report "Charting Outcomes in the Match" (ChOM) was interrogated for total research products (i.e., abstracts, presentations, and publications). The publication rates of interns at top 40 programs, students from top 20 medical schools, MD/PhD applicants, and applicants based on location of residency program and medical school were compared statistically against all others. RESULTS: Total publications per neurosurgery intern (mean ± SD) based on PubMed and Google Scholar were 5.5 ± 0.6 in 2018 (1.7 ± 0.3, 2009; 2.1 ± 0.3, 2011; 2.6 ± 0.4, 2014; 3.8 ± 0.4, 2016), compared to 18.3 research products based on ChOM. In 2018, the mean numbers of publications were as follows: neurosurgery-specific publications per intern, 4.3 ± 0.6; first/last author publications, 2.1 ± 0.3; neurosurgical first/last author publications, 1.6 ± 0.2; basic science publications, 1.5 ± 0.2; and clinical research publications, 4.0 ± 0.5. Mean publication numbers among interns at top 40 programs were significantly higher than those of all other programs in every category (p < 0.001). Except for mean number of basic science publications (p = 0.1), the mean number of publications was higher for interns who attended a top 20 medical school than for those who did not (p < 0.05). Applicants with PhD degrees produced statistically more research in all categories (p < 0.05) except neurosurgery-specific (p = 0.07) and clinical research (p = 0.3). While there was no statistical difference in publication volume based on the geographical location of the residency program, students from medical schools in the Western US produced more research than all other regions (p < 0.01). Finally, research productivity did not correlate with likelihood of medical students staying at their home institution for residency. CONCLUSIONS: The authors found that the temporal trend toward increased total research products over time in neurosurgery applicants was driven mostly by increased nonindexed research (abstracts, presentations, chapters) rather than by increased peer-reviewed publications. While we also identified applicant-specific factors (MD/PhDs and applicants from the Western US) and an outcome (matching at research-focused institutions) associated with increased applicant publications, further work will be needed to determine the emphasis that programs and applicants will need to place on these publications.