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ObjectiveTo analyze the functions， formulae， dosage forms， and methods of administration of the menstruation-regulating Chinese patent medicines included in the 2020 edition of the Chinese Pharmacopoeia， so as to provide reference for rational clinical use. MethodThe relevant Chinese patent medicines were recorded one by one， and the efficacy， dosage forms， methods of administration， and contraindications were counted， classified， and summarized. Further， we analyzed the Chinese medicines used in these Chinese patent medicines， identified the high-frequency Chinese medicines for menstrual regulation， and analyzed their natures， tastes， meridian tropism， and functions， aiming to guide the clinical use. ResultA total of 142 Chinese patient medicines for menstrual disorders were included in this study. They were classified into 12 categories according to their efficacy， mainly for regulating menstruation and blood， tonifying， activating blood， and eliminating mass. The representative Chinese patent medicines were Bazhen Yimu pills， Shaofu Zhuyu pills， Lyujiao Buxue granules， and Guizhi Fuling pills， which are in line with the principles of moving Qi and blood and regulating liver and spleen. Menstruation-regulating Chinese patents medicines are mostly in pills and capsules and are mainly taken with yellow wine or ginger decoction. Pregnancy was the contraindication with the highest frequency， followed by menstruation and dietary precautions. The high-frequency Chinese medicines mainly had the functions of tonifying， activating blood， resolving stasis， and clearing heat， with the top three being Angelicae Sinensis Radix， Paeoniae Radix Alba， and Chuanxiong Rhizoma. These medicines mainly had warm nature， sweet， bitter， and pungent tastes， and tropism to liver and spleen meridians. ConclusionThe treatment of menstrual disorders should focus on nourishing and activating blood， regulating Qi， tonifying kidney， supporting spleen， nourishing liver， and harmonizing stomach. The appropriate dosage form should be selected according to the patient's specific conditions. The medicinal guide and the method of administration should be selected on the basis of syndrome differentiation with attention to the contraindications. In summary， the Chinese patient medicines for menstrual regulation should be chosen based on the patient’s syndrome under guidance of the theory of traditional Chinese medicine.
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O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=81 SRC="FIGDIR/small/22279459v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1"> View larger version (24K): org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@debf50org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1e21da2org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@78708org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@3239ee_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP M_FIG C_FIG The primary objective of this study was to identify a universal wastewater biomarker for population normalization for SARS-CoV-2 wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE). A total of 2,624 wastewater samples (41 weeks) were collected weekly during May 2021-April 2022 from 64 wastewater facilities across Missouri, U.S. Three wastewater biomarkers, caffeine and its metabolite, paraxanthine, and pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV), were compared for the population normalization effectiveness for wastewater SARS-CoV-2 surveillance. Paraxanthine had the lowest temporal variation and strongest relationship between population compared to caffeine and PMMoV. This result was confirmed by data from ten different Wisconsins WWTPs with gradients in population sizes, indicating paraxanthine is a promising biomarker of the real-time population across a large geographical region. The estimated real-time population was directly compared against the population patterns with human movement mobility data. Of the three biomarkers, population normalization by paraxanthine significantly strengthened the relationship between wastewater SARS-CoV-2 viral load and COVID-19 incidence rate the most (40 out of 61 sewersheds). Caffeine could be a promising population biomarker for regions where no significant exogenous caffeine sources (e.g., discharges from food industries) exist. In contrast, PMMoV showed the highest variability over time, and therefore reduced the strength of the relationship between sewage SARS-CoV-2 viral load and the COVID-19 incidence rate, as compared to wastewater data without population normalization and the population normalized by either recent Census population or the population estimated based on the number of residential connections and average household size for that municipality from the Census. Overall, the findings of this long-term surveillance study concluded that the paraxanthine has the best performance as a biomarker for population normalization for SARS-CoV-2 wastewater-based epidemiology.
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Wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) has been one of the most cost-effective approaches to track the SARS-CoV-2 levels in the communities since the COVID-19 outbreak in 2020. Normalizing SARS-CoV-2 concentrations by the population biomarkers in wastewater can be critical for interpreting the viral loads, comparing the epidemiological trends among the sewersheds, and identifying the vulnerable communities. In this study, five population biomarkers, pepper mild mottle virus (pMMoV), creatinine (CRE), 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA), caffeine (CAF) and its metabolite paraxanthine (PARA) were investigated for their utility in normalizing the SARS-CoV-2 loads through developed direct and indirect approaches. Their utility in assessing the real-time population contributing to the wastewater was also evaluated. The best performed candidate was further tested for its capacity for improving correlation between normalized SARS-CoV-2 loads and the clinical cases reported in the City of Columbia, Missouri, a university town with a constantly fluctuated population. Our results showed that, except CRE, the direct and indirect normalization approaches using biomarkers allow accounting for the changes in wastewater dilution and differences in relative human waste input over time regardless flow volume and population at any given WWTP. Among selected biomarkers, PARA is the most reliable population biomarker in determining the SARS-CoV-2 load per capita due to its high accuracy, low variability, and high temporal consistency to reflect the change in population dynamics and dilution in wastewater. It also demonstrated its excellent utility for real-time assessment of the population contributing to the wastewater. In addition, the viral loads normalized by the PARA-estimated population significantly improved the correlation (rho=0.5878, p<0.05) between SARS-CoV-2 load per capita and case numbers per capita. This chemical biomarker offers an excellent alternative to the currently CDC-recommended pMMoV genetic biomarker to help us understand the size, distribution, and dynamics of local populations for forecasting the prevalence of SARS-CoV2 within each sewershed. HIGHLIGHT (bullet points)O_LIThe paraxanthine (PARA), the metabolite of the caffeine, is a more reliable population biomarker in SARS-CoV-2 wastewater-based epidemiology studies than the currently recommended pMMoV genetic marker. C_LIO_LISARS-CoV-2 load per capita could be directly normalized using the regression functions derived from correlation between paraxanthine and population without flowrate and population data. C_LIO_LINormalizing SARS-CoV-2 levels with the chemical marker PARA significantly improved the correlation between viral loads per capita and case numbers per capita. C_LIO_LIThe chemical marker PARA demonstrated its excellent utility for real-time assessment of the population contributing to the wastewater. C_LI
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Objective:To identify current research hotspot and future trends of hospital Party construction work from 2009 to 2019, provide references for promoting integration of Party construction with medical work to guide the development of the hospital.Methods:Literature published during 2009-2019 were retrieved in CNKI database using the method of subject research. The Citespace V software was used to generate the research institutions and cooperative network, the keyword co-occurrence network and emergent word graph, information visualization was used to analyze the research institutions, research hotspots, research trends and frontiers.Results:A total of 1 161 papers were obtained. The cooperation between research institutions and hospitals needed to be strengthened. In the past 10 years, the researches focused on the management of Party members and the standardization construction of Party branches, the empirical research combining the policy hotspots, and the promotion of development of hospitals by Party construction.Conclusions:The cooperative research mode between hospitals and universities should be carried out. The internal integrity of the theoretical system needs reinforcement, and the achievement transformation of Party construction research also should be enhanced.
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Tumor surface antigen human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (Her2) is a type I receptor tyrosine kinase, which belongs to human epidermal growth factor receptor family. Her2-overexpression is associated with tumorigenesis and metastasis. Due to significant clinical effects, Her2-targeted cancer therapy especially therapeutic antibody has become the hot spot in the field of cancer treatment. Anti-Her2 antibody drugs include monoclonal antibodies, antibody-drug conjugates, bispecific antibodies and emerging "two in one" antibody. Based on structure and function of Her2, this review focuses on recent advances in active mechanisms and clinical researches of these antibodies.
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Objective To evaluate X-ray and MRI features of limbs in childhood acute leukemia.Methods Thirteen children with acute leukemia in our pediatric hematology ward were recruited.Allpatients were pathologically diagnosed by bone marrow aspiration and complained of bone or joint pain in the first visit.ConventionaI X-ray and MRI examinations of algesic sites were performed before clinical treatment and after complete remission.MR images were obtained with SE-T1WI,SE-T2WI and T2WI-fat suppressed sequences and symmetria bilateralis was requested while scanning.X-ray and MRI manifestations were evaluated and compared.Resuits All 13 patients had received X-ray examinations.Among them,6 had normal X-ray findings,whereas the other 7(14 sites)showed various abnormalities including radiolucent metaphyseal bands(5 sites),periosteal reaction(3 sites),osteapenia(2 sites),mixed lesions(lysissclerosis,1 site),and permeative pattern(3 sites).The number of patients for MRI examinations was 8(11 sites).Among them,6(9 sites)showed bone marrow infiluration and bone marrow necrosis accompanied by normal X-ray findings,another 2(2 sites)showed bone marrow infiltration associated with radiographic abnormalities of periosteal reaction and radiolucent metaphyseal bands.Four cases were followed up within 1 week when reached complete remission by chemotherapy.MR images features included reduced sizes of bone marrow infiltration lesions associated with increased signal intensity on T1WI,and disappearance of double-line sign on bone marrow necrosis accompanied by signal homogenization.However,the radiograph before and after treatment in the same cases did not differ significantly.Conclusions MRI was earlier and more comprehensive in showing limbs bone marrow abnormality than radiogram in acute leukemia children with chief complaint of osteoarticular pains.MRI might be one of indicators in following up therapeutic effect for AL children with osteoarticular disorder.
