[INTERNATIONAL AND LEGAL, REGIONAL AND SPECIALIZED MEDICAL STANDARDS IN THE HEALTH CARE SECTOR: EXPERIENCE OF UKRAINE].

The purpose of the article is to study specific features, problematic issues that arise during standardization in the health care sector, as well as the significance of this process for protecting the health of the population of Ukraine. The materials for identifying the essence of standardization in the health care sector were the legislation of the EU, Ukraine, as well as information from the WHO, the mass media, the caselaw of the European Court of Human Rights, political and legal publicism, analytical materials, reference editions and Internet resources. The methodological basis of the study is a set of general scientific and special legal methods of scientific cognition, the use of which is determined by the purpose, objectives and specific features of the subject matter of scientific inquiry. International, regional and specialized medical standards in the health care sector have been analyzed. The main requirements and standards enshrined in international acts have been highlighted. It has been established that the main objects of standardization in the health care sector are the rights and obligations of the population and medical workers, medical information and reporting, management and organization of health care, personnel, education, medicinal products, medical services, etc. The expediency of developing standards for medical workers practicing telehealth, cosmetology, as well as providing palliative care has been proved.

[The parents evaluation of accessibility of out-patient ophthalmologic care in Chelyabinsk].

Every year number of eye diseases among children and adolescents is steadily increasing. The most possible causes of this process are sedentary life-style, computerization of society and school curriculum characteristics. The survey of 209 parents of children and adolescents was organized and carried out. The study established that modern children spend much more time at screens than it is recommended by regulatory documents. The pathology of eye was diagnosed in 46.9% of children, 39.2% of children are regularly observed by ophthalmologist. 53.6% of children are regularly observed by an ophthalmologist. Among parents whose children are monitored by ophthalmologist, 55.3% mentioned inaccessibility of medical appointments, that makes impossible regular corresponding medical check-ups and results in progressing of diseases present and development of new ones. The ophthalmologist plays key role in maintaining visual analyzer health. To effectively prevent visual organ pathology, it is necessary to achieve comprehensive interaction of ophthalmologist, teachers (preschool teachers), parents and children themselves.

A laboratory study of the effect of calcium hydroxide mixed with iodine or electrophoretically activated copper on bacterial viability in dentinal tubules.

AIM: The aim of this laboratory study was to evaluate the ability of calcium hydroxide (CH), CH/iodine-potassium iodide (IKI) and electrophoretically activated copper to kill bacteria in dentinal tubules. METHODOLOGY: In an in vitro model of dentinal tubule infection, 42 cylindrical root specimens, prepared from freshly extracted bovine teeth were used. After removal of the smear layer, intracanal dentinal tubules were infected with Enterococcus faecalis for 3 weeks. CH alone or preparations of CH with copper or IKI were placed in the root canal for 1 week. In specimens containing copper/CH, an electrophoretic current(5 mA/5 min) was applied using two electrodes follow-ing placement of the medicament in the canal. Powder dentine samples obtained from the canal wall using ISO sizes: 025, 027, 029, 031 and 033 burs were examined for the presence of viable bacteria by inoculating agar plates and counting colony forming units (cfu). RESULTS: A significant difference was found between the experimental groups and the positive control group. CH and CH/IKI significantly (P < 0.001)reduced bacterial viability in dentinal tubules to a depth of 200 microm. Specimens with CH/IKI had significantly fewer viable bacteria than CH alone in tubules between the depths of 200-500 microm. Treatment with CH/copper and electrophoresis was most effective: specimens showed no viable bacteria in dentinal tubules to a depth of 500 microm from the root-canal space. CONCLUSIONS: IKI or electrophoretically activated copper additives can significantly improve the antibacterial properties of CH in dentinal tubules.

Self-estimation of oral malodor.

Bad breath (halitosis, oral malodor) is a common condition, usually the result of microbial putrefaction within the oral cavity. Often, people suffering from bad breath remain unaware of it, whereas others remain convinced that they suffer from foul oral malodor, although there is no evidence for such. The purpose of the present investigation was to determine whether objective self-measurement of oral malodors is possible. Each of 52 volunteers was asked to sample the odor from his/her mouth, tongue, and saliva. Results were compared with (i) self-assessments prior to (preconception) and following (post-measurement) self-measurements; (ii) odor judge scores; (iii) dental-measurements (plaque index, gingival index, and probing depth); (iv) volatile sulphide levels; (v) salivary cadaverine levels; and (vi) intra-oral trypsin-like activity. Among the self-measurements, only saliva self-scores yielded significant correlations with objective parameters. Despite the partial objectivity of saliva self-estimates, subsequent post-measurement self-assessments failed to correlate with objective parameters. The results suggest that (i) preconceived notions confound the ability to score one's own oral malodors in an objective fashion; and (ii) partial objectivity can be obtained in the case of saliva self-measurement, presumably because the stimulus is removed from the body proper.

[The potentials of indirect calorimetry in the differential assessment of the metabolic status of obese patients with insulin-independent diabetes mellitus]. / Vozmozhnosti nepriamoi kalorimetrii v differentsirovannoi otsenke metabolicheskogo statusa bol'nykh insulinnezavisimym sakharnym diabetom tuchnykh.

Twenty-one obese patients with non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus, 16 female and 5 male ones, were fed similar isocaloric rations, differing only by the share of substitution of the traditional protein products (0%, 60%, 30%, 45%) in the Danpro-S, Danpro-Fibre soybean protein concentrate. The parameters tested were daily glycemia, C-peptides, blood hydrocortisone, and urinary excretion of nitrous metabolites. Indirect calorimetry was used to assess the protein, fat, and carbohydrate oxidation rates at rest. Addition of proteins of a plant origin to the diets of such patients was associated with significant changes of the energy metabolism at rest at the expense of increased oxidation of carbohydrates and reduced protein catabolism, that may be regarded as a favorable effect. In this patient population a 30% soybean diet brings about an almost maximal positive effect in patients with the first degree of obesity, whereas in those with the second degree of obesity such effect is attained by the 45% soybean diet.