Burden of atopic dermatitis in Europe: A population-centred approach leveraging web search data in 21 European countries.

BACKGROUND: The complexity, high prevalence, and substantial personal and socioeconomic burden collectively render atopic dermatitis (AD) a major public health concern. Using crowdsourced Internet data has the potential to provide unique insights into this concern, as demonstrated by several previous studies. However, a comprehensive comparison across European countries remains lacking. OBJECTIVES: The study aimed to investigate AD-related web searches across Europe to assess spatiotemporal variations and associations between disease-related and external factors. METHODS: AD-related web search data were extracted for 21 European countries between February 2019 and January 2023. Descriptive analysis and autocorrelation functions were performed to examine spatiotemporal patterns. Correlations (r) were used to evaluate the associations between web searches and disease-related, socioeconomic and meteorological data. RESULTS: Over 241 million AD-related web searches were identified, with search volume varying substantially among European countries (p < 0.001) and correlating with AD prevalence and disease burden (both r = 0.51, p = 0.019). Search volume increased between 2019 and 2023 in all countries and seasonally peaked in January and March. Negative correlations with median population age (r = -0.46, p = 0.039), number of general practitioners (r = -0.29, p = 0.226) and specialists (r = -0.27, p = 0.270) were observed. Moderate to strong correlations were found between search volume and cold, humid and windy weather with fewer sunshine hours, while higher online interest typically occurred 1-3 months after such weather conditions. CONCLUSION: The study highlights the great potential of online crowdsourced data analysis, for example, to investigate the impact of climate change or to identify unmet needs at a population level. Furthermore, the growing online interest in AD and the corresponding seasonal peaks emphasize the necessity of adapting treatment plans, intensifying public health campaigns, and disseminating reliable online information by governments and healthcare providers, especially during these periods.

Validation of the Wound-QoL-17 and the Wound-QoL-14 in a European sample of 305 patients with chronic wounds.

The Wound-QoL assesses the impact of chronic wounds on patients' health-related quality of life (HRQoL). A 17-item and a shortened 14-item version are available. The Wound-QoL-17 has been validated for multiple languages. For the Wound-QoL-14, psychometric properties beyond internal consistency were lacking. We aimed to validate both Wound-QoL versions for international samples representing a broad range of European countries, including countries for which validation data had yet been pending. Patients with chronic wounds of any aetiology or location were recruited in Austria, Lithuania, the Netherlands, Poland, Slovakia, Spain, Switzerland and Ukraine. Psychometric properties were determined for both Wound-QoL versions for the overall sample and, if feasible, country-wise. We included 305 patients (age 68.5 years; 52.8% males). Internal consistency was high in both Wound-QoL-17 (Cronbach's α: 0.820-0.933) and Wound-QoL-14 (0.779-0.925). Test-retest reliability was moderate to good (intraclass correlation coefficient: 0.618-0.808). For Wound-QoL-17 and Wound-QoL-14, convergent validity analyses showed highest correlations with global HRQoL rating (r = 0.765; r = 0.751) and DLQI total score (r = 0.684; r = 0.681). Regarding clinical data, correlations were largest with odour (r = -0.371; r = -0.388) and wound size (r = 0.381; r = 0.383). Country-wise results were similar. Both Wound-QoL versions are valid to assess HRQoL of patients with chronic wounds. Due to its psychometric properties and brevity, the Wound-QoL-14 might be preferrable in clinical practice where time is rare. The availability of various language versions allows for the use of this questionnaire in international studies and in clinical practice when foreign language patients are being treated.

Responsiveness and Minimal Clinically Important Difference of the Infants and Toddlers Dermatology Quality of Life Questionnaire.

BACKGROUND: The Infants and Toddlers Dermatology Quality of Life (InToDermQoL) is the dermatology-specific proxy health-related quality of life (HRQoL) instrument for children from birth to 4 years. The aim of the present study was to confirm the responsiveness and establish minimal clinically important difference (MCID) for the InToDermQoL. METHODS: Parents of children with skin diseases were asked to fill in the InToDermQoL at the initial visit (T1) and subsequent consultation (T2). We hypothesized that correlations between change scores of the InToDermQoL and change scores of global assessment of clinical severity by dermatologists and by patients' parents should be above 0.3. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves method was also used for confirmation of responsiveness and determination of MCIDs of the InToDermQoL. The area under the ROC curve (AUC) was used as an indicator of responsiveness. RESULTS: Results of 442 patients were included. Correlations between change scores of age-specific versions of the InToDermQoL and change scores of global assessment of clinical severity by dermatologists and by patients' parents were above 0.3 (0.46-0.74). AUCs for age-specific versions of the InToDermQoL were acceptable (above 0.7) or excellent (above 0.8). Estimated MCIDs for the InToDermQoL were as follows: 3 points of total score change for 0-11 months, 5 for 1-2 years and 3 or 4 for 3-4 years version. Estimated MCIDs for the InToDermQoL version for 1-2-year-old children was higher than MCIDs for the 3-4-year-old version despite the higher number of items in the latter. Therefore a MCID of 5 was recommended for both these versions. CONCLUSIONS: Responsiveness for all age-specific versions of the InToDermQoL questionnaire was confirmed. MCIDs for the InToDermQoL are proposed as follows: 3-point change of the total score for age version 0-11 months and 5-point for the age versions 1-2 years and 3-4 years.

Impact of asthma in Europe: A comparison of web search data in 21 European countries.

Background: Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways and one of the most important non-communicable diseases worldwide. Analyzing crowdsourced data can help understand public interest and unmet needs as well as potential factors influencing search behavior. Objective: The study aimed to investigate asthma-related web search data in Europe to identify possible regional and seasonal variations and to assess public interest. Methods: Google Ads Keyword Planner was used to measure search volume for search terms related to asthma, allergic asthma, and bronchial asthma in 21 European countries between January 2018 and December 2021. The top 10 keywords of each country were categorized qualitatively. Search volume per 100 000 inhabitants was descriptively assessed in terms of regional and seasonal trends. Spearman correlations between search volume and pollen concentration as well as coronavirus disease (COVID-19) cases were investigated. Results: The median search volume per 100 000 inhabitants for asthma and allergic asthma was highest in Northern and Western Europe, while the highest search volume for bronchial asthma was observed in Western and Eastern regions. A seasonal trend was identified for all search terms and in all regions. Correlations were found between search frequency and pollen load and search behavior and COVID-19 cases. Overall, Europeans were most interested in the diseases in general, their treatment options, and symptoms. Conclusion: These results highlighted the need for reliable and region-specific information about the disease and for public campaigns to improve asthma control. The study also emphasizes the importance of using crowdsourced data for a more encompassing overview beyond conventional healthcare data.

Basic mechanisms of itch.

Pruritus (or itch) is an unpleasant sensation leading to a desire to scratch. In the epidermis, there are selective C or Aδ epidermal nerve endings that are pruriceptors. At their other ends, peripheral neurons form synapses with spinal neurons and interneurons. Many areas in the central nervous system are involved in itch processing. Although itch does not occur solely because of parasitic, allergic, or immunologic diseases, it is usually the consequence of neuroimmune interactions. Histamine is involved in a minority of itchy conditions, and many other mediators play a role: cytokines (eg, IL-4, IL-13, IL-31, IL-33, and thymic stromal lymphopoietin), neurotransmitters (eg, substance P, calcitonin gene-related peptide, vasoactive intestinal peptide, neuropeptide Y, NBNP, endothelin 1, and gastrin-releasing peptide), and neurotrophins (eg, nerve growth factor and brain-derived neurotrophic factor). Moreover, ion channels such as voltage-gated sodium channels, transient receptor potential vanilloid 1, transient receptor ankyrin, and transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily M (melastatin) member 8 play a crucial role. The main markers of nonhistaminergic pruriceptors are PAR-2 and MrgprX2. A notable phenomenon is the sensitization to pruritus, in which regardless of the initial cause of pruritus, there is an increased responsiveness of peripheral and central pruriceptive neurons to their normal or subthreshold afferent input in the context of chronic itch.

Sensitivity to treatment and score bands of the Infants and Toddlers Dermatology Quality of Life questionnaire.

Background: The Infants and Toddlers Dermatology Quality of Life (InToDermQoL) questionnaire is the first dermatology-specific proxy health related QoL instrument for children from birth to 4 years. Score meaning bands and the sensitivity to successful therapeutic intervention are important to interpret the clinical meaning of an instrument. Objective: The aim of the present study was to check the sensitivity to successful therapeutic intervention and establish score bands of the InToDermQoL questionnaire. Methods: Parents or grandparents of 424 children with skin diseases from Spain, Malta, Croatia, Romania, Greece, and Ukraine filled in national language versions of the InToDermQoL questionnaire. Disease severity of children with atopic dermatitis was assessed by SCORAD (Scoring atopic dermatitis). Cohen's d was used to assess the responsiveness of the instrument. Results: The mean total InToDermQoL scores significantly decreased after treatment. Severity grading of the SCORAD scores gave stratification of the InToDermQoL severity grades based on 95% confidence intervals. Scores below a calculated minimal important difference of 2 corresponded to no effect on patient's health related QoL. Limitations: Score banding may be slightly different across patient population and study context. Conclusion: All 3 age-specific versions of the InToDermQoL questionnaire showed sensitivity to treatment. Score bands for the InToDermQoL questionnaire have been established.

Quality of life measurement in vitiligo. Position statement of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology Task Force on Quality of Life and Patient Oriented Outcomes with external experts.

Members of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology (EADV) Task Force on Quality of Life (QoL) and Patient Oriented Outcomes reviewed the instruments available for health-related (HR) QoL assessment in vitiligo and together with external vitiligo experts (including representatives of the EADV Vitiligo Task Force) have made practical recommendations concerning the assessment of QoL in vitiligo patients. The Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI) was the most frequently used HRQoL instrument, making comparison of results between different countries possible. Several vitiligo-specific instruments were identified. The vitiligo Impact Scale (VIS) is an extensively validated vitiligo-specific HRQoL instrument with proposed minimal important change and clinical interpretation for VIS-22 scores. VIS-22 was developed for use in India, where there are some specific cultural beliefs concerning vitiligo. The EADV Task Force on QoL and Patient Oriented Outcomes recommends use of the DLQI and the Children's Dermatology Life Quality Index (CDLQI) as dermatology-specific instruments in vitiligo. There is a strong need for a valid (including cross-cultural validation) vitiligo-specific instrument that can be either a new instrument or the improvement of existing instruments. This validation must include the proof of responsiveness.

Which Health-Related Quality of Life Items Most Affect Acne Patients?

BACKGROUND: Health-related quality of life (HRQoL) assessment in patients with acne is recommended by several national guidelines. There are several acne-specific HRQoL instruments. OBJECTIVES: Participants of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology (EADV) Task Forces (TFs) on QoL and Patient Oriented Outcomes (PO) and Acne, Rosacea, and Hidradenitis Suppurativa (ARHS) agreed to scrutinize aspects of existing acne-specific HRQoL instruments for their relevance in international study. METHODS: Consensus agreement on items related to QoL was reached after an independent assessment by seven experts from the EADV TFs on QoL and PO, and a list of 97 items was prepared and proposed to a group of acne patients. In order to have data from patients to check if any important topics were overseen, another group of acne patients from participating countries was asked to list how acne influenced different aspects of their lives. RESULTS: Based on results obtained from 601 acne patients from nine countries, most of the items and topics showed low relevance for acne patients especially during the previous month or shorter time periods. Based on percentage of relevance and factor analysis, short (6 items) and long (45 items) lists of the most relevant topics were formed. CONCLUSION: Most of the items and topics from the initial list showed low relevance for acne patients. None of the identified acne-specific HRQoL instruments contain all the items that were deemed most relevant to acne patients. For this reason, participating members of the EADV TFs on QoL and PO, and ARHs are in the process of developing a new acne-specific HRQoL instrument.

On the Effect of Interferences on X-Band Radar Wave Measurements.

X-band radars are in growing use for various oceanographic purposes, providing spatial real-time information about sea state parameters, surface elevations, currents, and bathymetry. Therefore, it is very appealing to use such systems as operational aids to harbour management. In an installation of such a remote sensing system in Haifa Port, consistent radially aligned spikes of brightness randomly distributed with respect to azimuth were identified. These streak noise patterns were found to be interfering with the common approach of oceanographic analysis. Harbour areas are regularly frequented with additional electromagnetic transmissions from other ship and land-based radars, which may serve as a source of such interference. A new approach is proposed for the filtering of such undesirable interference patterns from the X-band radar images. It was verified with comparison to in-situ measurements of a nearby wave buoy. Regardless of the actual source of the corresponding pseudo-wave energy, it was found to be crucial to apply such filtration in order to improve the performance of the standard oceanographic parameter retrieval algorithm. This results in better estimation of the mean sea state parameters towards lower values of the significant wave height. For the commercial WaMoSII system this enhancement was clearly apparent in the improvement of the built-in quality control criteria marks. The developed prepossessing procedure improves the robustness of the directional spectra estimation practically eliminating pseudo-wave energy components. It also extends the system's capability to measure storm events earlier on, a fact that is of high importance for harbour operational decision making.

Strategies for using topical corticosteroids in children and adults with eczema.

BACKGROUND: Eczema is a common skin condition. Although topical corticosteroids have been a first-line treatment for eczema for decades, there are uncertainties over their optimal use. OBJECTIVES: To establish the effectiveness and safety of different ways of using topical corticosteroids for treating eczema. SEARCH METHODS: We searched databases to January 2021 (Cochrane Skin Specialised Register; CENTRAL; MEDLINE; Embase; GREAT) and five clinical trials registers. We checked bibliographies from included trials to identify further trials. SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomised controlled trials in adults and children with eczema that compared at least two strategies of topical corticosteroid use. We excluded placebo comparisons, other than for trials that evaluated proactive versus reactive treatment. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: We used standard Cochrane methods, with GRADE certainty of evidence for key findings. Primary outcomes were changes in clinician-reported signs and relevant local adverse events. Secondary outcomes were patient-reported symptoms and relevant systemic adverse events. For local adverse events, we prioritised abnormal skin thinning as a key area of concern for healthcare professionals and patients. MAIN RESULTS: We included 104 trials (8443 participants). Most trials were conducted in high-income countries (81/104), most likely in outpatient or other hospital settings. We judged only one trial to be low risk of bias across all domains. Fifty-five trials had high risk of bias in at least one domain, mostly due to lack of blinding or missing outcome data. Stronger-potency versus weaker-potency topical corticosteroids Sixty-three trials compared different potencies of topical corticosteroids: 12 moderate versus mild, 22 potent versus mild, 25 potent versus moderate, and 6 very potent versus potent. Trials were usually in children with moderate or severe eczema, where specified, lasting one to five weeks. The most reported outcome was Investigator Global Assessment (IGA) of clinician-reported signs of eczema. We pooled four trials that compared moderate- versus mild-potency topical corticosteroids (420 participants). Moderate-potency topical corticosteroids probably result in more participants achieving treatment success, defined as cleared or marked improvement on IGA (52% versus 34%; odds ratio (OR) 2.07, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.41 to 3.04; moderate-certainty evidence). We pooled nine trials that compared potent versus mild-potency topical corticosteroids (392 participants). Potent topical corticosteroids probably result in a large increase in number achieving treatment success (70% versus 39%; OR 3.71, 95% CI 2.04 to 6.72; moderate-certainty evidence). We pooled 15 trials that compared potent versus moderate-potency topical corticosteroids (1053 participants). There was insufficient evidence of a benefit of potent topical corticosteroids compared to moderate topical corticosteroids (OR 1.33, 95% CI 0.93 to 1.89; moderate-certainty evidence). We pooled three trials that compared very potent versus potent topical corticosteroids (216 participants). The evidence is uncertain with a wide confidence interval (OR 0.53, 95% CI 0.13 to 2.09; low-certainty evidence). Twice daily or more versus once daily application We pooled 15 of 25 trials in this comparison (1821 participants, all reported IGA). The trials usually assessed adults and children with moderate or severe eczema, where specified, using potent topical corticosteroids, lasting two to six weeks. Applying potent topical corticosteroids only once a day probably does not decrease the number achieving treatment success compared to twice daily application (OR 0.97, 95% CI 0.68 to 1.38; 15 trials, 1821 participants; moderate-certainty evidence). Local adverse events Within the trials that tested 'treating eczema flare-up' strategies, we identified only 26 cases of abnormal skin thinning from 2266 participants (1% across 22 trials). Most cases were from the use of higher-potency topical corticosteroids (16 with very potent, 6 with potent, 2 with moderate and 2 with mild). We assessed this evidence as low certainty, except for very potent versus potent topical corticosteroids, which was very low-certainty evidence.  Longer versus shorter-term duration of application for induction of remission No trials were identified. Twice weekly application (weekend, or 'proactive therapy') to prevent relapse (flare-ups) versus no topical corticosteroids/reactive application Nine trials assessed this comparison, generally lasting 16 to 20 weeks. We pooled seven trials that compared weekend (proactive) topical corticosteroids therapy versus no topical corticosteroids (1179 participants, children and adults with a range of eczema severities, though mainly moderate or severe). Weekend (proactive) therapy probably results in a large decrease in likelihood of a relapse from 58% to 25% (risk ratio (RR) 0.43, 95% CI 0.32 to 0.57; 7 trials, 1149 participants; moderate-certainty evidence). Local adverse events We did not identify any cases of abnormal skin thinning in seven trials that assessed skin thinning (1050 participants) at the end of treatment. We assessed this evidence as low certainty. Other comparisons  Other comparisons included newer versus older preparations of topical corticosteroids (15 trials), cream versus ointment (7 trials), topical corticosteroids with wet wrap versus no wet wrap (6 trials), number of days per week applied (4 trials), different concentrations of the same topical corticosteroids (2 trials), time of day applied (2 trials), topical corticosteroids alternating with topical calcineurin inhibitors versus topical corticosteroids alone (1 trial), application to wet versus dry skin (1 trial) and application before versus after emollient (1 trial). No trials compared branded versus generic topical corticosteroids and time between application of emollient and topical corticosteroids. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: Potent and moderate topical corticosteroids are probably more effective than mild topical corticosteroids, primarily in moderate or severe eczema; however, there is uncertain evidence to support any advantage of very potent over potent topical corticosteroids. Effectiveness is similar between once daily and twice daily (or more) frequent use of potent topical corticosteroids to treat eczema flare-ups, and topical corticosteroids weekend (proactive) therapy is probably better than no topical corticosteroids/reactive use to prevent eczema relapse (flare-ups). Adverse events were not well reported and came largely from low- or very low-certainty, short-term trials. In trials that reported abnormal skin thinning, frequency was low overall and increased with increasing potency. We found no trials on the optimum duration of treatment of a flare, branded versus generic topical corticosteroids, and time to leave between application of topical corticosteroids and emollient. There is a need for longer-term trials, in people with mild eczema.

Human Papilloma Virus Vaccination Knowledge, Prevalence, Risk Factors, and HPV Detection in 18-26 and 27-45-year-old Men and Women.

The US Food and Drug Administration approved a supplemental application for HPV 9-valent vaccine for 27-45-year-old women and men. The Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices did not recommend catch-up vaccination of adults aged 27-45 years, but recognized that some adults who were not previously vaccinated may be at risk for new HPV infection and might benefit from vaccination in this age range. We decided to compare HPV vaccination knowledge, prevalence, risk factors, and history of HPV detection in cohorts with ages of 18-26 and 27-45 years. Men and women aged 18-45 years were asked to complete an anonymous internet survey about HPV infection and vaccination. Valid answers were received from 524 respondents. HPV vaccination rates were low (from 0.00 to 5.56%). All women aged 27-45 years bought the vaccine at their own cost and were vaccinated after sexual debut. Knowledge on existence of the HPV vaccine was better in women (P<0.01). The overall number of sexual partners was significantly higher in men and in persons aged 27-45 (P<0.05). Women aged 27-45 reported higher prevalence of unprotected vaginal and anal sex, a higher number of sexual partners, and lower HPV-related cancer awareness. Our study showed that better knowledge on HPV vaccination and HPV-related cancer awareness did not lead to higher HPV vaccination rates. A substantial number of individuals aged 27-45 years may benefit from HPV vaccination, and information on HPV vaccination should be actively disseminated by physicians and mass media.

Quality of Life of Infants, Toddlers and Preschoolers with Seborrhoeic, Allergic Contact and Atopic Dermatitis Before and During COVID-19 Pandemic.

INTRODUCTION: Different aspects of quality of life (QoL) of infants and children with atopic dermatitis (AD) are well studied but there is a lack of studies on seborrhoeic dermatitis (SD) and allergic contact dermatitis (ACD). The aim of this study was to compare the impact of SD, ACD and AD on young children. Parts of questionnaires were filled in during the COVID-19 pandemic and therefore we decided to check if the pandemic affected dermatology-specific health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in our patients. METHODS: In this cross-sectional study approved by the local ethics committee of the Kiev City Clinical Dermatovenereologic Hospital parents of children with SD, ACD and AD from birth to 4 years old from the same department of dermatology were asked to fill in the dermatology-specific questionnaire the Infants and Toddlers Dermatology Quality of Life (InToDermQoL). Diagnoses were based on clinical manifestations and anamnesis. The study was carried out from 2018 till 2021. RESULTS: The InToDermQoL questionnaire was filled in by 176 parents of children with SD, ACD and AD. Mean total InToDermQoL scores were significantly higher in children with AD than in SD and ACD (P < 0.01). HRQoL of children with AD during the COVID-19 pandemic was significantly worse than before pandemic (41.30 ± 24.40 and 28.51 ± 17.67 respectively, P = 0.02). Scores of the item on 'sleep problems' significantly decreased during the COVID-19 pandemic in children with SD (1.19 ± 1.01 and 0.64 ± 0.63, P < 0.05), as did scores of the item on 'rejection by other children' in children with AD (0.96 ± 0.98 and 0.20 ± 0.45, P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: To the best of our knowledge this is the first study on HRQoL of the youngest children with SD and ACD. In our study children with SD and ACD had comparable but lower impact of skin disease on their HRQoL than children with AD. The COVID-19 pandemic led to more severe HRQoL impairment in patients with AD visiting a dermatology department.

Quality of Life in Hidradenitis Suppurativa: An Update.

Knowledge on hidradenitis suppurativa/acne inversa (HS) is rapidly increasing. HS has a profound impact on patients and their family life. Several factors, such as comorbidities, unemployment and HS severity, make this impact even more severe. The most widely used instrument to measure this impact is the dermatology-specific DLQI. We also identified six HS-specific health-related quality of life (HRQoL) instruments. Of them, HIDRAdisk, HSIA, HiSQOL and HSQoL-24 are better validated but there is still lack of experience of its use. Several treatment methods showed positive effect on patients' HRQoL. Surgery remains a method with a substantial positive effect on HRQoL. Several studies confirming a positive effect of adalimumab on the HRQoL of patients with HS were published during the last three years. Data on the influence of several other biologics on HRQoL of HS patients are controversial or based on studies with a small number of patients.

Prospective study on hand dermatitis in nurses and doctors during COVID-19 pandemic and its improvement by use of adopted recommendations of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology Task Force on Contact Dermatitis.

Frequency of hand disinfection and adverse skin reactions among health care workers dramatically increased since the COVID-19 outbreak and consensus recommendations on hand hygiene were presented. The aim of the present study was to check the efficacy of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology (EADV) Task Force (TF) on Contact Dermatitis (CD) recommendations in a real life and to search if providing products mentioned in that recommendations may increase its efficacy. Doctors and nurses who worked with patients during COVID-19 pandemic and use hand disinfectants received adopted recommendations of the EADV TF on CD only or together with mentioned in that recommendations gel with ethanol and glycerin and emollient. Prevalence of adverse skin reactions on hand disinfectants at baseline was 80.21%. In a month significant improvement of health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and self-assessed improvement of hand skin (P < .01 for both) was reported in "products" group only. Number of participants that had no impact on their HRQoL became higher and the Dermatology Life Quality Index scores lower than in "recommendations only" group (P = .03 and P = .02, respectively). Our results showed that recommendations of the EADV TF on CD may significantly improve HRQoL and hand skin status in health care professionals but provision with products mentioned in that recommendations is crucial.