A generic method for intact and subunit level characterization of mAb charge variants by native mass spectrometry.

Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are heterogeneous macromolecules that display a complex isoform profile as a result of the large series of modifications they can undergo. Product-related charge variants that are associated with a loss of biological activity or affected half-life and immunogenicity are especially important. Consequently, they are often considered critical quality attributes such that acceptance criteria and controls should be established. The characterization of mAbs charge variants has long been a time and resource consuming task. Recent successes in the use of salt mediated pH gradient ion exchange chromatography with volatile mobile phases have shown there to be significant promise in using online mass spectrometric (MS) detection to facilitate peak detection. In this study, a newly developed 3 µm non-porous cation exchange column technology was investigated for its capability to be hyphenated to MS for the purpose of characterizing mAb charge variants. A 2 mm ID format was selected for the ease of configuring it to classical MS ESI ion sources. A monoclonal antibody reference material from NIST (RM 8671; NISTmAb) was used in its intact and IdeS/IgdE-digested forms to test for column performance and MS sensitivity. Furthermore, three different mAbs with highly basic isoelectric points (pI) were analyzed in their native and proteolyzed forms to demonstrate the straightforward application of the developed technique even with mAbs having strong retention on cation exchange media. The MS detection of low-abundance charge variant species (<0.1%) demonstrated there to be acceptable sensitivity and dynamic range even from routine analyses. The capability of the column to separate different mAbs having high basic pI was demonstrated, and it was found that slight adjustment of ammonium acetate concentration in the eluent can be a convenient way to rapidly optimize a separation if necessary. Linearity was shown to exist between protein mass loads of 2.5 and 50 µg while an optimal balance between chromatographic resolution and MS sensitivity was observed between 5 and 10 µg. Excellent run-to-run and column-to-column repeatability was achieved in terms of retention times, resolution and recovery.

Characterization of Human Serum Albumin isoforms by ion exchange chromatography coupled on-line to native mass spectrometry.

Human Serum Albumin is the most abundant protein of the plasma and displays a wide range of non-oncotic properties such as antioxidant activity, distribution in tissues and organs of binding molecules and clearance of toxic compounds. Albumin is susceptible to numerous post-translational modifications and particularly related to its free thiol group at Cys34 which is the main circulating scavenger of reactive oxygen species. The characterization of these modifications is of high interest for the diagnosis and treatment of patients with liver diseases and for the structural integrity assessment of albumin as a therapeutic protein. In this study, an ion exchange chromatographic method coupled on-line to native mass spectrometry was developed in order to bridge an effective charge variants separation method with a powerful identification technique for a detailed characterization of albumin isoforms. The chromatographic performance of the method allows the separation of 9 different isoforms that were on-line characterized by MS as oxidized, glycated, deamidated and N/C-terminal truncated forms. The method is also able to detect Cu(II) ions binding to the N-terminal site of the protein which is an important antioxidant feature of albumin. Finally, the method showed preliminary good performance parameters in term of linearity, precision and sensitivity for characterization of purified albumin as well as albumin from raw plasma for clinical and pharmaceutical purposes.

Biochemical characterization of LR769, a new recombinant factor VIIa bypassing agent produced in the milk of transgenic rabbits.

BACKGROUND: The bypassing agent factor VII (FVIIa) is a first-line therapy for the treatment of acute bleeding episodes in patients with haemophilia and high-titre inhibitors. FVIIa is a highly post-translationally modified protein that requires eukaryotic expression systems to produce a fully active molecule. A recombinant FVIIa was produced in the milk of transgenic rabbits to increase expression and provide an efficient, safe and affordable product after purification to homogeneity (LR769). AIM: To present the biochemical and functional in vitro characteristics of LR769. RESULTS: Mass spectrometric analyses of the intact protein and of heavy and light chains revealed a fully activated, mature and properly post-translationally modified protein notably regarding N/O-glycosylations and γ-carboxylation. Primary structure analysis, performed by peptide mapping, confirmed 100% of the sequence and the low level or absence of product-derived impurities such as oxidized, deamidated and glycated forms. Low levels of aggregates and fragments were observed by different chromatographic methods. Higher order structure investigated by circular dichroism showed appropriate secondary/tertiary structures and conformational change in the presence of Ca2+ ions. Finally, activated partial thromboplastin time and thrombin generation assays showed the ability of LR769 to decrease coagulation time and to generate thrombin in haemophiliac-A-plasmas, even in the presence of inhibitors. CONCLUSION: The innovative expression system used to produce LR769 yields a new safe and effective rhFVIIa for the treatment of haemophilia A or B patients with inhibitors.

Charge variants characterization of a monoclonal antibody by ion exchange chromatography coupled on-line to native mass spectrometry: Case study after a long-term storage at +5°C.

Numerous putative post-translational modifications may induce variations of monoclonal antibodies charge distribution that can potentially affect their biological activity. The characterization and the monitoring of these charge variants are critical quality requirements to ensure stability and process consistency. Charge variants are usually characterized by preparative ion exchange chromatography, collection of fractions and subsequent reverse-phase liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry analysis. While this process can be automatized by on-line two-dimensional chromatography, it remains often complex and time consuming. For this reason, a straightforward on-line charge variant analysis method is highly desirable and analytical laboratories are actively pursuing efforts to overcome this challenge. In this study, a mixed mode ion exchange chromatographic method using volatile salts and coupled on-line to native mass spectrometry was developed in association with a middle-up approach for a detailed characterization of monoclonal antibodies charge variants. An aged monoclonal antibody, presenting a complex charge variant profile was successfully investigated by this methodology as a case study. Results demonstrate that deamidation of the heavy chain was the major degradation pathway after long-term storage at 5°C while oxidation was rather low. The method was also very useful to identify all the clipped forms of the antibody.

Glycation of polyclonal IgGs: Effect of sugar excipients during stability studies.

A number of intravenous immunoglobulin preparations are stabilized with sugar additives that may lead over time to undesirable glycation reactions especially in liquid formulation. This study aimed to evaluate the reactivity of sugar excipients on such preparations in condition of temperature, formulation and concentration commonly used for pharmaceutical products. Through an innovative LC-MS method reported to characterize post-translational modifications of IgGs Fc/2 fragments, a stability study of IVIg formulated with reducing and non-reducing sugars has been undertaken. The rate of polyclonal IgGs glycation was investigated during 6months at 5, 25, 30 and 40°C. High levels of glycation were observed with reducing sugars such as glucose and maltose in the first months of the stability study from 25°C. Non-reducing sugars presented a low reactivity even at the highest tested temperature (40°C). Furthermore, a site by site analysis was performed by MS/MS to determine the glycation sites which were mainly identified at Lys246, Lys248 and Lys324. This work points out the high probability of glycation reactions in some commercialized products and describes a useful method to characterize IVIg glycated products issued from reducing sugar excipients.

Differential investigations from plasma-derived and recombinant Factor IX revealed major differences in post-translational modifications of activation peptides.

Post-translational modifications (PTMs) located on the activation peptide (AP) of recombinant FIX (rFIX, BeneFIX(®) ) and plasma-derived FIX (pdFIX, Betafact(®) ) have been investigated by mass spectrometry to review the structural differences between these two products. Three major structural differences were pointed out. rFIX contains a low amount of phosphorylated and sulphated AP (4% for rFIX vs. 70% for pdFIX); rFIX N-glycans are only sialylated in the α2-3 linkage, whereas pdFIX N-glycans contain both type of α2-3 and α2-6 linkages, and rFIX does not contain any sialyl Lewis(X) glycoantigens contrary to pdFIX. These variations might participate in the in vivo potential different behaviours of the two molecules.