Validity and reliability of the Chinese version of the Young Positive Schema Questionnaire.

Introduction: The Young Positive Schema Questionnaire (YPSQ) examines early adaptive or positive schemas as a counterpart to early maladaptive ones. This study investigated the validity and reliability of the Chinese version of the YPSQ (CYPSQ). Methods: A convenient community sample of 634 individuals, most of whom were college students, were recruited through a mobile survey. R Careless was used to screen for careless responses. A final sample of 336 was obtained. Confirmatory factor analyses (CFA) of the CYPSQ were conducted using SPSS AMOS 25. Other statistical analyses were conducted using SPSS 25. Results: An 11-factor CYPSQ was identified with an acceptable factor structure (χ2/df = 2.13, SRMR = 0.04, RMSEA = 0.06, GFI = 0.80, TLI = 0.90, and CFI = 0.91). Convergent and discriminant validity were confirmed in most aspects. Concurrent validity was evident with resilience, life satisfaction, depression, and anxiety. Internal reliability was satisfied as the Cronbach's alphas of the 11 factors of the CYPSQ ranged between 0.70 and 0.88. Conclusion: The findings supported the reliability and validity of the CYPSQ in Mainland China.

The effectiveness and associated factors of online psychotherapy on COVID-19 related distress: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Objective: A quantitative synthesis of online psychotherapies' effectiveness in managing COVID-19 related distress is lacking. This study aimed to estimate online psychological interventions' effectiveness and associated factors on COVID-19 related psychological distress. Methods: Multi-databases including PubMed, EBSCO, ProQuest, and Cochrane were searched repeatedly till the end of June 2022. Hand-picking was also utilized for relevant papers. Depression, anxiety, stress, and quality of sleep were evaluated as outcomes. The risk of bias was evaluated using the Cochrane tool. Data analyses were conducted through Review Manager (version 5.4.1). Results: A total of 13 studies involving 1,897 participants were included for meta-analysis. Results showed that online psychotherapy significantly reduced the levels of depression [standard mean difference, SMD = -0.45, 95% CI (-0.69, -0.20)], anxiety [SMD = -0.67, 95% CI (-0.99, -0.36)], and stress [SMD = -0.73, 95% CI (-1.11, -0.34)], but not quality of sleep [SMD = -0.53, 95% CI (-1.23, 0.17)]. In addition, guided therapies were more effective than self-help ones on reducing levels of anxiety (χ2 = 5.58, p = 0.02, and I 2 = 82.1%), and ≤ 2 weeks' daily interventions were more effective on treating depression than 2-month weekly interventions (χ2 = 7.97, p = 0.005, I 2 = 87.5%). Conclusion: Online psychological interventions effectively reduced COVID-19 related depression, anxiety, and stress levels, and the effectiveness was influenced by settings like guidance and duration and frequency. Systematic review registration: https://inplasy.com/inplasy-2022-7-0081/, identifier: INPLASY202270081.

Posttraumatic Growth and Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms in People with HIV.

Receiving a diagnosis of HIV can be challenging. People with HIV (PWH) can experience high levels of distress, as well as some positive psychological changes associated with post-traumatic growth. However, the mechanisms which underlying the association of a highly stressful event (i.e., being diagnosed with HIV) and posttraumatic growth (PTG) and posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) are under-explored, and this is the focus of the study. Cross-sectional survey data were provided by 77 PWH living in New Zealand. An analysis examined the roles of deliberate rumination and coping strategies as serial mediators of the associations between event centrality and PTG and PTSSs. The relationships between event centrality and PTG and PTSSs were found to be sequentially mediated by deliberate rumination and avoidance coping, but not by deliberate rumination and active coping. Further analyses explored active coping and deliberate rumination as parallel mediators, with avoidance coping as a subsequent mediator, between event centrality and PTG and PTSSs. However, these analyses were not supported. The findings indicate that the more participants appraised the HIV diagnosis as central, the greater PTG they perceived; however, the more they deliberately ruminated on it, and the more avoidance coping they adopted, the less PTG and greater PTSSs they perceived. Future studies need to explore the relationships of event centrality and coping and their associations with PTG and PTSSs.

Relationships between positive schemas and life satisfaction in psychiatric inpatients.

Introduction: Unlike the extensively examined early maladaptive schemas, positive schemas have rarely been examined in psychiatric patients. This study aimed to investigate the relationships between anxiety, depression, life satisfaction, resilience, and positive schemas in psychiatric inpatients with generalized anxiety disorder or major depressive disorder and explore their associations. A sample of 140 psychiatric inpatients with anxiety and depression, aged between 18 and 72 years (Mage = 35.62, SD = 13.87) participated in this study. Methods: A majority were women (n = 98, 70.0%). The analyses examined resilience and anxiety/depression as mediators between positive schema and life satisfaction. Results: Based on statistical analyses, resilience and anxiety/depression were parallel rather than serial mediators between positive schemas and life satisfaction. These results confirmed the positive association between positive schemas and life satisfaction, and identified mechanisms between them: directly associated and indirectly associated through the parallel mediations of resilience and anxiety/depression. Discussion: The findings of this study suggest that higher levels of positive schemas in psychiatric inpatients are associated with greater life satisfaction directly and through the mediation of reduced psychopathological emotions and increased resilience. Longitudinal studies are needed to explore the associations between positive schemas and negative and positive outcomes and the mechanisms underlying these associations in clinical populations.