Breastfeeding during the COVID-19 pandemic: Suggestions on behalf of woman study group of AMD.

SARS-Cov2 infection has recently spread to Italy with important consequences on pregnancy management, mother and child health and mother-child contact. Breastfeeding improves the health of mother and child and reduces risk of neonatal infection with other pathogens that are likely to cause serious illness. To date no evidence confirmed COVID-19 vertical transmission from infected pregnant mother to their fetus. However it is well known that an infected mother can transmit the COVID-19 virus through respiratory droplets during breastfeeding or intimate contact. Thus, the mothers with known or suspected COVID-19 should adhere to standard and contact precautions during breastfeeding. Woman Study Group of AMD, after reviewing current knowledge about COVID-19 vertical transmission and the compatibility of breastfeeding in COVID-19 mother, the available recommendations from Health Care Organizations and main experts opinions, issued the following suggestions on breastfeeding during the COVID-19 pandemic, addressed both to mothers with and without diabetes. It should be considered that following suggestions may change in the future when more evidence is acquired regarding SARS-Cov2 infection.

Impact of severe and symptomatic hypoglycemia on quality of life and fear of hypoglycemia in type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Results of the Hypos-1 observational study.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Hypoglycemia represents a relevant burden in people with diabetes. Consequences of hypoglycemia/fear of hypoglycemia on quality of life (QoL) and behaviors of patients with T1DM and T2DM were assessed. METHODS AND RESULTS: HYPOS-1 was an observational retrospective study. Fear of hypoglycemia (Fear of Hypoglycemia Questionnaire, FHQ), general health status (visual analog scale of EuroQol questionnaire, EQ5D-VAS) psychological well-being (WHO-5 well being index, WHO-5), diabetes related distress (Problem Areas in Diabetes 5, PAID-5), and corrective/preventive behaviors following hypoglycemia were compared between people with and without previous experience of severe and symptomatic hypoglycemia and by tertiles of FHQ scores. A multivariate analysis was performed to identify factors associated with the likelihood of being in the third tertile of FHQ score. Overall, 2229 patients were involved. Severe hypoglycemia had statistically significant and clinically relevant (measured as effect sizes) negative impact on EQ5D-VAS, WHO-5, PAID-5, and FHQ both in T1DM and T2DM. In T2DM, symptomatic episodes had similar impact of severe hypoglycemia. Moving from the first to the third FHQ tertile, lower scores of EQ-5D VAS and WHO-5, and higher levels of PAID-5 were found. Patients in the third tertile performed more frequently corrective/preventive actions that negatively impact on metabolic control. Previous hypoglycemia, insulin treatment, female gender, age, and school education were the independent factors associated with increased likelihood to be in the third tertile. CONCLUSION: Not only severe but also symptomatic hypoglycemia negatively affect patient QoL, especially in T2DM. Addressing fear of hypoglycemia should be a goal of diabetes education.

Incidence and risk factors for severe and symptomatic hypoglycemia in type 1 diabetes. Results of the HYPOS-1 study.

OBJECTIVE: Hypoglycemia is common in type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). We aimed to update the incidence of severe and symptomatic hypoglycemia and investigate several correlated factors. METHODS: In this multicenter, observational retrospective study, the data of 206 T1DM patients from a sample of 2,229 consecutive patients seen at 18 diabetes clinics were analyzed. Sociodemographic and clinical characteristics, severe hypoglycemia in the past 12 months, and symptomatic hypoglycemia in the past 4 weeks were recorded with a self-report questionnaire and a clinical form during a routine visit. Poisson multivariate models were applied. RESULTS: A minority of patients accounted for the majority of both severe and symptomatic episodes. The incidence rate (IR) of severe hypoglycemia was 0.49 (0.40-0.60) events/person-years. The incidence rate ratio (IRR) was higher in patients with previous severe hypoglycemia (3.71; 2.28-6.04), neuropathy (4.16; 2.14-8.05), long duration (>20 years, 2.96; 1.60-5.45), and on polypharmacy (1.24; 1.13-1.36), but it was lower when a complication was present. The IR of symptomatic hypoglycemia was 53.3 events/person-years, with an IRR significantly higher among women or patients with better education, or shorter duration or on pumps. The IRR was lower in patients with higher BMI or neuropathy or aged more than 50 years. CONCLUSIONS: Fewer than 20 % of T1DM patients are free from hypoglycemia, with one in six having experienced at least one severe episode in the last year. The distribution is uneven, with a tendency of episodes to cluster in some patients. Severe and symptomatic episodes have different correlates and reflect different conditions.