PEGylated chitosan-coated nanophotosensitizers for effective cancer treatment by photothermal-photodynamic therapy combined with glutathione depletion.

The combination of photothermal therapy (PTT) and photodynamic therapy (PDT) has emerged as a promising strategy for cancer treatment. However, the poor photostability and photothermal conversion efficiency (PCE) of organic small-molecule photosensitizers, and the intracellular glutathione (GSH)-mediated singlet oxygen scavenging largely decline the antitumor efficacy of PTT and PDT. Herein, a versatile nanophotosensitizer (NPS) system is developed by ingenious incorporation of indocyanine green (ICG) into the PEGylated chitosan (PEG-CS)-coated polydopamine (PDA) nanoparticles via multiple π-π stacking, hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions. The PEG-CS-covered NPS showed prominent colloidal and photothermal stability as well as high PCE (ca 62.8 %). Meanwhile, the Michael addition between NPS and GSH can consume GSH, thus reducing the GSH-induced singlet oxygen scavenging. After being internalized by CT26 cells, the NPS under near-infrared laser irradiation produced massive singlet oxygen with the aid of thermo-enhanced intracellular GSH depletion to elicit mitochondrial damage and lipid peroxide formation, thus leading to ferroptosis and apoptosis. Importantly, the combined PTT and PDT delivered by NPS effectively inhibited CT26 tumor growth in vivo by light-activated intense hyperthermia and redox homeostasis disturbance. Overall, this work presents a new tactic of boosting antitumor potency of ICG-mediated phototherapy by PEG-CS-covered NPS.

Tumor-activated targetable photothermal chemotherapy using IR780/zoledronic acid-containing hybrid polymeric nanoassemblies with folate modification to treat aggressive breast cancer.

To effectively treat aggressive breast cancer by tumor-activated targetable photothermal chemotherapy, in this work, folate (FA)-modified hybrid polymeric nanoassemblies (HPNs) with a poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)-detachable capability are developed as vehicles for tumor-targeted co-delivery of IR780, a lipophilic photothermal reagent, and zoledronic acid (ZA), a hydrophilic chemotherapy drug. Through hydrophobic interaction-induced co-assembly, IR780 molecules and ZA/poly(ethylenimine) (PEI) complexes were co-encapsulated into a poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA)-rich core stabilized by the amphiphilic FA-modified D-α-tocopheryl poly(ethylene glycol) succinate (FA-TPGS) and acidity-sensitive PEG-benzoic imine-octadecane (C18) (PEG-b-C18) conjugates. The developed FA-ZA/IR780@HPNs with high ZA and IR780 payloads not only showed excellent colloidal stability in a serum-containing milieu, but also promoted IR780-based photostability and photothermal conversion efficiency. Furthermore, for FA-ZA/IR780@HPNs under simulated physiological conditions, the premature leakage of IR780 and ZA molecules was remarkably declined. In a mimetic acidic tumor microenvironment, the uptake of FA-ZA/IR780@HPNs by FA receptor-overexpressed 4T1 breast cancer cells was remarkably promoted by PEG detachment combined with FA receptor-mediated endocytosis, thus effectively hindering migration of cancer cells and augmenting the anticancer efficacy of photothermal chemotherapy. Notably, the in vivo studies demonstrated that the FA-ZA/IR780@HPNs largely deposited at 4T1 tumor sites and profoundly suppressed tumor growth and metastasis without severe systemic toxicity upon near infrared (NIR)-triggered IR780-mediated hyperthermia integrated with ZA chemotherapy. This work presents a practical strategy to treat aggressive breast tumors with tumor-triggered targetable photothermal chemotherapy using FA-ZA/IR780@HPNs.

Lung metastasis-Harnessed in-Situ adherent porous organic nanosponge-mediated antigen capture for A self-cascaded detained dendritic cells and T cell infiltration.

The infiltration of cytotoxic T lymphocytes promises to suppress the most irresistible metastatic tumor for immunotherapy, yet immune privilege and low immunogenic responses in these aggressive clusters often restrict lymphocyte recruitment. Here, an in situ adherent porous organic nanosponge (APON) doubles as organ selection agent and antigen captor to overcome immune privilege is developed. With selective organ targeting, the geometric effect of APON composed of disc catechol-functionalized covalent organic framework (COF) boosts the drug delivery to lung metastases. Along with a self-cascaded immune therapy, the therapeutic agents promote tumor release of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), and then, in situ deposition of gels to capture these antigens. Furthermore, APON with catechol analogs functions as a reservoir of antigens and delivers autologous DAMPs to detain dendritic cells, resulting in a sustained enhancement of immunity. This disc sponges (APON) at lung metastasis as antigen reservoirs and immune modulators effectively suppress the tumor in 60 days and enhanced the survival rate.

Photothermal nanozymes to self-augment combination cancer therapy by dual-glutathione depletion and hyperthermia/acidity-activated hydroxyl radical generation.

Chemodynamic therapy (CDT) has emerged as a promising strategy for tumor treatment. Nevertheless, the low Fenton catalytic efficiency and the high concentration of glutathione (GSH) in cancer cells largely decline antitumor efficacy of CDT. To self-augment antitumor effect of the CDT by combining with photothermal therapy (PTT), the unique photothermal nanozymes that doubly depleted GSH, and generated massive hydroxyl radicals (·OH) in the hyperthermia/acidity-activated manner were developed. Through the coordination of Fe3+ ions with PEGylated chitosan (PEG-CS)-modified polydopamine (PDA) nanoparticles, the attained Fe3+@PEG-CS/PDA nanozymes showed outstanding colloidal stability, photothermal conversion efficiency and acidity-triggered Fe3+ release. By GSH-mediated valence states transition of Fe3+ ions and Michael reaction between GSH and quinone-rich PDA, the nanozymes sufficiently executed dual depletion of GSH with the elevated temperature.Under mimic tumor acidity and near-infrared (NIR) irradiation condition, the endocytosed nanozymes effectively converted intracellular H2O2 into toxic ·OH upon amplified Fenton reaction, thereby potently killing 4T1 cancer cells and RAW 264.7 cells. Importantly, the nanozymes prominently suppressed 4T1 tumor growth in vivo and metastasis of cancer cells by CDT/PTT combination therapy without significant systemic toxicity. Our study provides novel visions in design of therapeutic nanozymes with great clinical translational prospect for tumor treatment.

Programmed T cells infiltration into lung metastases with harnessing dendritic cells in cancer immunotherapies by catalytic antigen-capture sponges.

T lymphocytes served as immune surveillance to suppress metastases by physically interacting with cancer cells. Whereas tumor immune privilege and heterogeneity protect immune attack, it limits immune cell infiltration into tumors, especially in invasive metastatic clusters. Here, a catalytic antigen-capture sponge (CAS) containing the catechol-functionalized copper-based metal organic framework (MOF) and chloroquine (CQ) for programming T cells infiltration is reported. The intravenously injected CAS accumulates at the tumor via the folic acid-mediated target and margination effect. In metastases, Fenton-like reaction induced by copper ions of CAS disrupts the intracellular redox potential, i.e., chemodynamic therapy (CDT), thereby reducing glutathione (GSH) levels. Furthermore, CQ helps inhibit autophagy by inducing lysosomal deacidification during CDT. This process leads to the breakdown of self-defense mechanisms, which exacerbates cytotoxicity. The therapies promote the liberation of tumor-associated antigens, such as neoantigens and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). Subsequently, the catechol groups present on CAS perform as antigen reservoirs and transport the autologous tumor-associated antigens to dendritic cells, resulting in prolonged immune activation. The CAS, which is capable of forming in-situ, serves as an antigen reservoir in CDT-mediated lung metastasis and leads to the accumulation of immune cells in metastatic clusters, thus hindering metastatic tumors.

Programmed antigen capture-harnessed dendritic cells by margination-hitchhiking lung delivery.

Adoptive T cells and immunotherapy suppress the most destructive metastatic tumors and prevent tumor recurrence by inducing T lymphocytes. However, the heterogeneity and immune privilege of invasive metastatic clusters often reduce immune cell infiltration and therapeutic efficacy. Here, the red blood cells (RBC)-hitchhiking mediated lung metastasis delivery of multi-grained iron oxide nanostructures (MIO) programming the antigen capture, dendritic cell harnessing, and T cell recruitment is developed. MIO is assembled to the surface of RBCs by osmotic shock-mediated fusion, and reversible interactions enable the transfer of MIO to pulmonary capillary endothelial cells by intravenous injection by squeezing RBCs at the pulmonary microvessels. RBC-hitchhiking delivery revealed that >65% of MIOs co-localized in tumors rather than normal tissues. In alternating magnetic field (AMF)-mediated magnetic lysis, MIO leads to the release of tumor-associated antigens, namely neoantigens and damage-associated molecular patterns. It also acted as an antigen capture agent-harnessed dendritic cells delivers these antigens to lymph nodes. By utilizing site-specific targeting, erythrocyte hitchhiker-mediated delivery of MIO to lung metastases improves survival and immune responses in mice with metastatic lung tumors.

Clay nanosheets simultaneously intercalated and stabilized by PEGylated chitosan as drug delivery vehicles for cancer chemotherapy.

Montmorillonite (MMT) has been frequently utilized as drug vehicles due to its high specific surface area, excellent cation exchange capacity and biocompatibility. However, the significant flocculation of MMT under physiological condition restricted its application to drug delivery. To conquer this problem, the graft-type PEGylated chitosan (PEG-CS) adducts were synthesized as intercalator to stabilize MMT dispersion. Through electrostatic attraction between the chitosan and MMT, the PEG-CS adducts were adsorbed on MMT surfaces and intercalated into MMT. The resulting PEG-CS/MMT nanosheets possessed PEG-rich surfaces, thus showing outstanding dispersion in serum-containing environment. Moreover, the physicochemical characterization revealed that the increased mass ratio of PEG-CS to MMT led to the microstructure transition of PEG-CS/MMT nanosheets from multilayered to exfoliated structure. Interestingly, the PEG-CS/MMT nanosheets with mass ratio of 8.0 in freeze-dried state exhibited a hierarchical lamellar structure organized by the intercalated MMT bundles and unintercalated PEG-CS domains. Notably, the multilayered PEG-CS/MMT nanosheets showed the capability of loading doxorubicin (DOX) superior to the exfoliated counterparts. Importantly, the DOX@PEG-CS/MMT nanosheets endocytosed by TRAMP-C1 cells liberated the drug progressively within acidic organelles, thereby eliciting cell apoptosis. This work provides a new strategy of achieving the controllable dispersion stability of MMT nanoclays towards application potentials in drug delivery.

Onion-like doxorubicin-carrying polymeric nanomicelles with tumor acidity-sensitive dePEGylation to expose positively-charged chitosan shell for enhanced cancer chemotherapy.

To effectively promote antitumor potency of doxorubicin (DOX), a regularly used chemotherapy drug, the tumor acidity-responsive polymeric nanomicelles from self-assembly of the as-synthesized amphiphilic benzoic imine-containing PEGylated chitosan-g-poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) conjugates were developed as vehicles of DOX. The attained PEGylated chitosan-g-PLGA nanomicelles with high PEGylation degree (H-PEG-CSPNs) were characterized to exhibit a "onion-like" core-shell-corona structure consisting of a hydrophobic PLGA core covered by benzoic imine-rich chitosan shell and outer hydrophilic PEG corona. The DOX-carrying H-PEG-CSPNs (DOX@H-PEG-CSPNs) displayed robust colloidal stability under large-volume dilution condition and in a serum-containing aqueous solution of physiological salt concentration. Importantly, the DOX@H-PEG-CSPNs in weak acidic milieu undergoing the hydrolysis of benzoic imine bonds and increased protonation of chitosan shell showed dePEGylation and surface charge conversion. Also, the considerable swelling of protonated chitosan shell within DOX@H-PEG-CSPNs accelerated drug release. Notably, the cellular internalization of DOX@H-PEG-CSPNs by TRAMP-C1 prostate cancer cells under mimic acidic tumor microenvironment was efficiently boosted upon acidity-triggered detachment of PEG corona and exposure of positively-charged chitosan shell, thus augmenting DOX-mediated anticancer effect. Compared to free DOX molecules, the DOX@H-PEG-CSPNs appreciably suppressed TRAMP-C1 tumor growth in vivo, thereby showing great promise in improving DOX chemotherapy.

Hybrid PEGylated chitosan/PLGA nanoparticles designed as pH-responsive vehicles to promote intracellular drug delivery and cancer chemotherapy.

To achieve effective intracellular anticancer drug release for boosted antitumor efficacy, the acidity-responsive nanovehicles for doxorubicin (DOX) delivery were fabricated by tailor-made co-assembly of amphiphilic PEGylated chitosan20k and hydrophobic poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) segments at pH 8.5. The attained DOX-loaded PEGylated chitosan20k/PLGA nanoparticles (DOX-PC20kPNs) were characterized to have a spherical shape composed of drug-encapsulated chitosan20k/PLGA-constituted solid core surrounded by hydrophilic PEG shells. Compared to non-pH-sensitive DOX-loaded PLGA nanoparticles (DOX-PNs), the DOX-PC20kPNs displayed outstanding colloidal stability under serum-containing condition and tended to swell in weak acidic milieu upon increased protonation of chitosan20k within hybrid cores, thus accelerating drug release. The in vitro cellular uptake and cytotoxicity studies revealed that the DOX-PC20kPNs after being endocytosed by prostate TRAMP-C1 cancer cells rapidly liberated drug, thus promoting drug accumulation in nuclei to enhance anticancer potency. Moreover, the hydrated PEG shells of DOX-PC20kPNs remarkably reduced their uptake by macrophage-like RAW264.7 cells. Importantly, in vivo animal findings showed that the DOX-PC20kPNs exhibited the capability of inhibiting TRAMP-C1 tumor growth superior to free hydrophobic DOX molecules and DOX-PNs, demonstrating the great potential in cancer chemotherapy.

Tumor acidity-responsive polymeric nanoparticles to promote intracellular delivery of zoledronic acid by PEG detachment and positive charge exposure for enhanced antitumor potency.

Zoledronic acid (ZA), a third-generation bisphosphonate, has been extensively used to treat osteoporosis and cancer bone metastasis and demonstrated to suppress proliferation of varied cancer cells and selectively kill tumor-associated microphages (TAMs). However, the clinical applications of ZA in extraskeletal tumor treatment are largely restricted due to its rapid renal clearance and binding to bones. In this study, to promote intracellular delivery of ZA for amplified antitumor efficacy, tumor acidity-responsive polymeric nanoparticles with high ZA payload (ca. 12.3 wt%) and low premature ZA leakage were designed. As a pivotal material for surface coating, the acidity-sensitive and amphiphilic methoxy poly(ethylene glycol) (mPEG)-benzoic imine-octadecane (C18) (mPEG-b-C18) was synthesized by conjugation of mPEG-CHO with 1-octadecylamine upon Schiff base reaction. Through tailor-made co-assembly of the hydrophobic poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA), amphiphilic tocopheryl polyethylene glycol succinate (TPGS) and mPEG-b-C18 to encapsulate ionic complexes composed of ZA molecules and branched poly(ethylenimine) (PEI) segments, the attained therapeutic polymeric nanoparticles, characterized to have a hydrophobic PLGA/ZA/PEI-constituted core covered with mPEG-b-C18 and TPGS, were able to not only detach mPEG shielding upon acidity-triggered hydrolysis of benzoic imine bonds but also expose surface positive charges of protonated PEI segments. The in vitro cellular uptake and cytotoxicity studies demonstrated that the internalization of acidity-sensitive ZA-encapsulated nanoparticles by TRAMP-C1 mouse prostate cancer cells and murine macrophages RAW 264.7 was considerably promoted upon acidity-elicited PEG detachment and surface charge conversion, thus remarkably boosting intracellular ZA delivery and anticancer potency. Compared to PEG non-detachable ZA-loaded nanoparticles with poor tumor deposition and antitumor effect, the PEG-detachable ZA-carrying nanoparticles markedly accumulated in TRAMP-C1 solid tumors in vivo and inhibited tumor growth, thereby increasing the survival rate of the treated mice. The collective data suggest the great promise of tumor acidity-sensitive ZA-carrying hybrid nanoparticles in the treatment of extraskeletal solid tumors.

Programmed Catalytic Therapy-Mediated ROS Generation and T-Cell Infiltration in Lung Metastasis by a Dual Metal-Organic Framework (MOF) Nanoagent.

Nano-catalytic agents actuating Fenton-like reaction in cancer cells cause intratumoral generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), allowing the potential for immune therapy of tumor metastasis via the recognition of tumor-associated antigens. However, the self-defense mechanism of cancer cells, known as autophagy, and unsustained ROS generation often restricts efficiency, lowering the immune attack, especially in invading metastatic clusters. Here, a functional core-shell metal-organic framework nanocube (dual MOF) doubling as a catalytic agent and T cell infiltration inducer that programs ROS and inhibits autophagy is reported. The dual MOF integrated a Prussian blue (PB)-coated iron (Fe2+)-containing metal-organic framework (MOF, MIL88) as a programmed peroxide mimic in the cancer cells, facilitating the sustained ROS generation. With the assistance of Chloroquine (CQ), the inhibition of autophagy through lysosomal deacidification breaks off the self-defense mechanism and further improves the cytotoxicity. The purpose of this material design was to inhibit autophagy and ROS efficacy of the tumor, and eventually improve T cell recruitment for immune therapy of lung metastasis. The margination and internalization-mediated cancer cell uptake improve the accumulation of dual MOF of metastatic tumors in vivo. The effective catalytic dual MOF integrated dysfunctional autophagy at the metastasis elicits the ~3-fold recruitment of T lymphocytes. Such synergy of T cell recruitment and ROS generation transported by dual MOF during the metastases successfully suppresses more than 90% of tumor foci in the lung.

Indocyanine green-carrying polymeric nanoparticles with acid-triggered detachable PEG coating and drug release for boosting cancer photothermal therapy.

In order to boost anticancer efficacy of indocyanine green (ICG)-mediated photothermal therapy (PTT) by promoting intracellular ICG delivery, the ICG-carrying hybrid polymeric nanoparticles were fabricated in this study by co-assembly of hydrophobic poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) segments, ICG molecules, amphiphilic tocopheryl polyethylene glycol succinate (TPGS) and pH-responsive methoxy poly(ethylene glycol)-benzoic imine-1-octadecanamine (mPEG-b-C18) segments in aqueous solution. The ICG-loaded nanoparticles were characterized to have ICG-containing PLGA core stabilized by hydrophilic PEG-rich surface coating and a well-dispersed spherical shape. Moreover, the ICG-loaded nanoparticles in pH 7.4 aqueous solution sufficiently inhibited ICG self-aggregation and leakage, thereby increasing aqueous photostability of ICG molecules. Notably, when the solution pH was reduced from pH 7.4-5.5, the acid-triggered hydrolysis of benzoic-imine linkers within mPEG-b-C18 remarkably facilitated the detachment of mPEG segments from ICG-loaded nanoparticles, thus accelerating ICG release. The findings of in vitro cellular uptake and cytotoxicity studies further demonstrated that the PEGylated ICG-carrying hybrid nanoparticles were efficiently internalized by MCF-7 cells compared to free ICG and realized intracellular acid-triggered rapid ICG liberation, thus enhancing anticancer effect of ICG-mediated PTT to potently kill cancer cells.

Tumor microenvironment-responsive and oxygen self-sufficient oil droplet nanoparticles for enhanced photothermal/photodynamic combination therapy against hypoxic tumors.

The combination of photothermal and photodynamic therapy (PTT/PDT) shows pronounced potential as a prominent therapeutic strategy for tumor treatment. However, the efficacy is limited by insufficient tumor-targeted delivery of PTT and PDT reagents and the hypoxic nature of the tumor microenvironment. To overcome these limitations, tumor acidity-responsive lipid membrane-enclosed perfluorooctyl bromide oil droplet nanoparticles (NPs) surface modified with N-acetyl histidine-modified D-α-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate (PFOB@IMHNPs) were developed, capable of co-delivering oxygen, IR780 (a photothermal agent) and mTHPC (a photodynamic sensitizer) into tumors. Through self-sufficient oxygen transportation in combination with promotion of cellular uptake upon acid-triggered generation of surface positive charge, the PFOB@IMHNPs effectively delivered IR780 and mTHPC and produced singlet oxygen within hypoxic TRAMP-C1 cells following exposure to irradiation at 660 nm. This led to effective killing of hypoxic cancer cells in vitro. Importantly, when irradiation at 808 and 660 nm was carried out, PT/PD combination therapy utilizing PFOB@IMHNPs dramatically suppressed the growth of TRAMP-C1 tumors through effective tumor-targeted cargo delivery and relief of tumor hypoxia. Our results suggest the high potential of the PFOB@IMHNPs developed in this study in clinical application for cancer treatment.

Hybrid polymeric nanoparticles with high zoledronic acid payload and proton sponge-triggered rapid drug release for anticancer applications.

Zoledronic acid (ZA), a third-generation nitrogen-heterocycle-containing bisphosphonate, has been frequently used as an anti-resorptive agent to treat cancer-involved hypercalcemia and painful bone metastases. In order to expand the clinical applications of ZA toward the extraskeletal tumor treatment, it is essential to develop the functionalized nanocarriers capable of carrying high ZA payload and achieving intracellular triggered ZA release. In this end, the ZA-encapsulated hybrid polymeric nanoparticles were fabricated in this work by co-association of the amphiphilic diblock copolymer poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)-b-poly(ethylene glycol) (PLGA-b-PEG), tocopheryl polyethylene glycol succinate (TPGS) segments and ionic complexes composed of ZA molecules and branched poly(ethylenimine) (PEI) segments. Notably, the ionic pairings of PEI segments with ZA molecules not only assisted encapsulation of ZA into the PLGA-rich core of hybrid nanoparticles but also reduced adhesion of ZA on the surfaces of hydrophobic cores, thus largely increasing ZA loading capacity. The dynamic light scattering (DLS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) characterization revealed that the ZA/PEI-loaded nanoparticles had a well-dispersed spherical shape. Moreover, compared to short PEI1.8k (1.8 kDa) segments, the longer PEI10k (10 kDa) segments formed more robust complexes with ZA molecules, thus prominently promoting ZA loading content of hybrid nanoparticles and their colloidal stability. Interestingly, with the suspension pH being reduced from 7.4 to 5.0, the considerable disruption of ZA/PEI ionic complexes owing to the acid-activated protonation of ZA molecules and the developed proton sponge-like effect inside the nanoparticle matrix upon the protonated PEI segments facilitated the rapid release of ZA molecules from drug-loaded hybrid nanoparticles. The results of in vitro cellular uptake and cytotoxicity studies showed that the ZA/PEI-loaded hybrid nanoparticles were internalized by MCF-7 cells upon energy-dependent endocytosis and displayed a superior cytotoxic effect to free ZA. This work demonstrates that the unique ZA/PEI-loaded hybrid polymeric nanoparticles display great promise for anticancer applications.

pH-responsive polymeric micelles self-assembled from benzoic-imine-containing alkyl-modified PEGylated chitosan for delivery of amphiphilic drugs.

In order to efficiently promote loading efficiency and aqueous photostability of indocyanine green (ICG), an amphiphilic tricarbocyanine dye, the polysaccharide-based nanomicelles utilized as a vehicle for ICG were fabricated by self-assembly of the amphiphilic benzoic-imine-containing PEGylated chitosan/4-(dodecyloxy)benzaldehyde (DBA) conjugates in aqueous solution of pH 7.4. The resulting polymeric micelles were characterized to have a hydrophobic hybrid chitosan/DBA core surrounded by hydrophilic PEG shells. Importantly, the encapsulation of ICG into the hybrid chitosan/DBA core of polymeric micelles by the combined hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions not only promoted the ICG loading but also enhanced its aqueous photostability. With the pH of micelle suspension being reduced from 7.4 to 5.0, upon acid-triggered cleavage of benzoic-imine bonds between chitosan and DBA as well as the extending of the protonated chitosan segments from hybrid cores toward aqueous phase, the rather hydrophobic DBA-rich core was formed within micelles, thereby leading to shrinking of the polymeric micelles. The robust ICG-loaded polymeric micelles showed several superior properties including the inhibition of ICG leakage under the mimic physiological and acidic conditions, favorable biocompatibility and photo-activated hyperthermia effect. This work suggests that the pH-responsive ICG-carrying chitosan-based micelles display great potential in cancer theranostic.

Transdermal Composite Microneedle Composed of Mesoporous Iron Oxide Nanoraspberry and PVA for Androgenetic Alopecia Treatment.

The transdermal delivery of therapeutic agents amplifying a local concentration of active molecules have received considerable attention in wide biomedical applications, especially in vaccine development and medical beauty. Unlike oral or subcutaneous injections, this approach can not only avoid the loss of efficacy of oral drugs due to the liver's first-pass effect but also reduce the risk of infection by subcutaneous injection. In this study, a magneto-responsive transdermal composite microneedle (MNs) with a mesoporous iron oxide nanoraspberry (MIO), that can improve the drug delivery efficiency, was fabricated by using a 3D printing-molding method. With loading of Minoxidil (Mx, a medication commonly used to slow the progression of hair loss and speed the process of hair regrowth), MNs can break the barrier of the stratum corneum through the puncture ability, and control the delivery dose for treating androgenetic alopecia (AGA). By 3D printing process, the sizes and morphologies of MNs is able to be, easily, architected. The MIOs were embedded into the tip of MNs which can deliver Mx as well as generate mild heating for hair growth, which is potentially attributed by the expansion of hair follicle and drug penetration. Compared to the mice without any treatments, the hair density of mice exhibited an 800% improvement after being treated by MNs with MF at 10-days post-treatment.

Injectable DNA-architected nanoraspberry depot-mediated on-demand programmable refilling and release drug delivery.

Drug delivery depots boosting a local concentration of therapeutic agents have received great attention in clinical applications due to their low occurrence of side effects and high therapeutic efficacy. However, once the payload is exhausted, the local drug concentration will be lower than the therapeutic window. To address this issue, an injectable double-strand deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)-architected nanoraspberry depot (DNR-depot) was developed that can refill doxorubicin (Dox, an anticancer drug) from the blood and remotely control drug release on demand. The large porous surface on a uniform nanoraspberry (NR) filled covalently with DNA serves as a Dox sponge-like refilling reservoir, and the NR serves as a magnetic electrical absorber. Via the strong affinity between Dox and DNA molecules, the refilling process of Dox can be achieved on DNR-depot both in vitro and in vivo. Upon high-frequency magnetic field (HFMF) treatment, the remotely triggered release of Dox is actuated by the dissociation of Dox and DNA molecules, facilitating an approximately 800% improvement in drug concentration at the tumor site compared to free Dox injection alone. Furthermore, the cycles of refilling and release can be carried out more than 3 times in vivo within 21 days. The combination of refilling and HFMF-programmable Dox release in tumors via DNR-depot can effectively inhibit tumor growth for 30 days.

Alendronate/folic acid-decorated polymeric nanoparticles for hierarchically targetable chemotherapy against bone metastatic breast cancer.

To considerably enhance treatment efficacy for bone metastatic breast cancer via dual bone/tumor-targeted chemotherapy, a nanoparticle-based delivery system comprising poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) as the hydrophobic core coated with alendronate-modified d-α-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol succinate (ALN-TPGS) and folic acid-conjugated TPGS (FA-TPGS) was developed as a vehicle for paclitaxel (PTX) in this work. The ALN/FA-decorated nanoparticles not only showed superior ALN-mediated binding affinity for hydroxyapatite abundant in bone tissue but also promoted uptake of payloads by folate receptor-overexpressing cancer cells to significantly augment PTX cytotoxicity. Notably, through dual-targetable delivery to the bone matrix and folate receptor-overexpressing 4T1 tumors, the PTX-loaded nanoparticles substantially accumulated in bone metastases in vivo and inhibited 4T1 tumor growth and lung metastasis, leading to significant improvement of the survival rate of treated mice. Upon treatment with the ALN/FA-decorated PTX-loaded nanoparticles, the bone destruction and bone loss of the tumor-bearing mice were appreciably retarded, and the adverse effects on normal tissues were alleviated. These results demonstrate that the ALN/FA-decorated PTX-loaded delivery system developed in this study shows great promise for the effective treatment of bone metastatic breast cancer.

Functionalized polymeric nanogels with pH-sensitive benzoic-imine cross-linkages designed as vehicles for indocyanine green delivery.

To expand clinical applications of indocyanine green (ICG) by overcoming its several drawbacks such as self-aggregation under physiological conditions, poor aqueous photostability, lack of target specificity and rapid renal elimination from the body, the functionalized polymeric nanogels with pH-responsive benzoic-imine cross-linkages employed as carriers for ICG delivery were developed by one-step cross-linking of the branched poly(ethylenimine)-g-methoxy poly(ethylene glycol) (PEI-g-mPEG) copolymer with hydrophobic terephthalaldehyde (TPA) molecules in aqueous solution of pH 7.4. Based on the findings of fluorescence, dynamic and static light scattering, and transmission electron microscopy measurements, the resulting polymeric nanogels exhibited a spherical structure comprising multiple hydrophobic benzoic-imine-rich microdomains covered by positively-charged PEI networks capable of holding large amounts of water, and hydrophilic mPEG segments. Moreover, the cross-linking of more TPA molecules with PEI-g-mPEG segments led to the formation of more microdomains inside the polymeric nanogels, thus making the colloidal structure more hydrophobic and compact. More importantly, through the electrostatic attraction of amphiphilic ICG molecules with protonated PEI segments as well as their hydrophobic association with microdomains upon π-π stacking, the ICG species can be efficiently encapsulated into the nanogels. Notably, the robust ICG-loaded nanogels showed several outstanding properties, including (1) significantly enhanced the photo-stability of ICG in phosphate buffer, (2) considerably retarded ICG leakage from nanogels at pH 7.8, (3) acid-triggered ICG release by the cleavage of benzoic-imine bonds in response to pH reduction from 7.8 to 6.4. This work demonstrates that the pH-responsive polymeric nanogels have promising potential for tumor-targeted ICG delivery.

Indocyanine green/doxorubicin-encapsulated functionalized nanoparticles for effective combination therapy against human MDR breast cancer.

To overcome low therapeutic efficacy of chemotherapy against multidrug resistance (MDR) breast cancer, a combination therapy system based upon functionalized polymer nanoparticles comprising poly(γ-glutamic acid)-g-poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (γ-PGA-g-PLGA) as the major component was developed. The NPs were loaded with doxorubicin (DOX) and indocyanine green (ICG) for dual modality cancer treatment and coated with cholesterol-PEG (C-PEG) for MDR abrogation in treatment of human MDR breast cancer. The in vitro cellular uptake of the DOX/ICG loaded nanoparticles (DI-NPs) by MDR cancer cells was significantly enhanced owing to effective inhibition of the P-gp activity by C-PEG and γ-PGA receptor-mediated endocytosis. DOX localization in cytoplasm and nucleus was observed particularly with the photo-thermal effect that facilitated intracellular drug release. As a result, the C-PEG coated DI-NPs after photo-irradiation exhibited a synergistic effect of combination (chemo/thermal) therapy to depress the proliferation of MDR cancer calls. The ex vivo biodistribution study revealed an enhanced tumor accumulation of C-PEG (2000) coated DI-NPs in MCF-7/MDR tumor-bearing nude mice due to the excellent EPR effects by the NP surface PEGylation. The MDR tumor growth was almost entirely inhibited in the group receiving combination therapy from CP2k-DI-NPs and photo-irradiation along with substantial cell apoptosis of tumor tissues examined by immunohistochemical staining. The results demonstrate a promising dual modality therapy system, CP2k-DI-NPs, developed in this work for effective combination therapy of human MDR breast cancer.