Immature teratoma of the ovary: a clinicopathological study of 28 cases.

AIM: Immature teratoma (IT) of the ovary represents 1% of all ovarian cancers and 20% of malignant ovarian germ cell tumors. This retrospective study of 28 such cases aims to look at its morphological spectrum and to study the correlation of the grade and stage of the tumor with prognosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective study of 28 cases of IT of the ovary was done. Neuroepithelium was graded as grade I, II and III according to the standard criteria. The presence of immature mesenchyme was also looked for and similarly graded. RESULTS: The median age for the cases was 19 years and abdominal pain was the commonest symptom. Neuroepithelium was seen in 26 cases (6 were grade I, 13 were grade II, and 7 were grade III); and two showed immature mesenchymal tissue (IM) only. IM was seen in all 28 cases, but no correlation with the grade of the IT of the ovary is found. The follow up is available in 23 cases ranging from 6 months to 78 months (median 33 months). Of these, 13 were stage I, 3 were stage II and 7 were stage III ITs. Out of 23 patients, 17 patients were alive without evidence of disease recurrence during the last follow up. Adverse events in the form of death and local recurrence occurred in 6 patients. One patient died of the disease at 7 months duration from the disease onset (stage III, grade II IT). CONCLUSION: Morphological spectrum of IT of ovary is varied. Immature mesenchyme was seen in all the cases of IT of ovary and its presence should prompt a careful search for immature neuroepithelium. Stage I IT of ovary has better prognosis. Combination of surgery and chemotherapy can give longer survival even in recurrent disease.

Metastatic rhabdomyosarcomatous elements, mimicking a primary sarcoma, in the omentum, from a poorly differentiated ovarian Sertoli-Leydig cell tumor in a young girl: an unusual presentation with a literature review.

Sertoli-Leydig cell tumors (SLCTs) of the ovary with mesenchymal heterologous elements are uncommon. Only few such cases have been documented, showing presence of only mesenchymal heterologous elements at the metastatic site. We report an unusual case in a young girl who presented with an omental mass that was consistent with histopathological features of a high-grade sarcoma, with prominent rhabdomyoblastic differentiation of the embryonal type. The sections from her ovarian mass for which she was operated a year back displayed features of a poorly differentiated SLCT with heterologous elements, including focal rhabdomyoblastic differentiation. This is one of the rare cases, to the best of our knowledge, where only rhabomyosarcomatous elements were identified at the metastatic site, mimicking a primary abdominal rhabdomyosarcoma, in a case of an ovarian SLCT. Further, this case reinforces the presence of rhabdomyosarcomatous elements in an ovarian SLCT to be associated with an aggressive disease course.

Monophasic synovial sarcoma of tongue.

Synovial sarcoma is a well defined morphologic entity extensively researched in literature. Synovial sarcoma displays a wide spectrum of clinical presentations and histologic appearances that may give rise to diagnostic dilemmas. One such unusual site in the head and neck area is the tongue. We report a case of monophasic synovial sarcoma of the tongue in a 22-year-old male. Microscopically, this tumor mimicked a poorly differentiated carcinoma which is more common at this site though the patient was young for this type of tumor. On immunohistochemistry, neoplastic cells were positive for cytokeratin, vimentin, calponin, CD99 and bcl2. Molecular studies--viz. reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction revealed a SYT-SSX translocation clinching the diagnosis. This paper highlights the immunohistochemistry profile and SYT-SSX translocation which helped arrive at an accurate diagnosis only because the index of suspicion for a monophasic synovial sarcoma is high.

Hormone receptors over the last 8 years in a cancer referral center in India: what was and what is?

This study was carried out to observe the trend in hormone receptors over the last 8 years in a tertiary cancer center in India. A total of 11,780 tumors analyzed for hormone receptors over the last 7 years were compared with the results of hormone receptor expression in a prior published study on 798 cases of breast cancer from the same institute. The patient's ages ranged from 18 to 102 years, Sixty percent of the patients were in the age group of 31-50 years. Seventy percent of the tumors were grade III tumors. The percentage of hormone receptor expression in breast cancer in the last 8 years varied from 52 to 57%. The overall receptor expression in the last 8 years shifted within a 5% range, confirming that the hormone receptor expression in Indian patients with breast cancer is low. However, there was redistribution within the pattern of estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PR) expression among tumors showing hormone receptor expression. Breast cancers showing only PR expression reduced dramatically from 21% in the year 1999 to in the year 2006, with a parallel increase in breast cancers showing combined ER and PR positivity (from 25 to 41.8%) and only ER expression (from 7.4 to 10.6%). The hormone receptor expression in breast cancers in India is and continues to be low but the high incidence of only PR-positive tumors in our population reported earlier was misrepresented.

Utility of the thromboplastin-plasma cell-block technique for fine-needle aspiration and serous effusions.

(I) To assess the feasibility of thromboplastin-plasma (TP) method for cell block, (II) to concentrate the minimal cellular material from effusions and needle-rinses by block preparation and improve visual details, (III) to compare conventional cytological smears with cell blocks for final assessment, and (IV) to assess utility of immunocytochemistry (ICC) for diagnostic accuracy. Seventy cell blocks were prepared by TP technique using surplus fluid from 38 serous effusions, and for 32 ultrasonography-guided fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) material, rinses of syringes and needles were collected in normal saline after conventional cytological smears. Then, cell blocks were compared with conventional smears for adequacy, morphologic preservation, and ICC. Absolute concordance seen in 66 cases (94%) between the smears and cell blocks. Advantages with the blocks were cellular concentration in a limited field and better cellular preservation with architectural pattern. Quality of ICC was comparable to that of standard controls. Diagnostic discrepancy was seen in two cases where cell blocks were positive but smears were negative. Two cell blocks were nonrepresentative. Cell block serves as a useful adjunct to traditional cytological smears. TP method is simple, cost effective, and reproducible. It is easy when compared with agar-embedding technique. Ancillary techniques like ICC can be performed successfully.

Clinicopathological features and the value of differential Cytokeratin 7 and 20 expression in resolving diagnostic dilemmas of ovarian involvement by colorectal adenocarcinoma and vice-versa.

The distinction between metastasis from a colorectal adenocarcinoma into the ovary and an ovarian adenocarcinoma is vital, but challenging at times, due to overlapping morphological features. Similarly, a distinction between an ovarian metastasis into the colorectum and a colorectal adenocarcinoma, although rare; is important and can be daunting. We report an analysis of 20 cases of ovarian involvement by metastatic colorectal adenocarcinomas and colorectal involvement by metastatic ovarian adenocarcinomas, including the value of differential expression of cytokeratins 7 & 20 by immunohistochemistry (IHC), in these cases. Nine cases (45%) were identified as colorectal adenocarcinomas metastatic to the ovary. On biopsy, all these cases showed a 'garland-like' tumor necrosis, with desmoplasia and predominantly exhibited a tubuloalveolar pattern (67% cases). On IHC, all 8 of 9 such cases, where staining for cytokeratin 20 was performed, displayed strong positivity and 7 cases, where staining for carcinoembryogenic antigen (CEA) was performed, revealed positivity for this marker (100%). Other 11 cases (55%) were ovarian adenocarcinomas, metastatic to the colorectum. These showed metachronous presentations, with the ovarian tumor preceding the colorectal tumor deposits. Morphologically, psammomatous calcification was noted in 73% of these cases, whereas 'garland-like' necrosis was absent in all. The chief morphological subtype was serous papillary cystadenocarcinoma (55% cases). On IHC, CK7 and CA 125 were positive in all 6 of 11 such cases, whereas CK 20 was negative in all these cases.In cases of complex presentations like an ovarian involvement by a metastatic colorectal adenocarcinoma and vice-versa, certain clinicopathological features are useful. Differential expression of CK 7 and CK20 is vital in resolving these dilemmas. CK20 positivity and CK7 negativity is associated with a colorectal adenocarcinoma. Markers like CEA and CA-125 have an added value.

Clinicopathological features with outcomes of a series of conventional and proximal-type epithelioid sarcomas, diagnosed over a period of 10 years at a tertiary cancer hospital in India.

Epithelioid sarcoma (ES) is an uncommon sarcoma. Lately, its variants, including proximal-type ES, have been recognized. The present study highlights clinicopathological features of 26 (65%) conventional and 14 (35%) cases of proximal-type ES. Thirty-eight percent of cases were seen in 21-30-year age group, including 77.5% cases in men. Extremities were the commonest sites in both the subtypes. Histologically, conventional-type ES displayed nodular tumor aggregates with necrosis, while proximal-type showed solid arrangement of large, "rhabdoid-like" cells. More cases (64.2%) of the proximal type were of grade 3. A range of differential diagnoses was considered. Most important immunohistochemical markers were vimentin, epithelial membrane antigen, cytokeratin, CD34, and desmin. Maximum (72.5%) cases were treated surgically. Recurrences and metastasis were observed more in the proximal type. The 7-year disease-free survival was 19.4% in the conventional and nil in the proximal subtype (p = 0.06). The overall survival rate was also lower in the proximal (31.3%) than conventional type (90.2%; p < 0.001). Other unfavorable parameters were deeper location, larger size, and higher tumor stage. This unusual sarcoma, with characteristic growth patterns, merits a proper histological evaluation, as it has many mimics. Proximal-type ES is rather a morphological subtype, associated with an aggressive course.

Solitary fibrous tumour: a diagnostic dilemma.

Solitary fibrous tumour (SFT) is a rare spindle cell neoplasm arising at pleural and extrapleural sites. Five cases of SFT diagnosed at our institution over a five year period were reviewed. Haematoxylin and eosin stained histological sections, immuno-histochemical markers including CD34 and electron microscopy were the different methods used to study these tumours. Three histological features were consistently observed in all the tumours: the tumours were composed of short spindle cells separated by dense collagen bands and arranged in alternate hypocellular and hypercellular areas. CD34 positivity was seen in all the cases. SFT's have been reported to behave in an unpredictable fashion and hence prolonged follow up is essential. Histology, CD34 positivity and electron microscopy are useful tools in diagnosing SFT. While the pleural tumours can be diagnosed based on histology, this must be substantiated by ancillary techniques in case of extrapleural tumours.

Prognostic factors in infiltrating lobular carcinoma.

Various prognostic factors viz. clinical details, histologic features including subtypes, elastosis, desmoplasia, in situ carcinoma, perineural and vascular invasion, Nottingham Prognostic Index (NPI), and menopausal status were evaluated in Infiltrating Lobular carcinoma (ILC) in the context of patient survival. 138 patients had presented with ILC over a period of 20 years. Histological subtypes of ILC and vascular invasion played a role in the biologic behaviour of the tumour. Interestingly premenopausal status protected against the risk for relapse, while being postmenopausal, increased the risk. NPI was demonstrated as an independent significant prognostic factor and was a good predictor for relapse. This study underlines the role of the pathologist in determination of the prognostic groups in Infiltrating lobular carcinoma.

Prognostic factors in head and neck soft tissue sarcomas.

BACKGROUND: Soft tissue sarcomas of head and neck constitute a heterogeneous group of rare malignant tumors occurring at rare sites. The purpose of this retrospective study is to evaluate the pathologic features, treatment modalities, outcome, patterns of failure, survival, and other prognostic factors. METHODS: The medical records of 72 patients whose tumors were diagnosed as head and neck sarcomas, treated at Tata Memorial Center between 1981 to 1995 were reviewed. Potential prognostic factors including age, gender, tumor size, histology, grade, and adjuvant treatment were evaluated. RESULTS: The overall and disease free survival at 5 years was 60% and 45%, respectively. The median survival and follow-up was 76 and 38 months, respectively. Thirty-two patients (44.4%) developed recurrence of which 13 patients were salvaged. The univariate and multivariate analysis showed tumor size and grade as important prognostic factors for the survival. CONCLUSIONS: Tumor size greater than 5 cm and high grade tumors were important prognostic factors for survival. Every effort should be made for early diagnosis and wide surgical excision. For localized recurrent tumors without evidence of distant metastasis, surgery should be attempted whenever possible. High rates of locoregional failure in head and neck area indicate the need for improved treatment strategies.

Hormone receptor status of breast cancer in India: a study of 798 tumours.

The objectives of this study were to document the oestrogen and progesterone receptor (ER & PR) status of breast cancer in the Indian population (as done by immunohistochemistry on paraffin blocks), and correlate the steroid receptor status of breast cancer with all relevant patient and tumour characteristics. Our current data have been compared with previously published data from other centres. In contrast to the higher rates reported in the Western literature, only 32.6% of our tumours were ER positive and 46.1% were PR positive. Tumours were separated into four categories: ER+PR+ (25%), ER+PR- (7.4%), ER-PR+ (21.1%) and ER-PR- (46.5%). ER and PR immunoreactivity increased with advancing age, and correlated with the presence of elastosis. Infiltrating lobular carcinoma, mucinous carcinoma, and mixed tumours were more frequently ER & PR positive. High-grade infiltrating duct carcinomas, pure comedo ductal carcinoma in situ, and medullary carcinoma were predominantly ER & PR negative. The presence of necrosis and lymphovascular invasion showed an inverse relationship with ER and PR reactivity.

Mediastinal Castleman's disease complicated by follicular dendritic cell tumour.

We describe a rare case of follicular dendritic cell tumour which had arisen over the background of hyaline vascular type of Castleman's disease at the mediastinal location. Constellation of histology and immunohistochemistry using CD21 antibody and non-reactivity to CD15, CD30, cytokeratin and epithelial membrane antigen helped us diagnose this case. The literature is reviewed, specially with reference to the genesis of follicular dendritic cell neoplasm at the backdrop of Castleman's disease and its clinical relevance.

Metastatic ovarian neuroblastoma: a case report.

Ovarian metastasis of childhood tumors is rare despite their aggressive nature. The childhood tumor that spreads to the ovary most frequently is the neuroblastoma. The clinical features and frequent bilaterality of ovarian metastatic tumors are helpful diagnostic features in many cases, but when the ovarian tumor is the presenting manifestation of the disease, differentiation from various primary ovarian tumors may be difficult. In this paper, a rare case of metastatic ovarian neuroblastoma is reported.

Prediction of nipple and areola involvement in breast cancer.

AIMS: To find a pre-operative test for nipple and areola involvement in breast cancer. METHODS: Areola-tumour distance was measured in 140 consecutive patients (median age 45, range: 23-83) undergoing a mastectomy. We analysed whether nipple and areola correlated with areola-tumour distance, tumour size, nodal status, perinodal involvement and lymphatic embolization. RESULTS: The nipple was involved in 22 (16%) cases and this correlated with tumour size, number of lymph nodes, perinodal extension and presence of lymphatic emboli. In all these 22 cases, the tumour was within 2.5 cm of the areola. Tumour size, however, could not predict nipple involvement in tumours within 2.5 cm of the areolar edge. CONCLUSIONS: In the one-fifth of cases where the tumour is over 2.5 cm from the areola, preserving the nipple and areola for reconstruction may be worthwhile. In remaining cases, some other predictive test for nipple involvement would be necessary.