RESUMO
Background: Estimating and analyzing trends and patterns of health loss are essential to promote efficient resource allocation and improve Peru's healthcare system performance. Methods: Using estimates from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD), Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (2019), we assessed mortality and disability in Peru from 1990 to 2019. We report demographic and epidemiologic trends in terms of population, life expectancy at birth (LE), mortality, incidence, prevalence, years of life lost (YLLs), years lived with disability (YLDs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) caused by the major diseases and risk factors in Peru. Finally, we compared Peru with 16 countries in the Latin American (LA) region. Results: The Peruvian population reached 33.9 million inhabitants (49.9% women) in 2019. From 1990 to 2019, LE at birth increased from 69.2 (95% uncertainty interval 67.8-70.3) to 80.3 (77.2-83.2) years. This increase was driven by the decline in under-5 mortality (-80.7%) and mortality from infectious diseases in older age groups (+60 years old). The number of DALYs in 1990 was 9.2 million (8.5-10.1) and reached 7.5 million (6.1-9.0) in 2019. The proportion of DALYs due to non-communicable diseases (NCDs) increased from 38.2% in 1990 to 67.9% in 2019. The all-ages and age-standardized DALYs rates and YLLs rates decreased, but YLDs rates remained constant. In 2019, the leading causes of DALYs were neonatal disorders, lower respiratory infections (LRIs), ischemic heart disease, road injuries, and low back pain. The leading risk factors associated with DALYs in 2019 were undernutrition, high body mass index, high fasting plasma glucose, and air pollution. Before the COVID-19 pandemic, Peru experienced one of the highest LRIs-DALYs rates in the LA region. Conclusion: In the last three decades, Peru experienced significant improvements in LE and child survival and an increase in the burden of NCDs and associated disability. The Peruvian healthcare system must be redesigned to respond to this epidemiological transition. The new design should aim to reduce premature deaths and maintain healthy longevity, focusing on effective coverage and treatment of NCDs and reducing and managing the related disability.
Assuntos
COVID-19 , Doenças não Transmissíveis , Infecções Respiratórias , Idoso , Feminino , Humanos , Recém-Nascido , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , COVID-19/epidemiologia , Expectativa de Vida , Pandemias , Peru/epidemiologia , Anos de Vida Ajustados por Qualidade de Vida , Lactente , Pré-EscolarRESUMO
Han pasado 163 días desde la llegada del primer caso al Perú y 152 días de iniciada la cuarentena y me atrevería a decir que la pandemia ha seguido su curso natural a pesar de todos los esfuerzos realizados, pero con muchos errores, y la grandiosa pérdida económica que hemos tenido.
RESUMO
OBJECTIVE: Determining the efficacy of a life-skills' programme within the context of a school health promotion programme using teenagers from a high-school in the district of Huancavelica, Peru during school year 2006. METHODS: This was non-equivalent experimental research with pre-test and post-test. The subjects consisted of 284 high school students. The variables analyzed were communication, self esteem, assertiveness, decision making, sex and age. RESULTS: There was a significant increase in the experimental group's communication and assertiveness skills' development. There were no significant differences in decision-making and self-esteem skills. DISCUSSION: The life-skills' programme was effective during one school year, especially in terms of learning and developing communication and assertiveness skills. However, self-esteem and decision-making skills did not present a statistically significance difference. Programme implementation must thus be redirected and the life-skills' programme should be implemented throughout all high-school years.
Assuntos
Educação em Saúde , Promoção da Saúde , Adolescente , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Peru , Avaliação de Programas e Projetos de SaúdeRESUMO
Las construcciones de género, los significados del cuerpo y los sentidos atribuidos al proceso salud-enfermedad son centrales en la estructuración de identidades. Para comprender los significados de las experiencias sexuales de personas que viven con endocrinopatías que provocan modificaciones en la apariencia física, se realizaron 2 estudios exploratorios: uno con 15 sujetos peruanos, y otro con 7 sujetos cubanos, todos adultos, mujeres y varones. Se realizaron entrevistas en profundidad y se utilizó la triangulación teórica para validación. Se encontró que la sexualidad se elabora desde un sentido de normativa: que exige coherencia entre el sexo biológico, las experiencias de género y las formas de representar el cuerpo. La enfermedad, los cambios corporales y las dificultades para cumplir con roles y expectativas de género (tradicionales), "rompen" con esta coherencia esperada, e impactan profundamente sobre la sexualidad y los procesos de identidad. Aunque aparecen diferencias atendiendo al contexto cultural, al género y a las particularidades del proceso de enfermedad, los sujetos refieren la vivencia de no cumplir con la normativa sexual, los roles y las expectativas de género, desde sus definiciones más tradicionales. El artículo aporta reflexiones y recomendaciones generales para incidir positivamente en las realidades de vida de estas personas(AU)
The gender constructions, the meanings of the body and the senses attributed to the health-disease process are essential for the structuring of identities. To understand the meanings of the sexual experiences of persons living with endocrinopathies causing modifications in the physical appearance, 2 exploratory studies were conducted: one with 15 Peruvian subjects, and another with 7 Cuban individuals. All of them were female and male adults. In-depth interviews were made, and the theoretical triangulation was used for their validation. It was found that sexuality is made from a normative sense that demands coherence between the biological sex, the gender experiences and the ways to represent the body. The disease, the body changes and the difficulties to fulfill the gender roles and expectations (traditional) break this expected coherence and have a great impact on the sexuality and the identity processes. Although there are differences according to the cultural context, gender and the particularities of the disease process, the individuals refer not to accomplish the sexual normative and the gender roles and expectations from their most traditional definitions. The article provides reflections and general recommendations to positively influence on the realities of life of these patients(AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Feminino , Gravidez , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Doenças do Sistema Endócrino , SexualidadeRESUMO
Las construcciones de género, los significados del cuerpo y los sentidos atribuidos al proceso salud-enfermedad son centrales en la estructuración de identidades. Para comprender los significados de las experiencias sexuales de personas que viven con endocrinopatías que provocan modificaciones en la apariencia física, se realizaron 2 estudios exploratorios: uno con 15 sujetos peruanos, y otro con 7 sujetos cubanos, todos adultos, mujeres y varones. Se realizaron entrevistas en profundidad y se utilizó la triangulación teórica para validación. Se encontró que la sexualidad se elabora desde un sentido de normativa: que exige coherencia entre el sexo biológico, las experiencias de género y las formas de representar el cuerpo. La enfermedad, los cambios corporales y las dificultades para cumplir con roles y expectativas de género (tradicionales), "rompen" con esta coherencia esperada, e impactan profundamente sobre la sexualidad y los procesos de identidad. Aunque aparecen diferencias atendiendo al contexto cultural, al género y a las particularidades del proceso de enfermedad, los sujetos refieren la vivencia de no cumplir con la normativa sexual, los roles y las expectativas de género, desde sus definiciones más tradicionales. El artículo aporta reflexiones y recomendaciones generales para incidir positivamente en las realidades de vida de estas personas(AU)
The gender constructions, the meanings of the body and the senses attributed to the health-disease process are essential for the structuring of identities. To understand the meanings of the sexual experiences of persons living with endocrinopathies causing modifications in the physical appearance, 2 exploratory studies were conducted: one with 15 Peruvian subjects, and another with 7 Cuban individuals. All of them were female and male adults. In-depth interviews were made, and the theoretical triangulation was used for their validation. It was found that sexuality is made from a normative sense that demands coherence between the biological sex, the gender experiences and the ways to represent the body. The disease, the body changes and the difficulties to fulfill the gender roles and expectations (traditional) break this expected coherence and have a great impact on the sexuality and the identity processes. Although there are differences according to the cultural context, gender and the particularities of the disease process, the individuals refer not to accomplish the sexual normative and the gender roles and expectations from their most traditional definitions. The article provides reflections and general recommendations to positively influence on the realities of life of these patients(AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Feminino , Gravidez , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Sexualidade , Doenças do Sistema Endócrino , Identidade de Gênero , Processo Saúde-DoençaRESUMO
Con el propósito de elaborar un mapa bacteriológico y su resistencia antibiótica en las Unidades de Cuidados Intensivos (UCI) del país se llevó a cabo una revisión sistemática. De los artículos identificados, ocho fueron evaluados por su calidad de información a través de una lista de cotejo adaptada para estudios de prevalencia. De un total de 830 muestras para prevalencia distribuidas en 611 de vías respiratorias bajas, 61 de hemocultivos, 52 de heridas infectadas y 87 de punta de catéter, y 589 muestras para resistencia distribuidas en 261 para Pseudomonas sp. y 328 para Sthaphylococcus aureus, resultó que S. aureus y el género Pseudomonas fueron los microorganismos más prevalentes en UCI, excepto en vías urinarias. La resistencia de S. aureus a oxacilina fue de 62,8 por ciento, y a vancomicina 0,9 por ciento de resistencia intermedia. La resistencia de P. aeruginosa a imipenen fue de 13,8 por ciento. Se determinó que los estudios no son lo suficientemente representativos y que deberían ajustar sus criterios metodológicos. Asimismo, se sugiere adoptar un consenso uniforme de todas las unidades para futuros trabajos en el país.
