Differentiation between normal and abnormal kidneys using 99mTc-DMSA SPECT with deep learning in paediatric patients.

AIM: To investigate the feasibility of using deep learning (DL) to differentiate normal from abnormal (or scarred) kidneys using technetium-99m dimercaptosuccinic acid (99mTc-DMSA) single-photon-emission computed tomography (SPECT) in paediatric patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Three hundred and one 99mTc-DMSA renal SPECT examinations were reviewed retrospectively. The 301 patients were split randomly into 261, 20, and 20 for training, validation, and testing data, respectively. The DL model was trained using three-dimensional (3D) SPECT images, two-dimensional (2D) maximum intensity projections (MIPs), and 2.5-dimensional (2.5D) MIPs (i.e., transverse, sagittal, and coronal views). Each DL model was trained to determine renal SPECT images into either normal or abnormal. Consensus reading results by two nuclear medicine physicians served as the reference standard. RESULTS: The DL model trained by 2.5D MIPs outperformed that trained by either 3D SPECT images or 2D MIPs. The accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity of the 2.5D model for the differentiation between normal and abnormal kidneys were 92.5%, 90% and 95%, respectively. CONCLUSION: The experimental results suggest that DL has the potential to differentiate normal from abnormal kidneys in children using 99mTc-DMSA SPECT imaging.

Reducing scan time of paediatric 99mTc-DMSA SPECT via deep learning.

AIM: To investigate the feasibility of reducing the scan time of paediatric technetium 99m (99mTc) dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) single-photon-emission computed tomographic (SPECT) using a deep learning (DL) method. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A total of 112 paediatric 99mTc-DMSA renal SPECT scans were analysed retrospectively. Of the 112 examinations, 88 (84 for training and four for validation) were used to train a DL-based model that could generate full-acquisition-time reconstructed SPECT images from half-time acquisition. The remaining 24 examinations were used to evaluate the performance of the trained model. RESULTS: DL-based SPECT images obtained from half-time acquisition have image quality similar to the standard clinical SPECT images obtained from full-acquisition-time acquisition. Moreover, the accuracy, sensitivity and specificity of the DL-based SPECT images for detection of affected kidneys were 91.7%, 83.3%, and 100%, respectively. CONCLUSION: These preliminary results suggest that DL has the potential to reduce the scan time of paediatric 99mTc-DMSA SPECT imaging while maintaining diagnostic accuracy.

Mechanisms of ischaemic neural progenitor proliferation: a regulatory role of the HIF-1α-CBX7 pathway.

AIMS: Investigations of the molecular mechanisms of hypoxia- and ischaemia-induced endogenous neural progenitor cell (NPC) proliferation have mainly focused on factors secreted in response to environmental cues. However, little is known about the intrinsic regulatory machinery underlying the self-renewing division of NPCs in the brain after stroke. METHODS AND RESULTS: Polycomb repressor complex 1-chromobox7 (CBX7) has emerged as a key regulator in several cellular processes including stem cell self-renewal and cancer cell proliferation. The hypoxic environment triggering NPC self-renewal after CBX7 activation remains unknown. In this study, we found that the upregulation of CBX7 during hypoxia and ischaemia appeared to be from hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) activation. During hypoxia, the HIF-1α-CBX7 cascade modulated NPC proliferation in vitro. NPC numbers significantly decreased in CBX7 knockout mice generated using CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing. CONCLUSIONS: We provided the novel insight that CBX7 expression is regulated through HIF-1α activation, which plays an intrinsically modulating role in NPC proliferation.

Systematic review and meta-analysis of acupuncture to reduce cancer-related pain.

We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate the effects of acupuncture on malignancy-related, chemotherapy (CT)- or radiation therapy (RT)-induced, surgery-induced, and hormone therapy (HT)-induced pain. Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) examining the effects of acupuncture on cancer-related pain were reached from the EMBASE, PubMed, PsycINFO, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, CINAHL, Airiti library, Taiwan Electrical Periodical Service, Wanfang Data (a Chinese database) and China Knowledge Resource Integrated Database from inception through June 2014. Heterogeneity, moderator analysis, publication bias and risk of bias associated with the included studies were examined. A total of 29 RCTs yielding 36 effect sizes were included. The overall effect of acupuncture on cancer-related pain was -0.45 [95% confidence interval (CI) = -0.63 to -0.26]. The subanalysis indicated that acupuncture relieved malignancy-related and surgery-induced pain [effect size (g) = -0.71, and -0.40; 95% CI = -0.94 to -0.48, and -0.69 to -0.10] but not CT- or RT-induced and HT-induced pain (g = -0.05, and -0.64, 95% CI = -0.33 to 0.24, and -1.55 to 0.27). Acupuncture is effective in relieving cancer-related pain, particularly malignancy-related and surgery-induced pain. Our findings suggest that acupuncture can be adopted as part of a multimodal approach for reducing cancer-related pain.

Public knowledge of how to use an automatic external defibrillator in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in Hong Kong.

INTRODUCTION: The survival rate of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in Hong Kong is low. A long delay between collapse and defibrillation is a contributing factor. Public access to defibrillation may shorten this delay. It is unknown, however, whether Hong Kong's public is willing or able to use an automatic external defibrillator. This study aimed to evaluate public knowledge of how to use an automatic external defibrillator in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. METHODS: A face-to-face semi-structured questionnaire survey of the public was conducted in six locations with a high pedestrian flow in Hong Kong. RESULTS: In this study, 401 members of the public were interviewed. Most had no training in first aid (65.8%) or in use of an automatic external defibrillator (85.3%). Nearly all (96.5%) would call for help for a victim of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest but only 18.0% would use an automatic external defibrillator. Public knowledge of automatic external defibrillator use was low: 77.6% did not know the location of an automatic external defibrillator in the vicinity of their home or workplace. People who had ever been trained in both first aid and use of an automatic external defibrillator were more likely to respond to and help a victim of cardiac arrest, and to use an automatic external defibrillator. CONCLUSION: Public knowledge of automatic external defibrillator use is low in Hong Kong. A combination of training in first aid and in the use of an automatic external defibrillator is better than either one alone.

Electricity production from municipal solid waste using microbial fuel cells.

The organic content of municipal solid waste has long been an attractive source of renewable energy, mainly as a solid fuel in waste-to-energy plants. This study focuses on the potential to use microbial fuel cells to convert municipal solid waste organics into energy using various operational conditions. The results showed that two-chamber microbial fuel cells with carbon felt and carbon felt allocation had a higher maximal power density (20.12 and 30.47 mW m(-2) for 1.5 and 4 L, respectively) than those of other electrode plate allocations. Most two-chamber microbial fuel cells (1.5 and 4 L) had a higher maximal power density than single-chamber ones with corresponding electrode plate allocations. Municipal solid waste with alkali hydrolysis pre-treatment and K3Fe(CN)6 as an electron acceptor improved the maximal power density to 1817.88 mW m(-2) (~0.49% coulomb efficiency, from 0.05-0.49%). The maximal power density from experiments using individual 1.5 and 4 L two-chamber microbial fuel cells, and serial and parallel connections of 1.5 and 4 L two-chamber microbial fuel cells, was found to be in the order of individual 4 L (30.47 mW m(-2)) > serial connection of 1.5 and 4 L (27.75) > individual 1.5 L (20.12) > parallel connection of 1.5 and 4 L (17.04) two-chamber microbial fuel cells . The power density using municipal solid waste microbial fuel cells was compared with information in the literature and discussed.

Increased risk of glomerulonephritis and chronic kidney disease in relation to the severity of psoriasis, concomitant medication, and comorbidity: a nationwide population-based cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Few studies have examined the association between psoriasis and glomerulonephritis (GN) as well as chronic kidney disease (CKD). OBJECTIVES: To determine the risk of CKD in patients with psoriasis and evaluate the impact of the severity of psoriasis, comorbidities and concomitant drugs on the risk of GN and CKD in patients with psoriasis. METHODS: We identified 4344 patients with psoriasis for the study cohort and randomly selected 13,032 subjects as a control cohort. Each subject was individually followed for up for 5 years to identify those who subsequently developed GN and CKD. RESULTS: After adjustment for traditional CKD risk factors, psoriasis was found to be independently associated with an increased risk of CKD during the follow-up period [hazard ratio (HR) 1.28; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.14-1.44]. The increased incidence of GN in patients with psoriasis (HR 1.50, 95% CI 1.24-1.81) may contribute to the positive association between psoriasis and CKD. Patients with mild and severe psoriasis had an increased risk of CKD and GN compared with the control cohort; the risk increased with severity. Patients with psoriasis and arthritis exhibited a higher risk of CKD than patients without arthritis (HR 1.62 vs. 1.26). Among drugs, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) have the strongest association with CKD in patients with psoriasis (adjusted odds ratio 1.69, 95% CI 1.14-2.49). CONCLUSIONS: Psoriasis was associated with a higher risk of developing CKD and GN. High severity, psoriatic arthritis involvement and concomitant NSAIDs use further increased the risk of CKD in patients with psoriasis.

Frequent activating HRAS mutations in trichilemmoma.

BACKGROUND: Trichilemmoma is a benign follicular epithelial tumour exhibiting outer root sheath differentiation. It is associated with Cowden syndrome and naevus sebaceus (NS), but the pathogenesis of sporadic tumours is poorly understood. Recently, NS was found to be caused by postzygotic HRAS or KRAS mutations. OBJECTIVES: We sought to determine whether NS-related and NS-unrelated trichilemmomas harbour RAS mutations. METHODS: Formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded blocks of 12 NS-related and 15 NS-unrelated trichilemmomas from 26 individuals were retrieved and analysed to determine the presence of mutations in exons 1 and 2 of the HRAS, KRAS and NRAS genes by polymerase chain reaction and direct sequencing. Mutational hotspots of the FGFR3 and PIK3CA genes were also analysed for NS-unrelated cases. RESULTS: Among the 27 cases, mutually exclusive HRAS c.37G>C and c.182A>G mutations were observed in 17 and three tumours, respectively. Of the 12 NS-related tumours, 11 (92%) harboured the HRAS c.37G>C substitution. Of the 15 sporadic tumours, nine (60%) harboured HRAS mutations, including six c.37G>C and three c.182A>G. An HRAS c.182A>G mutation was observed only in sporadic tumours. No mutations were observed in the other genes that were tested. CONCLUSIONS: The high frequency of HRAS activating mutations, including the c.182A>G substitution, which was rather rare in NS, suggests that most trichilemmomas are authentic neoplasms.

Human leucocyte antigen-Cw6 as a predictor for clinical response to ustekinumab, an interleukin-12/23 blocker, in Chinese patients with psoriasis: a retrospective analysis.

BACKGROUND: Ustekinumab, an interleukin-12/23 inhibitor, is effective in the treatment of psoriasis. A recent Italian study showed more favourable response to ustekinumab in patients with positive human leucocyte antigen (HLA)-Cw6. Nonetheless, there are differences in genetic susceptibility to psoriasis between races, and no studies have specifically assessed the candidate genetic markers in predicting therapy outcome in Chinese patients with psoriasis treated with ustekinumab. OBJECTIVES: To determine whether HLA gene polymorphisms can predict the response to ustekinumab in Chinese patients with psoriasis. METHODS: Sixty-six patients with psoriasis treated with ustekinumab were included in the study, and the effectiveness of ustekinumab therapy was evaluated at weeks 0, 16 and 28 by Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI). RESULTS: More HLA-Cw6-positive patients achieved a PASI 75 response at week 4 compared with HLA-Cw6-negative patients (38% vs. 9%, P = 0·019). Similarly, at week 16, patients carrying the HLA-Cw6 allele showed a higher likelihood of achieving PASI 50, 75 and 90 than Cw6-negative patients, although this was not statistically significant. At week 28, a significantly higher percentage of HLA-Cw6-positive patients maintained PASI 90 response compared with Cw6-negative patients (63% vs. 26%, P = 0·035). Further analysis of other HLA allele polymorphisms did not show significant associations with therapeutic response to ustekinumab. CONCLUSIONS: This pharmacogenetic study provides preliminary data indicating that positive HLA-Cw6 is associated with a good response to ustekinumab treatment in Chinese patients with psoriasis.

The safety profile of ustekinumab in the treatment of patients with psoriasis and concurrent hepatitis B or C.

BACKGROUND: Ustekinumab, an interleukin (IL)-12 and IL-23 blocker, has emerged as a new therapeutic option for patients with psoriasis. It is generally well tolerated but safety data on the use of ustekinumab in patients with viral hepatitis are limited. OBJECTIVE: To assess the safety profile of ustekinumab in the treatment of patients with psoriasis who have concomitant hepatitis B or hepatitis C. METHODS: This study included 18 patients with concurrent psoriasis and hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection (14 patients) or hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection (four patients) who were treated with at least two ustekinumab injections. Viral loads were measured at baseline and each time before the administration of ustekinumab. Relevant clinical data were recorded. RESULTS: Among 11 patients positive for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), two out of the seven (29%) patients who did not receive antiviral prophylaxis exhibited HBV reactivation during ustekinumab treatment. No viral reactivation was observed in the three occult HBV-infected patients (HBsAg-negative/hepatitis B core antibody-positive patients). One patient with HCV, liver cirrhosis and treated hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) experienced HCV reactivation and recurrent HCC during the ustekinumab treatment. No significant increase in aminotransferase levels was observed in any patient. CONCLUSIONS: Antiviral prophylaxis appears to minimize the risk of viral reactivation in patients with concurrent psoriasis and HBV infection. Without effective anti-viral prophylaxis, the risk/benefit of ustekinumab treatment should be carefully assessed in patients with psoriasis and HBV or HCV infection and/or HCC. Close monitoring for HBV and HCV viral load is recommended, particularly for patients with high-risk factors. Serum aminotransferase determination may not be useful for early detection of viral reactivation.

Effects of different SRT on anaerobic digestion of MSW dosed with various MSWI ashes.

This study investigated different solid retention time (SRT) on municipal solid waste (MSW) anaerobic digestion with various MSW incinerator fly ash (FA) and bottom ash (BA) addition. Results showed that biogas production rates (BPRs, ≈ 200 to ≈ 400 mL/gVS) with organic loading rate of ≈ 0.053 gVS/gVS(reactor) (Day 1-435, SRT 20 days, SRT20) at FA 1g/d (FA1), BA 12 g/d (BA12) and BA 24 g/d (BA24) dosed bioreactors increased after adaptation. BPRs with SRT10 and SRT5 decreased while BPRs with SRT40 showed to increase compared to initial BPRs (≈ 200 mL/gVS) with SRT20. SRT5 operation reduced the BPRs (≈ 10 - ≈ 90 mL/gVS) significantly and only BA12 and BA24 dosed bioreactors could recover the BPRs (≈ 100 - ≈ 200 mL/gVS) after SRT20 operation (Day 613-617) compared to FA1 and FA3 and control. Released levels of Co, Mo and W at BA12 and BA24 dosed bioreactors showed most potential to improve MSW anaerobic digestion.

Effects of micro-nano and non micro-nano MSWI ashes addition on MSW anaerobic digestion.

This study aims at investigating the effects of micro-nano municipal solid waste (MSW) incinerator (MSWI) fly ash (FA) and bottom ash (BA) on the MSW anaerobic digestion. Results showed that suitable micro-nano and non micro-nano MSWI ashes addition (FA/MSW 3, 6, 18 and 30 g g(-1) VS and BA/MSW 12, 36, 60 and 120 g g(-1) VS) could enhance the biogas production compared to the control. It was particularly found to have the highest biogas production at the micro-nano MSWI BA/MSW ratio of 36 g g(-1) VS (∼193 mL g(-1) VS MSW, ∼3.5 times to the control). Micro-nano MSWI FA and BA added bioreactors had the higher biogas production than the corresponding non micro-nano MSWI FA and BA added ones. Suitable MSWI ashes addition could improve the biogas production due to the released metals levels suitable for the MSW anaerobic digestion particularly found in the micro-nano added bioreactors.

HLA polymorphism among Chinese patients with chronic plaque psoriasis: subgroup analysis.

BACKGROUND: HLA-Cw*06 has a strong influence on the clinical features and the susceptibility to psoriasis in different ethnicities. It is also used as a biomarker to predict the therapeutic efficacy of biologics, with inconsistent results. Additionally, most Asian patients with psoriasis do not carry HLA-Cw*06. OBJECTIVES: To determine additional HLA alleles which confer susceptibility or affect the severity of psoriasis in Chinese Han individuals. In addition, the potential of using HLA to predict treatment outcomes was also investigated. METHODS: We conducted a case-control association study in 199 Chinese patients with psoriasis and 200 unrelated healthy controls. HLA-B and HLA-C genotyping was performed and correlated with the therapeutic efficacy of the biologics, including alefacept, efalizumab, etanercept and ustekinumab. Patients with psoriasis were divided into group A (high-need patients with moderate to severe psoriasis) and B (general patients with psoriasis). RESULTS: The frequencies of HLA-B*60, HLA-B*75, HLA-Cw*06 and HLA-Cw*10 were significantly increased in patients with psoriasis compared with the healthy controls. However, the prevalence of HLA-Cw*06 was lower in group A compared with group B (6% vs. 17%, Pc=0·04). HLA-B*46 was found to be strongly associated with group A but not with group B patients with psoriasis. HLA-Cw*01/HLA-B*46 was also identified as a risk haplotype for Chinese patients with psoriasis, compatible with the results in Thais. Significant differences in response to biologics were observed between HLA-Cw*01+ and HLA-Cw*01- individuals in the alefacept treatment group, and between HLA-B*37+ and HLA-B*37-, and HLA-B*58+ and HLA-B*58- individuals in the efalizumab treatment group. CONCLUSIONS: In addition to HLA-Cw*06, the HLA-Cw*01/HLA-B*46 haplotype was also increased in Chinese patients with psoriasis. High-need patients with psoriasis had a lower frequency of HLA-Cw*06 but a higher prevalence of HLA-B*46 compared with general patients with psoriasis in our population.

Effects of spiked metals on the MSW anaerobic digestion.

This study aimed to investigate the effects of eight metals on the anaerobic digestion of the organic fraction of municipal solid waste (OFMSW) in bioreactors. Anaerobic bioreactors containing 200 mL MSW mixed completely with 200 m L sludge seeding. Ca and K (0, 1000, 2000 and 6,000 mg L(-1)) and Cr, Ni, Zn, Co, Mo and W (0, 5, 50 and 100 mg L(-1)) of various dose were added to anaerobic bioreactors to examine their anaerobic digestion performance. Results showed that except K and Zn, Ca (~728 to ~1,461 mg L(-1)), Cr (~0.0022 to ~0.0212 mg L(-1)), Ni (~0.801 to ~5.362 mg L(-1)), Co (~0.148 to ~0.580 mg L(-1)), Mo (~0.044 to ~52.94 mg L(-1)) and W (~0.658 to ~40.39 mg L(-1)) had the potential to enhance the biogas production. On the other hand, except Mo and W, inhibitory concentrations IC(50) of Ca, K, Cr, Ni, Zn and Co were found to be ~3252, ~2097, ~0.124, ~7.239, ~0.482, ~8.625 mg L(-1), respectively. Eight spiked metals showed that they were adsorbed by MSW to a different extent resulting in different liquid metals levels and potential stimulation and inhibition on MSW anaerobic digestion. These results were discussed and compared to results from literature.