Toward instantaneous frequency of respiration to investigate the risk of internet gaming disorder.

With the development of Internet, the number of people with symptoms of Internet gaming disorder (IGD) has increased. In the past, psychologists used retrospective questionnaires to diagnose IGD. However, it is difficult to diagnose IGD symptoms instantaneously using retrospective questionnaires due to the requirement of an Internet gaming experience of greater than 6 months and the limitations of retrospective memory. Observing the physiological regulation system might instantaneously diagnose IGD. However, observation of instantaneous physiological response is limited due to the lack of appropriate techniques. Our previous study successfully combined complimentary ensemble empirical mode decomposition and normalized direct quadrature to obtain respiratory instantaneous frequency (IF) to overcome this limitation. This study uses game-related films as stimulus materials to observe the difference in respiratory IF response per second of gamers with high-risk IGD (HIGD) and low-risk IGD (LIGD). The result showed that the respiratory IF of gamers with HIGD is lower than those of gamers with LIGD at the time of stimulation. In addition, the study also observes the dynamic change in respiratory IF per second (IFdiff). The results showed that the instant at which a significant difference is observed in IFdiff between HIGD and LIGD can be matched to the stimulation of the films. In summary, this study demonstrated that the IFdiff of gamers with HIGD and LIGD are different when stimulated. Therefore, this suggests that IFdiff might be used as a potential physiological marker to instantaneously distinguish and diagnosis the risk of IGD.Clinical Relevance- This study investigates the dynamically psychophysiological response regulation by analyzing the respiratory IF of gamers diagnosed with IGD.

A photonic crystal ring resonator formed by SOI nano-rods.

The design, fabrication and measurement of a silicon-on-insulator (SOI) two-dimensional photonic crystal ring resonator are demonstrated in this study. The structure of the photonic crystal is comprised of silicon nano-rods arranged in a hexagonal lattice on an SOI wafer. The photonic crystal ring resonator allows for the simultaneous separation of light at wavelengths of 1.31 and 1.55mum. The device is fabricated by e-beam lithography. The measurement results confirm that a 1.31mum/1.55mum wavelength ring resonator filter with a nano-rod photonic crystal structure can be realized.

Photonic crystal directional couplers formed by InAlGaAs nano-rods.

This study demonstrates the use of photonic crystal directional couplers to separate light of wavelengths 1.31 and 1.55microm. The photonic crystal structure consists of InAlGaAs nano-rods arranged in square lattice. The coupling length of the light in the directional coupler at a wavelength of 1.31microm was designed to be four times greater than that at 1.55microm. This behavior helps in designing devices to split the two wavelengths. The devices are fabricated by e-beam lithography and conventional photolithography. The measurement results confirm that 1.31microm/1.55microm directional couplers can be realized in PC structures formed by nano-rods.