Functional and morphological evaluation of the trapezius muscle after spinal accessory nerve transfer to brachial plexus nerves.

INTRODUCTION: The main innervation of the trapezius muscle is provided by the spinal accessory nerve. Several studies describe the contributions of cervical plexus roots to the trapezius muscle innervation, either directly or through connections with the spinal accessory nerve. There is no adequate understanding of how the trapezius muscle is affected after using the spinal accessory nerve in nerve transfer procedures with the usual technique, preserving at least 1 branch for the upper trapezius. METHODS: We evaluated 20 patients with sequelae of traumatic brachial plexus injury who underwent surgical procedures for brachial plexus repair or free muscle transfer, which included the spinal accessory nerve transfer technique and were followed for a minimum of 1 year. The three portions trapezius muscle were evaluated by physical examination, magnetic resonance imaging (analysis of fatty degeneration) and electromyography. RESULTS: In all evaluation methods, the middle and lower portions of the trapezius muscle showed more significant morphological and/or functional impairment than the upper portion, in most cases. There was a statistically significant difference in all the complementary exams results, between the affected side (with sacrifice of the nerve) versus the normal side, in the middle and lower portions of the trapezius muscle. CONCLUSIONS: Physical examination alone is not sufficient to determine the residual functionality of the trapezius muscle. Magnetic resonance imaging and electromyography are useful tools to assess both morphological involvement of the trapezius muscle and nerve conduction impairment of the trapezius muscle, respectively. The results suggest that the middle and lower portions of the trapezius muscle are affected by previous SAN transfer and should be considered with caution for further muscle transfer procedures.

HARVESTING SURAL FLAP WITH COVERED PEDICLE.

Objectives: The aim was to evaluate the viability and the outcomes of the sural flap performed with the pedicle covered by a strip of skin. Methods: A prospective cohort of 20 consecutive cases were evaluated in terms of flap viability, complication rate, and the amount of skin graft required. The location of the defects was the middle third of the tibia in 3 cases, the ankle and hindfoot in 15 cases, the middle foot in 1 case, and the forefoot in 1 case. The flap design was the same as described by Masquelet. The only modification included a strip of skin over the entire length of the pedicle. The intermediary skin between the donor site and the defect was incised and the skin was undermined to accommodate the pedicle without compression. Results: All cases had a satisfactory evolution, with adequate healing and without flap loss. Both the donor site and the pedicle were primarily closed in all cases. In one patient, the flap developed a limited area of superficial epidermolysis that healed spontaneously. Conclusion: the modified sural flap with a covered pedicle is feasible and reliable with a lower rate of complications when compared with the conventional sural flap. Level of Evidence IV, Cohort Studies .

Objetivo: O objetivo foi avaliar a viabilidade e os resultados do retalho sural realizado com o pedículo coberto com uma faixa de pele. Material e Métodos: Pelo estudo de coorte prospectivo, foram avaliados 20 casos consecutivos considerando a viabilidade do retalho, a taxa de complicações e a quantidade de enxerto de pele necessária. A localização dos defeitos foi no terço médio da tíbia em 3 casos, tornozelo e retropé em 15 casos, pé médio em 1 caso e antepé em 1 caso. O desenho do retalho foi o mesmo que o descrito por Masquelet. A única modificação foi a inclusão de uma tira de pele em todo o comprimento do pedículo. A pele intermediária entre o local doador e o defeito foi incisada e a pele foi descolada para acomodar o pedículo sem compressão. Resultados: Todos os casos tiveram uma evolução satisfatória, com cicatrização adequada e sem perda dos retalhos. Tanto o local doador quanto o pedículo foram primariamente fechados em todos os casos. Em um paciente, o retalho desenvolveu uma área limitada de epidermólise superficial que cicatrizou espontaneamente. Conclusão: O retalho sural modificado com pedículo coberto é viável e confiável com uma menor taxa de complicações quando comparado ao retalho sural convencional. Nível de Evidência IV, Estudos de Coorte .

DISTAL NEUROTIZATION OF THE ANTERIOR INTEROSSEOUS NERVE TO RECOVER HAND GRASPING.

Lower trunk lesions are uncommon, representing about 3 to 5% of brachial plexus lesions in adults. One of the functions lost by patients who suffer this type of injury is the flexion of the fingers, with important harming of palmar grip. This series of cases proposes the transfer of a branch of the radial nerve to the anterior interosseous nerve (AIN), presenting a new alternative for the treatment of these lesions with highly satisfactory results. Objective: To demonstrate our strategy, technique, and results in the reinnervation of the AIN in lesions isolated from the lower trunk of the brachial plexus in four cases of high lesion of the median nerve. Method: Prospective cohort study in which four patients underwent neurotizations. The treatment was directed to the recovery of the fingers' flexors of the hand and the grip. Results: All patients presented reinnervation of the flexor pollicis longus (FPL) and deep flexors of the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th fingers. The deep flexor of the 5th finger also showed reinnervation but with reduced strength (M3/4) comparing to the others (M4+). Conclusion: Despite the limited number of cases in this and other studies, the results are uniformly good, allowing to consider this treatment predictable. Level of Evidence IV, Case Series.

As lesões do tronco inferior são incomuns, representando cerca de 3 a 5% das lesões do plexo braquial em adultos. Uma das funções perdidas pelos pacientes que sofrem esse tipo de lesão é a flexão dos dedos, com comprometimento importante da preensão palmar. Esta série de casos propõe a transferência de um ramo do nervo radial para o nervo interósseo anterior (NIA), apresentando uma nova alternativa para o tratamento dessas lesões com resultados altamente satisfatórios. Objetivo: Demonstrar nossa estratégia, técnica e resultados na reinervação do NIA em lesões isoladas do tronco inferior do plexo braquial em quatro casos de lesão alta do nervo mediano. Método: Estudo de coorte prospectivo no qual quatro pacientes foram submetidos a neurotizações. O tratamento foi direcionado para a recuperação dos flexores dos dedos da mão e da preensão. Resultados: Todos os pacientes apresentaram reinervação do flexor pollicis longus (FPL) e dos flexores profundos do 2º, 3º e 4º dedo. O flexor profundo do 5º dedo também apresentou reinervação, porém com força reduzida (M3/4) em relação aos demais (M4+). Conclusão: Apesar do número de casos limitados neste e em outros estudos, os resultados se mostram uniformemente bons, o que permite considerar esse tratamento previsível. Nível de Evidência IV, Série de Casos.

Shoulder Arthrodesis for Traumatic Brachial Plexus Injuries: Functional Outcomes and Complications.

BACKGROUND: The external rotation and abduction of shoulder are considered one of the priorities of reconstruction in brachial plexus injury. The aim of this study was to evaluate the functional results and complications of shoulder arthrodesis in patients with brachial plexus injury to better comprehend the benefits of this procedure. METHODS: Between 2015 and 2019, 15 shoulder arthrodesis were performed in patients with long-standing brachial plexus injury. The main indication for arthrodesis was absent or poor recovery of shoulder abduction and external rotation. Patients presented different levels of injury. Shoulder measurements of active abduction and external rotation were made based on image records of the patients. A long 4.5-mm reconstruction plate was fit along the scapular spine, acromion, and lateral proximal third of the humerus. Structured bone graft was fit into the subacromial space. RESULTS: The mean preoperative abduction was 16°, and the mean postoperative abduction was 42°. The mean preoperative external rotation was -59°, and the mean postoperative external rotation was -13°. The mean increase in abduction and external rotation was 25° and 45°, respectively. Bone union was achieved in all cases at an average time of 5.23 months. We experienced humeral fractures in 26.66% of the cases, which were all successfully treated nonoperatively. CONCLUSIONS: Shoulder arthrodesis is a rewarding procedure for patients with brachial plexus injuries. A marked improvement in the upper limb positioning was observed in all patients. It should be considered as the main therapeutic option in cases where nerve reconstruction is no longer possible.

Harvesting sural flap with covered pedicle / Coleta de retalho sural com pedículo coberto

ABSTRACT Objectives: The aim was to evaluate the viability and the outcomes of the sural flap performed with the pedicle covered by a strip of skin. Methods: A prospective cohort of 20 consecutive cases were evaluated in terms of flap viability, complication rate, and the amount of skin graft required. The location of the defects was the middle third of the tibia in 3 cases, the ankle and hindfoot in 15 cases, the middle foot in 1 case, and the forefoot in 1 case. The flap design was the same as described by Masquelet. The only modification included a strip of skin over the entire length of the pedicle. The intermediary skin between the donor site and the defect was incised and the skin was undermined to accommodate the pedicle without compression. Results: All cases had a satisfactory evolution, with adequate healing and without flap loss. Both the donor site and the pedicle were primarily closed in all cases. In one patient, the flap developed a limited area of superficial epidermolysis that healed spontaneously. Conclusion: the modified sural flap with a covered pedicle is feasible and reliable with a lower rate of complications when compared with the conventional sural flap. Level of Evidence IV, Cohort Studies.

RESUMO Objetivo: O objetivo foi avaliar a viabilidade e os resultados do retalho sural realizado com o pedículo coberto com uma faixa de pele. Material e Métodos: Pelo estudo de coorte prospectivo, foram avaliados 20 casos consecutivos considerando a viabilidade do retalho, a taxa de complicações e a quantidade de enxerto de pele necessária. A localização dos defeitos foi no terço médio da tíbia em 3 casos, tornozelo e retropé em 15 casos, pé médio em 1 caso e antepé em 1 caso. O desenho do retalho foi o mesmo que o descrito por Masquelet. A única modificação foi a inclusão de uma tira de pele em todo o comprimento do pedículo. A pele intermediária entre o local doador e o defeito foi incisada e a pele foi descolada para acomodar o pedículo sem compressão. Resultados: Todos os casos tiveram uma evolução satisfatória, com cicatrização adequada e sem perda dos retalhos. Tanto o local doador quanto o pedículo foram primariamente fechados em todos os casos. Em um paciente, o retalho desenvolveu uma área limitada de epidermólise superficial que cicatrizou espontaneamente. Conclusão: O retalho sural modificado com pedículo coberto é viável e confiável com uma menor taxa de complicações quando comparado ao retalho sural convencional. Nível de Evidência IV, Estudos de Coorte.

Distal neurotization of the anterior interosseous nerve to recover hand grasping / Neurotização distal do nervo interósseo anterior para recuperação da preensão da mão

ABSTRACT Lower trunk lesions are uncommon, representing about 3 to 5% of brachial plexus lesions in adults. One of the functions lost by patients who suffer this type of injury is the flexion of the fingers, with important harming of palmar grip. This series of cases proposes the transfer of a branch of the radial nerve to the anterior interosseous nerve (AIN), presenting a new alternative for the treatment of these lesions with highly satisfactory results. Objective: To demonstrate our strategy, technique, and results in the reinnervation of the AIN in lesions isolated from the lower trunk of the brachial plexus in four cases of high lesion of the median nerve. Method: Prospective cohort study in which four patients underwent neurotizations. The treatment was directed to the recovery of the fingers' flexors of the hand and the grip. Results: All patients presented reinnervation of the flexor pollicis longus (FPL) and deep flexors of the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th fingers. The deep flexor of the 5th finger also showed reinnervation but with reduced strength (M3/4) comparing to the others (M4+). Conclusion: Despite the limited number of cases in this and other studies, the results are uniformly good, allowing to consider this treatment predictable. Level of Evidence IV, Case Series.

RESUMO As lesões do tronco inferior são incomuns, representando cerca de 3 a 5% das lesões do plexo braquial em adultos. Uma das funções perdidas pelos pacientes que sofrem esse tipo de lesão é a flexão dos dedos, com comprometimento importante da preensão palmar. Esta série de casos propõe a transferência de um ramo do nervo radial para o nervo interósseo anterior (NIA), apresentando uma nova alternativa para o tratamento dessas lesões com resultados altamente satisfatórios. Objetivo: Demonstrar nossa estratégia, técnica e resultados na reinervação do NIA em lesões isoladas do tronco inferior do plexo braquial em quatro casos de lesão alta do nervo mediano. Método: Estudo de coorte prospectivo no qual quatro pacientes foram submetidos a neurotizações. O tratamento foi direcionado para a recuperação dos flexores dos dedos da mão e da preensão. Resultados: Todos os pacientes apresentaram reinervação do flexor pollicis longus (FPL) e dos flexores profundos do 2º, 3º e 4º dedo. O flexor profundo do 5º dedo também apresentou reinervação, porém com força reduzida (M3/4) em relação aos demais (M4+). Conclusão: Apesar do número de casos limitados neste e em outros estudos, os resultados se mostram uniformemente bons, o que permite considerar esse tratamento previsível. Nível de Evidência IV, Série de Casos.

Microsurgical Reconstruction in an Orthopedic Hospital: Indications and Outcomes in Adults.

Objective Advances in reconstructive microsurgery in orthopedic surgery provided better functional and aesthetic results and avoided many indications for amputation. In high-volume trauma and orthopedic hospitals, microsurgical reconstruction is essential to reduce costs and complications for these complex orthopedic defects. We describe a microsurgical approach to traumatic wounds, tumor resection, bone defects, and free muscle transfer, performed by an orthopedic microsurgery unit. The objective of the present study was to evaluate predictor factors for outcomes of microsurgical flaps for limb reconstruction, and to provide a descriptive analysis of microsurgical flaps for orthopedic indications. Methods Cross-sectional prospective study that included all consecutive cases of microsurgical flaps for orthopedic indications from 2014 to 2020. Data were collected from personal medical history, intraoperative microsurgical procedure, and laboratory blood tests. Complications and free-flap outcomes were studied in a descriptive and statistical analysis. Results We evaluated 171 flaps in 168 patients; the indications were traumatic in 66% of the patients. Type III complications of the Clavien-Dindo Classification were observed in 51 flaps. The overall success rate of the microsurgical flaps was 88.3%. In the multivariate analysis, the risk factors for complications were ischemia time ≥ 2 hours ( p = 0.032) and obesity ( p = 0.007). Partial flap loss was more common in patients with thrombocytosis in the preoperative platelet count ( p = 0.001). Conclusion The independent risk factors for complications of microsurgical flaps for limb reconstruction are obesity and flap ischemia time ≥ 2 hours, and presence of thrombocytosis is a risk factor for partial flap loss.

Comparative Analysis of the Treatment of Skin Lesions of the Lower Limbs with Sural Flap versus Propeller Flap.

Objective The objective of the present study was to prospectively compare the sural and propeller flaps for soft-tissues coverage of the lower extremity. The following variables were evaluated: incidence of complete or partial flap loss and donor area morbidity (primary closure versus skin graft). Methods Prospective and randomized analysis of data collected from all patients presenting with soft tissue defects of the lower third of the leg and heel treated with reverse sural or propeller flaps. Results Twenty-four patients aged between 4 and 60 years old were evaluated between 2011 and 2017. Complete coverage was obtained in 22 of the 24 patients (91.6%). Two flaps failed (8.4%). The sural flap, being the most popular option, continues to represent a safe and versatile alternative for skin defects of the lower third of the leg and heel region. Likewise, the propeller flap was a comparable option to treat these challenging defects. Conclusion Sural and propeller flaps are good options for soft tissues coverage of the lower extremity, with low complication rates (partial or total flap loss).

Microsurgical Reconstruction in an Orthopedic Hospital: Indications and Outcomes in Adults / Reconstrução microcirúrgica em um hospital ortopédico: Indicações e desfechos em adultos

Abstract Objective Advances in reconstructive microsurgery in orthopedic surgery provided better functional and aesthetic results and avoided many indications for amputation. In high-volume trauma and orthopedic hospitals, microsurgical reconstruction is essential to reduce costs and complications for these complex orthopedic defects. We describe a microsurgical approach to traumatic wounds, tumor resection, bone defects, and free muscle transfer, performed by an orthopedic microsurgery unit. The objective of the present study was to evaluate predictor factors for outcomes of microsurgical flaps for limb reconstruction, and to provide a descriptive analysis of microsurgical flaps for orthopedic indications. Methods Cross-sectional prospective study that included all consecutive cases of microsurgical flaps for orthopedic indications from 2014 to 2020. Data were collected from personal medical history, intraoperative microsurgical procedure, and laboratory blood tests. Complications and free-flap outcomes were studied in a descriptive and statistical analysis. Results We evaluated 171 flaps in 168 patients; the indications were traumatic in 66% of the patients. Type III complications of the Clavien-Dindo Classification were observed in 51 flaps. The overall success rate of the microsurgical flaps was 88.3%. In the multivariate analysis, the risk factors for complications were ischemia time ≥ 2 hours (p= 0.032) and obesity (p= 0.007). Partial flap loss was more common in patients with thrombocytosis in the preoperative platelet count (p= 0.001). Conclusion The independent risk factors for complications of microsurgical flaps for limb reconstruction are obesity and flap ischemia time ≥ 2 hours, and presence of thrombocytosis is a risk factor for partial flap loss.

Resumo Objetivo Os avanços da microcirurgia reconstrutiva na cirurgia ortopédica proporcionaram melhores resultados funcionais e estéticos, evitando as muitas indicações de amputação. Nos hospitais de ortopedia e traumatologia com um grande volume de atendimento, a reconstrução microcirúrgica é essencial, a fim de reduzir os custos e as complicações destes complexos defeitos ortopédicos. Descrevemos uma abordagem microcirúrgica para feridas traumáticas, ressecção tumoral, defeitos ósseos e transferência muscular livre realizada por uma unidade ortopédica especializada em microcirurgia. O objetivo do presente estudo é avaliar os fatores preditivos de resultados dos retalhos microcirúrgicos na reconstrução dos membros, fornecendo uma análise descritiva dos retalhos microcirúrgicos para as indicações ortopédicas. Métodos Estudo prospectivo transversal, que incluiu todos os casos consecutivos de retalhos microcirúrgicos com indicação ortopédica de 2014 a 2020. Foram coletados os dados do histórico clínico pessoal, procedimentos microcirúrgicos intraoperatórios e exames laboratoriais. As complicações e os desfechos de retalho livre foram estudados mediante uma análise descritiva e estatística. Resultados Avaliamos 171 retalhos em 168 pacientes. A indicação mais frequente para a realização de um retalho microcirúrgico foi a traumática, em 66% dos pacientes. Foram observadas complicações cirúrgicas em 51 retalhos, conforme a classificação de Clavien-Dindo do tipo III. A taxa de êxito global dos retalhos microcirúrgicos foi de 88,3%. Na análise multivariada, foram identificados como fatores de risco para complicações tempo de isquemia ≥ 2 horas (p= 0,032) e obesidade (p= 0,007). A perda parcial do retalho foi mais comum em pacientes com trombocitose, com contagem de plaquetas pré-operatória (p= 0,001). Conclusão Os fatores de risco independentes para complicações de retalhos microcirúrgicos para a reconstrução de membro são obesidade e tempo de isquemia do retalho ≥ 2 horas, e a presença de trombocitose como fator de risco para perda parcial do retalho.

Comparative Analysis of the Treatment of Skin Lesions of the Lower Limbs with Sural Flap versus Propeller Flap / Análise comparativa do tratamento de lesões cutâneas dos membros inferiores com retalho sural versus retalho propeller

Abstract Objective The objective of the present study was to prospectively compare the sural and propeller flaps for soft-tissues coverage of the lower extremity. The following variables were evaluated: incidence of complete or partial flap loss and donor area morbidity (primary closure versus skin graft). Methods Prospective and randomized analysis of data collected from all patients presenting with soft tissue defects of the lower third of the leg and heel treated with reverse sural or propeller flaps. Results Twenty-four patients aged between 4 and 60 years old were evaluated between 2011 and 2017. Complete coverage was obtained in 22 of the 24 patients (91.6%). Two flaps failed (8.4%). The sural flap, being the most popular option, continues to represent a safe and versatile alternative for skin defects of the lower third of the leg and heel region. Likewise, the propeller flap was a comparable option to treat these challenging defects. Conclusion Sural and propeller flaps are good options for soft tissues coverage of the lower extremity, with low complication rates (partial or total flap loss).

Resumo Objetivo O objetivo do presente estudo foi comparar prospectivamente os retalhos sural e propeller para cobertura de partes moles da extremidade inferior. Foram avaliadas as seguintes variáveis: incidência de perda total ou parcial do retalho e morbidade da área doadora (fechamento primário versus enxerto de pele). Métodos Análise prospectiva e randomizada de dados coletados de todos os pacientes apresentando defeitos em tecidos moles da extremidade distal da perna e do retropé submetidos aos retalhos em questão. Resultados Foram avaliados 24 pacientes com idades entre 4 e 60 anos, entre 2011 e 2017. Cobertura completa foi obtida em 22 dos 24 pacientes (91,6%) e observamos falha em 2 retalhos (8,4%). O retalho sural, sendo a opção mais popular, continua a representar uma alternativa segura e versátil para defeitos cutâneos do terço distal da perna e da região do calcanhar. O retalho propeller, da mesma maneira, mostrou-se uma opção comparável para o tratamento destas lesões desafiadoras. Conclusão Os retalhos sural e propeller são boas opções para a cobertura de partes moles da extremidade inferior, demostrando baixas taxas de complicações como perda parcial ou total do retalho.

Feasibility of the Oberlin Procedure in Late Presentation Cases of C5-C6 and C5-C7 Brachial Plexus Injuries in Adults.

Background: Oberlin et al presented a new technique for nerve transfer that completely changed the prognosis of patients with brachial plexus injury. Currently, most of the literature addresses cases submitted to early surgical intervention, before 12 months from injury, showing consistent good results. The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of the Oberlin procedure in late presentation cases (≥12 months), comparing the elbow flexion strength with patients operated earlier. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed 49 patients with partial brachial plexus injuries submitted to the Oberlin procedure. They were divided into 2 groups. Group A included 39 patients operated with <12 months of injury. The mean postoperative follow-up was 22.53 months. The interval from injury to surgery varied from 4 to 11 months (±8.45 months). Group B included 10 patients with surgery ≥12 months after injury. The mean postoperative follow-up was 32 months. The interval from injury to surgery ranged from 12 to 19 months (±15.4 months). Patients were evaluated monthly after surgery and the elbow flexion strength was measured using the British Medical Research Council scale. Results: In Group A, 24 patients presented with either good (M3) or excellent (M4) elbow flexion strength. In Group B, 9 patients presented with either good (M3) or excellent (M4) elbow flexion strength. A significant difference was not seen in the postoperative elbow flexion strength among the 2 groups. Conclusion: Biceps reinnervation with the Oberlin procedure is still feasible and should be attempted after more than 12 months of injury in partial brachial plexus injuries.

Orthoplastic reconstruction in children: are the risk factors similar to those observed in adults?

Free flaps in the pediatric population are less common and when indicated the expectations to avoid amputation are high. The objective of this study is to describe indications and results of free flaps for limb reconstruction. Patients undergoing microsurgical free flaps in an orthopedic hospital were consecutively included in this cross-sectional study, from 2014 to 2020. Data regarding personal medical history, intraoperative microsurgical procedure and laboratory tests were collected. Patients under 18 years of age were included. Complications and free flap outcomes were observed during follow-up. This study included 23 free flaps in 23 patients with orthoplastic reconstruction. The free flap was performed as a reconstructive elevator concept. The most common indications were skin or bone defects caused by trauma (nine patients), tumor (six patients) and congenital pseudarthrosis of the tibia (four patients). The most indicated flap was a vascularized fibular flap in 10 patients, followed by an anterolateral thigh flap in 5 patients. Complications were observed in five patients. In total 93% of patients with inferior limb reconstruction walked at the final evaluation. Among risk factors studied, cases had a higher incidence of complications (P = 0.03) when only the superficial venous system was used. Free flaps in children are well-tolerated and indications are restricted to precise indications to provide alternatives to amputations and improve patient's function. We observed an increase in the incidence of complications when only superficial veins were used for free flap outflow in children.

Computed tomography angiography and microsurgical flaps for traumatic wounds: What is the added value?

BACKGROUND: Microsurgical flaps are widely used to treat complex traumatic wounds of upper and lower limbs. Few studies have evaluated whether the vascular changes in preoperative computed tomography angiography (CTA) influence the selection of recipient vessel and type of anastomosis and the microsurgical flaps outcomes including complications. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate if preoperative CTA reduces the occurrence of major complications (revision of the anastomosis, partial or total flap failure, and amputation) of the flaps in upper and lower limb trauma, and to describe and analyze the vascular lesions of the group with CTA and its relationship with complications. METHODS: A retrospective cohort study was undertaken with all 121 consecutive patients submitted to microsurgical flaps for traumatic lower and upper limb, from 2014 to 2020. Patients were divided into two groups: patients with preoperative CTA (CTA+) and patients not submitted to CTA (CTA-). The presence of postoperative complications was assessed and, within CTA+, we also analyzed the number of patent arteries on CTA and described the arterial lesions. RESULTS: Of the 121 flaps evaluated (84 in the lower limb and 37 in the upper limb), 64 patients underwent preoperative CTA. In the CTA+ group, 56% of patients with free flaps for lower limb had complete occlusion of one artery. CTA+ patients had a higher rate of complications (p = 0.031), which may represent a selection bias as the most complex limb injuries and may have CTA indicated more frequently. The highest rate of complications was observed in chronic cases (p = 0.034). There was no statistically significant difference in complications in patients with preoperative vascular injury or the number of patent arteries. CONCLUSIONS: CTA should not be performed routinely, however, CTA may help in surgical planning, especially in complex cases of high-energy and chronic cases, since it provides information on the best recipient artery and the adequate level to perform the microanastomosis, outside the lesion area.

Do technical components of microanastomoses influence the functional outcome of free gracilis muscle transfer for elbow flexion in traumatic brachial plexus injury?

INTRODUCTION: The traumatic lesions of the brachial plexus in adults are devastating injuries causing continuous severe functional impairment for both work and daily living activities. The restoration of elbow flexion is one of the most important movements for patient recovery to previous activities. Free gracilis muscle transfer has good outcomes for cases with late presentation or as a rescue surgery to regain elbow flexion, however, bad results are present in all cohorts with insufficient recovery of muscle strength for elbow flexion. A number of hypotheses can be postulate to explain the fair results observed in some cases of free gracilis muscle transfer for elbow flexion. Most studies in the current literature compare the choice of the donor nerve used in neurotization and nerve grafts. The aim of this study is to evaluate if technical components of microvascular anastomosis could influence the functional outcome of free functional muscle transfer for elbow flexion in adult patients with traumatic brachial plexus injury. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Included all adult patients with traumatic brachial plexus injury submitted to free functional gracilis muscle transfer for elbow flexion. The complications and functional results according to British Medical Research Council (BMRC) score were recorded. RESULTS: We assessed 26 patients with mean age of 32.8 years. The most common donor nerve for gracilis muscle was the accessory nerve in 18 patients. Eighteen patients presented with good result (M3/M4). The mean ischemia time was higher for patients with bad results (132 minutes) comparing with patients with good results (122 minutes). Patients with only one venous anastomosis had 41% of poor functional outcome compared with 22% of cases with two venous anastomoses. No statistically significant difference in the ischemia time of the cases with good or poor functional outcome was observed (p=0.657), as for the number of venous anastomoses (p=0.418). CONCLUSION: Our study observes that patients with only one venous anastomoses for drainage of free gracilis and those with longer intraoperative ischemia time had higher incidence of poor functional outcome of free gracilis muscle transfer for elbow flexion, but not statistically significant. LEVEL OF PROOF: II; prospective cross-sectional study.

Free gracilis muscle transfer with ulnar nerve neurotization for elbow flexion restoration.

PURPOSE: In upper and chronic brachial plexus injuries for which neurological surgery is not a good treatment option, one possibility for gaining elbow flexion is free functional muscle transfer. The primary aim of our study was to evaluate the elbow flexion gain achieved by free gracilis muscle transfer with partial ulnar nerve neurotization. METHODS: This surgery was performed in 21 patients with upper and chronic (> 12 months) brachial plexus injuries. The level of injury, patient age, the time between trauma and surgery, the affected side, and the aetiology of the lesion were recorded. The primary outcome evaluated was elbow flexion muscle strength, which was measured using the British Medical Research Council (BMRC) scale, in patients with a minimum follow-up period of 12 months. The criterion used to classify elbow flexion as good was a grade of M4 or higher. RESULTS: An M4 elbow flexion strength gain was observed in 61.9% of the patients. A gain of M2 or higher was observed in 95.2% of the patients. The mean range of active motion was 77° (range 10 minimum-110 maximum). CONCLUSION: In patients with upper and chronic brachial plexus injuries, free gracilis muscle transfer with ulnar nerve neurotization yields a satisfactory gain in elbow flexion strength and is therefore a good treatment option.

GRACILIS MUSCLE TRANSFER TO ELBOW FLEXION IN BRACHIAL PLEXUS INJURIES.

OBJECTIVE: Brachial plexus injury can lead to significant functional deficit for the patient. Elbow flexion restoration is a priority in surgical treatment. Free functional muscle transfer is an option for early or late treatment failure. This study evaluated patient characteristics and elbow flexion muscle strength after gracilis functioning muscle transfer. METHODS: Medical records of 95 patients operated from 2003 to 2019 were analyzed and the following variables recorded: age, gender, nerve transfer used to motorize the gracilis muscle, time between trauma and surgery, age at surgery and elbow flexion strength after a minimum of 12 months following functioning muscle transfer. RESULTS: 87 patients were included, averaging 30 years of age (17 to 57 years). Fifty-five achieved elbow flexion muscle strength ≥ M3 (55/87, 65%), with a mean follow-up of 37 months. The nerves used for activation of the transferred gracilis were: 45 spinal accessory, 10 intercostal, 8 median n. fascicles, 22 ulnar n. fascicles and 2 phrenic nerves. CONCLUSION: Functional muscle transfer is a viable surgical procedure for elbow flexion in chronic traumatic brachial plexus injuries in adults. Level of Evidence II, Retrospective study.

OBJETIVO: A lesão do plexo braquial pode determinar sequelas para o paciente. A restituição da flexão do cotovelo é prioridade no tratamento cirúrgico. A transferência muscular funcional livre é opção na falha do tratamento precoce ou tardio. Este estudo avaliou características dos pacientes e força muscular de flexão do cotovelo após transferência muscular funcional livre. MÉTODOS: Prontuários de 95 pacientes, operados de 2003 a 2019, foram analisados e as seguintes variáveis registradas: idade, sexo, transferência nervosa utilizada para motorizar o músculo grácil, tempo entre o trauma e a cirurgia, idade na cirurgia, força de flexão do cotovelo após prazo mínimo de 12 meses da transferência muscular livre. RESULTADOS: 87 pacientes foram incluídos no estudo, com idade média de 30 anos (17 a 57 anos). Cinquenta e cinco pacientes obtiveram força muscular de flexão de cotovelo ≥ M3 (55/87, 65%), com tempo de seguimento médio pós-operatório de 37 meses. Os nervos utilizados para ativação do músculo grácil foram: 45 espinhais acessórios, 10 intercostais, oito fascículos do n. mediano, 22 fascículos do n. ulnar e dois frênicos. CONCLUSÃO: A transferência muscular funcional livre é um procedimento cirúrgico viável para flexão do cotovelo nas lesões traumáticas crônicas do plexo braquial no adulto. Nível de Evidência II, Estudo retrospectivo .

HYPOALBUMINEMIA IN MICROSURGICAL FLAPS OF THE MUSCULOSKELETAL APPARATUS.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate if the levels of serum total protein and serum albumin are risk factors for surgical complications of free flap limb reconstruction. METHODS: Consecutive inclusion of all patients undergoing microsurgical flaps for limb reconstruction of complex injuries. We recorded epidemiological and laboratory data, including total proteins and fractions, for descriptive and analytical statistics. RESULTS: Our study analyzed one microsurgical flap from 35 patients that underwent complex injuries of the limbs. In total, 23 patients were men, and mean age of all patients was 35 years. After statistical analysis, no influence of pre or postoperative hypoalbuminemia was observed on the incidence of complications. Patients with hypoalbuminemia had a higher length of stay than those with normal albumin levels (p = 0.008). CONCLUSION: We observed that 71% of patients had hypoalbuminemia in early postoperative period and we suggest a nutritional support for patients requiring complex traumatic limb reconstruction. Hypoalbuminemia in patients subjected to microsurgical flaps for the treatment of complex traumatic limb injuries did not influence the complications that required surgical reintervention; However, it was associated with prolonged hospital stay. Level of Evidence II, Retrospective study.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a influência dos níveis totais de proteína sérica e albumina como fator de risco para complicações de retalhos microcirúrgicos para reconstrução de membros. MÉTODOS: Inclusão consecutiva de todos os pacientes submetidos a retalhos microcirúrgicos para reconstrução de membros de lesões complexas. Foram registrados dados epidemiológicos e laboratoriais, incluindo proteínas e frações totais, para fins estatísticos descritivos e analíticos. RESULTADOS: 35 retalhos microcirúrgicos foram estudados em 35 pacientes com lesões complexas dos membros. A idade média dos pacientes foi de 35 anos, e 23 pacientes eram do sexo masculino. Após análise estatística, não foi observada influência da hipoalbuminemia pré ou pós-operatória na incidência de complicações. Pacientes com hipoalbuminemia permaneceram mais tempo hospitalizados do que aqueles com níveis normais de albumina (p = 0,008). CONCLUSÃO: Observamos 71% dos pacientes com hipoalbuminemia no início do período pós-operatório e sugerimos fornecer suporte nutricional para pacientes que necessitam de reconstrução traumática complexa dos membros. A presença de hipoalbuminemia em pacientes submetidos a retalhos microcirúrgicos para o tratamento de lesões traumáticas complexas nos membros não influenciou a presença de complicações que exigiam reintervenção cirúrgica, mas foi associada ao tempo de hospitalização prolongado. Nível de Evidência II, Estudo retrospectivo .

EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDY OF TRAUMATIC BRACHIAL PLEXUS INJURIES.

OBJECTIVE: To conduct an epidemiological study on brachial plexus injuries, through data collection of patients treated in the Hospital São Paulo, which is the referral center for high complexity in this region. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective study with a review of the electronic medical records of the Hospital, from August 2008 to June 2013. RESULTS: We estimated an 1.88/100,000 annual incidence, considering that the Hospital is the only referral center for brachial plexus injuries. The mean time between injury and the first visit to the reference hospital was 8.25 months. The mean time interval between injury and surgery was 11.25 months. The percentage of total injuries was 33%, while the upper and middle trunk injuries were 33% and 28%, respectively. CONCLUSION: We observed many aspects in common with those reported by other centers of excellence in Brazil such as: sex, age and mechanism of injury. However, some findings were different from most other epidemiological studies, namely: level of injury, time between the accident and the first appointment and the time between injury and surgery. Level of evidence IV, case series.

OBJETIVO: Realizar um estudo epidemiológico das lesões do plexo braquial através do levantamento de dados dos pacientes atendidos no Hospital de referência para alta complexidade da região metropolitana de São Paulo. MÉTODOS: Estudo retrospectivo com avaliação dos prontuários eletrônicos do HMC-SA, de agosto de 2008 até junho de 2013. RESULTADOS: Levando-se em consideração que o Hospital é o único centro de referência para lesões do plexo braquial, chegamos a uma incidência anual estimada em 1,88/100.000 habitantes. A média de tempo entre a lesão e a primeira consulta no hospital foi de 8,25 meses. O intervalo de tempo entre a lesão e a cirurgia foi em média de 11,25 meses. A porcentagem de lesões totais foi de 33%, enquanto as lesões de tronco superior e tronco superior e médio foram de 33% e 28%, respectivamente. CONCLUSÃO: Observamos muitos aspectos em comum com os relatados por outros centros de referência no Brasil, tais como: gênero, idade e mecanismo de trauma. No entanto, alguns achados foram diferentes da maioria dos outros estudos epidemiológicos: nível de lesão, tempo decorrido entre o acidente e o primeiro atendimento e o intervalo de tempo entre a lesão e o tratamento cirúrgico. Nível de evidência IV, série de casos.

Epidemiological study of traumatic brachial plexus injuries / Estudo epidemiológico das lesões traumáticas do plexo braquial

ABSTRACT Objective: To conduct an epidemiological study on brachial plexus injuries, through data collection of patients treated in the Hospital São Paulo, which is the referral center for high complexity in this region. Methods: We conducted a retrospective study with a review of the electronic medical records of the Hospital, from August 2008 to June 2013. Results: We estimated an 1.88/100,000 annual incidence, considering that the Hospital is the only referral center for brachial plexus injuries. The mean time between injury and the first visit to the reference hospital was 8.25 months. The mean time interval between injury and surgery was 11.25 months. The percentage of total injuries was 33%, while the upper and middle trunk injuries were 33% and 28%, respectively. Conclusion: We observed many aspects in common with those reported by other centers of excellence in Brazil such as: sex, age and mechanism of injury. However, some findings were different from most other epidemiological studies, namely: level of injury, time between the accident and the first appointment and the time between injury and surgery. Level of evidence IV, case series.

RESUMO Objetivo: Realizar um estudo epidemiológico das lesões do plexo braquial através do levantamento de dados dos pacientes atendidos no Hospital de referência para alta complexidade da região metropolitana de São Paulo. Métodos: Estudo retrospectivo com avaliação dos prontuários eletrônicos do HMC-SA, de agosto de 2008 até junho de 2013. Resultados: Levando-se em consideração que o Hospital é o único centro de referência para lesões do plexo braquial, chegamos a uma incidência anual estimada em 1,88/100.000 habitantes. A média de tempo entre a lesão e a primeira consulta no hospital foi de 8,25 meses. O intervalo de tempo entre a lesão e a cirurgia foi em média de 11,25 meses. A porcentagem de lesões totais foi de 33%, enquanto as lesões de tronco superior e tronco superior e médio foram de 33% e 28%, respectivamente. Conclusão: Observamos muitos aspectos em comum com os relatados por outros centros de referência no Brasil, tais como: gênero, idade e mecanismo de trauma. No entanto, alguns achados foram diferentes da maioria dos outros estudos epidemiológicos: nível de lesão, tempo decorrido entre o acidente e o primeiro atendimento e o intervalo de tempo entre a lesão e o tratamento cirúrgico. Nível de evidência IV, série de casos.

IS OBESITY A RISK FACTOR FOR FREE VASCULARIZED FIBULAR FLAP COMPLICATIONS?

OBJECTIVE: Although our knowledge of bone reconstruction through microsurgery has increased, the vascularized fibula flap remains one of the most difficult free flap reconstructions to perform, and complications remain a challenge. The incidence of obesity is increasing and is associated with higher rates of free flap complications, which can lead to disastrous results. Since there is no consensus in literature regarding the influence of obesity on free flap outcomes in orthopedic surgeries that require segmental bone reconstruction, the objective of this study was to determine whether obesity increases the risk of post-operative complications (Clavien-Dindo grade III) after free vascularized fibular flap surgery. METHODS: A cohort study was conducted in all patients undergoing free flap limb reconstructions between July 2014 and July 2018. Patients were separated in two groups based on their body mass index (BMI): non-obese and obese (BMI≥30 kg/m2). RESULTS: Twenty-three free vascularized fibular flaps were studied. The indications included trauma in 13, tumors in 7, and congenital pseudarthrosis of the tibia in 3. Obese patients were associated with an increase in surgical complications (p=0.038). During the final follow-up, consolidation was obtained in 17 patients (74%). CONCLUSION: Obesity is a risk factor for complications in free vascularized fibular flap surgery. Level of evidence IV, original article.

OBJETIVO: Apesar do crescente conhecimento em reconstrução óssea por meio de microcirurgia, o retalho livre de fíbula vascularizada ainda permanece como uma das reconstruções mais difíceis de ser executada, e suas complicações ainda são um desafio. A incidência da obesidade tem aumentado e está associada a taxas mais altas de complicações de retalhos livres, o que pode levar a resultados desastrosos. Uma vez que não há consenso na literatura a respeito da influência da obesidade nos desfechos dos retalhos livre em cirurgias ortopédicas que requeiram reconstrução de segmento ósseo, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar se a obesidade aumenta o risco de complicações pós-operatórias (Clavien-Dindo grau III) após a cirurgia de retalho livre de fíbula vascularizada. MÉTODOS: Foi realizado um estudo de coorte transversal, com a inclusão de todos os pacientes submetidos à reconstrução de membros com retalho livre de fíbula vascularizada, entre julho de 2014 e julho de 2018. Os pacientes foram separados em dois grupos, com base no índice de massa corporal: não obesos e obesos (no índice de massa corporal ≥ 30 kg/m2). RESULTADOS: Foram analisados 23 retalhos livres de fíbula vascularizada. As indicações foram trauma em 13 casos, tumor em sete e pseudoartrose congênita da tíbia em três. Pacientes obesos foram associados a aumento nas complicações cirúrgicas (p = 0,038). No final do acompanhamento, a consolidação óssea foi obtida em 17 pacientes (74%). CONCLUSÃO: A obesidade é um fator de risco para complicações no retalho livre de fíbula vascularizada. Nível de evidência IV, artigo original.