The peri-operative effects of preoperative radiotherapy in metastatic spinal tumor patients.

INTRODUCTION: Radiotherapy is one of the important treatment options for metastatic spinal tumors but is not the definite intervention in all cases as there are patients who still require surgical treatment because of severe pain or neurologic even after this treatment. We here evaluated the peri-operative effects of preoperative radiotherapy in these cases as a future guide for surgeons on critical considerations in this period. METHODS: We included 328 patients in this study who had undergone decompression and fusion surgery for metastatic spinal tumors. Patients who underwent surgery with preoperative radiotherapy were designated as the radiotherapy group (group RT, N=81), while cases of surgery without preoperative radiotherapy were assigned to the non-radiotherapy group (group nRT, N=247). We compared the demographic, intraoperative, and postoperative factors between these two groups. RESULTS: In terms of intra-operative factors, statistically significant differences were evident in operation time, extra-blood loss, and transfusion (RT vs nRT; 188.1±80,7 vs 231.2±106.1, 607.2±532.7 vs 830.1±1324.7, and 30.9% vs 43.3%, p= <0.001, 0.031, and 0.048, respectively). With regard to postoperative factors, the incidence of infection, wound problems and local recurrence were statistically higher in group RT (RT vs nRT; 6.2% vs 0.8%, 12.3% vs 0.8%, 23.4% vs 13.7%, p= 0.004, <0.001, and 0.038, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Preoperative radiotherapy has the intraoperative advantages of reducing bleeding and shortening the operating time, but postoperative caution is needed because of the possibility of infection, wound problem and local recurrence increases.

Risk factors of revision operation and early revision for adjacent segment degeneration after lumbar fusion surgery: a case-control study.

BACKGROUND CONTEXT: Adjacent segment degeneration (ASD) following lumbar fusion operation is common and can occur at varying timepoints after index surgery. An early revision operation for ASD, however, signifies a short symptom-free period and might increase the risk of successive surgeries. PURPOSE: We aimed to elucidate the overall risk factors associated with revision surgeries for ASD with distinct attention to early revisions. STUDY DESIGN/SETTING: Retrospective, case-control study. PATIENT SAMPLE: The study included 86 patients who underwent revision operations for ASD after lumbar fusion in the revision group and 166 patients who did not for at least 5 years after index surgery. OUTCOME MEASURES: Sagittal parameters, Pfirrmann grading, facet degeneration grading, and disc space height (DSH) of adjacent segments were assessed. METHODS: Revision operations within 5 years postsurgery were defined as early revision. We compared the revision and no-revision groups as well as the early- and late-revision groups. RESULTS: The revision group demonstrated a significantly greater preoperative C7-S1 sagittal vertical axis (SVA) (p=.001), postoperative C7-S1 SVA (p<.001), and postoperative pelvic incidence (PI)-lumbar lordosis (LL) (p<.001) than those in the no-revision group. Preoperative DSH of the proximal adjunct segment (p=.001), postoperative PI-LL (p=.014), and postoperative C7-S1 SVA (p=.037) exhibited significant association with ASD in logistic regression analysis. The early-revision group had a significantly higher patient age (p=.001) and a greater number of levels fused (p=.030) than those in the late-revision group. Multivariate Cox regression analysis demonstrated that old age (p=.045), a significant number of levels fused (p=.047), and a narrow preoperative DSH of the proximal adjacent level (p=.011) were risk factors for early revision. CONCLUSIONS: Postoperative sagittal imbalance, including significant PI-LL and C7-S1 SVA were risk factors for revision operation for ASD but not for early revision. These factors are likely to affect the long-term risk of revision operation due to ASD and thus are not considered risk factors for early revision. Narrow DSH of the proximal adjacent level increased the risks of both revision and early revision surgeries. Moreover, old age and a significant number of levels fused further increased the risk for early revision for ASD.

Reoperation Rates According to Surgical Approach After Operation for Degenerative Cervical Pathology in Patients With Athetoid Cerebral Palsy: A Nationwide Cohort Study.

STUDY DESIGN: National population-based cohort study. OBJECTIVE: The overall complication rate for patients with athetoid cerebral palsy (CP) undergoing cervical surgery is significantly higher than that of patients without CP. The study was conducted to compare the reoperation and complication rates of anterior fusion, posterior fusion, combined fusion, and laminoplasty for degenerative cervical myelopathy/radiculopathy in patients with athetoid cerebral palsy. METHODS: The Korean Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service national database was used for analysis. Data from patients diagnosed with athetoid CP who underwent cervical spine operations for degenerative causes between 2002 and 2020 were reviewed. Patients were categorized into four groups for comparison: anterior fusion, posterior fusion, combined fusion, and laminoplasty. RESULTS: A total of 672 patients were included in the study. The overall revision rate was 21.0% (141/672). The revision rate was highest in the anterior fusion group (42.7%). The revision rates of combined fusion (11.1%; hazard ratio [HR], .335; P = .002), posterior fusion (13.8%; HR, .533; P = .030) were significantly lower than that of anterior fusion. Revision rate of laminoplasty (13.1%; HR, .541; P = .240) was also lower than anterior fusion although the result did not demonstrate statistical significance. CONCLUSION: Anterior fusion presented the highest reoperation risk after cervical spine surgery reaching 42.7% in patients with athetoid CP. Therefore, anterior-only fusion in patients with athetoid CP should be avoided or reserved for strictly selected patients. Combined fusion, with the lowest revision risk at 11.1%, could be safely applied to patients with athetoid CP.

Does Preoperative Radiation Therapy Performed for Metastatic Spine Cancer at the Cervical Spine Increase Perioperative Complications of Anterior Cervical Surgery?

Background: Radiation therapy (RT) performed before anterior cervical spine surgery (ACSS) may cause fascial plane fibrosis, decreased soft-tissue vascularity, and vertebral body weakness, which could increase the risk of esophageal and major vessel injuries, wound complications, and construct subsidence. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate whether preoperative RT performed for metastatic spine cancer (MSC) at the cervical spine increases perioperative morbidity for ACSS. Methods: Forty-nine patients who underwent ACSS for treatment of MSC at the cervical spine were retrospectively reviewed. All the patients underwent anterior cervical corpectomy via the anterior approach. Patient demographics, surgical factors, operative factors, and complications were recorded. Results of patients who were initially treated with RT before ACSS (RT group) were compared with those who did not receive RT before ACSS (non-RT group). Results: Eighteen patients (36.7%) were included in the RT group, while the remaining 31 (63.3%) were included in the non-RT group. Surgery-related factors, including operation time (p = 0.109), estimated blood loss (p = 0.246), amount of postoperative drainage (p = 0.604), number of levels operated (p = 0.207), and number of patients who underwent combined posterior fusion (p = 0.768), did not significantly differ between the 2 groups. Complication rates, including esophageal injury, dural tear, infection, wound dehiscence, and mechanical failure, did not significantly differ between the RT and non-RT groups. Early subsidence was significantly greater in the non-RT group compared to that in the RT group (p = 0.012). Conclusions: RT performed before surgery for MSC does not increase the risk of wound complication, mechanical failure, or vital structure injury during ACSS. The surgical procedural approach was not complicated by previous RT history. Therefore, surgeons can safely choose the anterior approach when the number of levels or location of MSC favors anterior surgery, and performing a posterior surgery is unnecessary due to a concern that previous RT may increase complication rates of ACSS.

Orthopedic postoperative infection profile and antibiotic sensitivity of 2038 patients across 24 countries - Call for region and institution specific surgical antimicrobial prophylaxis.

Purpose: Improper utilization of surgical antimicrobial prophylaxis frequently leads to increased risks of morbidity and mortality.This study aims to understand the common causative organism of postoperative orthopedic infection and document the surgical antimicrobial prophylaxis protocol across various institutions in to order to strengthen surgical antimicrobial prophylaxis practice and provide higher-quality surgical care. Methods: This multicentric multinational retrospective study, includes 24 countries from five different regions (Asia Pacific, South Eastern Africa, Western Africa, Latin America, and Middle East). Patients who developed orthopedic surgical site infection between January 2021 and December 2022 were included. Demographic details, bacterial profile of surgical site infection, and antibiotic sensitivity pattern were documented. Results: 2038 patients from 24 countries were included. Among them 69.7 % were male patients and 64.1 % were between 20 and 60 years. 70.3 % patients underwent trauma surgery and instrumentation was used in 93.5 %. Ceftriaxone was the most common preferred in 53.4 %. Early SSI was seen in 55.2 % and deep SSI in 59.7 %. Western Africa (76 %) and Asia-Pacific (52.8 %) reported a higher number of gram-negative infections whereas gram-positive organisms were predominant in other regions. Most common gram positive organism was Staphylococcus aureus (35 %) and gram-negative was Klebsiella (17.2 %). Majority of the organisms showed variable sensitivity to broad-spectrum antibiotics. Conclusion: Our study strongly proves that every institution has to analyse their surgical site infection microbiological profile and antibiotic sensitivity of the organisms and plan their surgical antimicrobial prophylaxis accordingly. This will help to decrease the rate of surgical site infection, prevent the emergence of multidrug resistance and reduce the economic burden of treatment.

Evaluation of the Fusion Rate and Safety of Escherichia coli-Derived rhBMP-2 in Transforaminal Lumbar Interbody Fusion for Patients with Degenerative Lumbar Disease: A Prospective, Multicenter, Single-Arm Trial.

Background: Few studies have documented the viability of E. coli-derived recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 (rhBMP-2) in transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (TLIF). This study aimed to assess the safety and fusion rate of rhBMP-2 in TLIF. Methods: The study was conducted as a prospective, multicenter, single-arm trial, and 30 patients needing one- or two-level TLIF were enrolled. Fusion rate was assessed using the 12-month interbody fusion rate on CT. Postoperative problems, including seroma, radiculitis, and ectopic bone formation, which have been documented as risks associated with rhBMP-2 in prior studies, were recorded. Results: The study demonstrated fusion outcomes in all instances at 52 and 104 weeks post-surgery. Significant improvements were observed in clinical outcomes, with ODI, SF-36, and VAS scores, all achieving statistical significance (p < 0.0001). No perioperative adverse events requiring reoperation were reported, and there were no incidences of seroma, radiculitis, cage migration, grafted bone extrusion, postoperative neurologic deficit, or deep wound infection. Conclusions: The study demonstrates the high safety and efficacy in inducing bone fusion of E. coli-derived rhBMP-2 in TLIF, with a notable absence of adverse postoperative complications. Trial registration: This study protocol was registered at Korea Clinical Research Information Service (number identifier: KCT0004738) on July 2020.

Shoulder balance in Lenke type 2 adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: correlations among radiological indices, cosmetic indices, and patient-reported outcomes.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate the correlation between radiological indices of shoulder balance (SB) and cosmetic indices of shoulder deformity in patients with Lenke type 2 adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) and to determine the extent to which patient-reported outcomes (PROs) correlate with these measurements. Current management decisions and outcomes for SB in AIS are primarily based on radiological measurements. It is crucial to understand how these radiological parameters and cosmetic indices relate to patient satisfaction. METHODS: The authors analyzed the preoperative radiological and photographic indices of SB, along with PROs, in patients with Lenke type 2 AIS. Lateral SB parameters included the radiological shoulder height (RSH) and clavicle angle, while medial SB parameters included the first rib angle and T1 tilt angle. Photographic indices included the shoulder height angle (SHA), axilla height angle (AHA), and the left/right trapezius angle (LRTA) ratio. The authors assessed the self-image, mental health, and total score domains of the Korean version of the 22-item Scoliosis Research Society questionnaire. RESULTS: In their analysis of Lenke type 2 patients, the authors found that correlation coefficients between radiological measurements and photographic indices ranged from -0.25 to 0.47, among which only lateral SB including clavicle angle and RSH showed a significant correlation with anterior and posterior photographic indices. No statistically significant correlations were found between radiological measurements and PROs. Anterior photographic indices including SHA and AHA significantly correlated with all three PROs (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Radiological shoulder parameters did not accurately reflect the perceived SB. Anterior photographic indices were reliable for evaluating clinical SB in patients with Lenke type 2 AIS and correlated with PROs. Spine surgeons may benefit from paying more attention to anterior photographic indices when making surgical decisions regarding clinical SB.

Does Sacral Slanting Affect Postoperative Shoulder Balance in Patients With Lenke Type 2A Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis?

OBJECTIVE: Even minor sacral slanting can influence T1 tilt and shoulder balance. Yet, the relationship between sacral slanting and postoperative shoulder imbalance (PSI) has not been previously explored. To determine risk factors for PSI in Lenke 2A adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) patients, with an emphasis on sacral slanting. METHODS: The study encompassed 96 consecutive patients who had undergone posterior correction and fusion surgery for Lenke type 2A AIS. Patients were grouped into PSI(+) and PSI(-) based on postoperative outcomes. Additionally, they were classified into left-sided slanting, no slanting, and right-sided slanting groups according to the degree of sacral slanting. Various radiological measures were compared. RESULTS: Patients in the PSI(+) group exhibited a smaller preoperative proximal thoracic curve and a higher main thoracic curve correction rate than those in the PSI(-) group. The presence or absence of sacral slanting did not exhibit a significant variation in PSI occurrence. However, the right-sided sacral slanting group showed a larger delta radiologic shoulder height compared to the other 2 groups (7.1 mm vs. 1.5 & 3.3 mm). CONCLUSION: Sacral slanting was not directly linked to the development of PSI. Despite the common postoperative elevation of the left shoulder, the shoulder height differences decreased over the follow-up period. Especially in cases with a right-sided tilted sacrum, the PSI demonstrated progressive improvement, with an associated increase in the rightward distal wedging angle, leading to distal adding-on.

Novel Screw Placement Method for Extremely Small Lumbar Pedicles in Scoliosis.

Study Design: Consecutive case series. Objective: To propose a screw placement method in patients with extremely small lumbar pedicles (ESLPs) (<2 mm) to maintain screw density and correction power, without relying on the O-arm navigation system. Summary of Background Data: In scoliosis surgery, ESLPs can hinder probe passage, resulting in exclusion or substitution of the pedicle screws with a hook. Screw density affects correction power, making it necessary to maximize the number of screw placements, especially in the lumbar curve. Limited studies provide technical guidelines for screw placement in patients with ESLPs, independent of the O-arm navigation system. Methods: We enrolled 19 patients who underwent scoliosis correction surgery using our novel screw placement method for ESLPs. Clinical, radiological, and surgical parameters were assessed. After posterior exposure of the spine, the C-arm fluoroscope was rotated to obtain a true posterior-anterior view and both pedicles were symmetrically visualized. An imaginary pedicle outline was presumed based on the elliptical or linear shadow from the pedicle. The screw entry point was established at a 2 (or 10) o'clock position in the presumed pedicle outline. After adjusting the gear-shift convergence, both cortices of the transverse process were penetrated and the tip was advanced towards the lateral vertebral body wall, where an extrapedicular screw was placed with tricortical fixation. Results: Out of 90 lumbar screws in 19 patients, 33 screws were inserted using our novel method, without correction loss or complications during an average follow-up period of 28.44 months, except radiological loosening of one screw. Conclusions: Our new extrapedicular screw placement method into the vertebral body provides an easy, accurate, and safe alternative for scoliosis patients with ESLPs without relying on the O-arm navigation system. Surgeons must consider utilizing this method to enhance correction power in scoliosis surgery, regardless of the small size of the lumbar pedicle.

Comparison of preemptive and preventive intravenous acetaminophen on opioid consumption in pediatrics undergoing posterior spinal fusion surgery: a randomized controlled trial.

Background: Posterior spinal fusion (PSF), commonly used for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS), causes severe postoperative pain. Intravenous (IV) administration of acetaminophen has shown promise for opioid-sparing analgesia; however, its analgesic effect and optimal timing for its standard use remain unclear. Our study aimed to evaluate the analgesic effect and optimal timing of IV acetaminophen administration in pediatric and adolescent patients undergoing PSF and requiring adequate pain control. Methods: This prospective, randomized, triple-blind trial was conducted in patients aged 11-20 undergoing PSF. Participants were randomized into three groups: the preemptive group (received IV acetaminophen 15 mg/kg after anesthetic induction/before surgical incision), the preventive group (received IV acetaminophen 15 mg/kg at the end of surgery/before skin closure), and the placebo group. The primary outcome was cumulative opioid consumption during the first 24 h postoperatively. Results: Among the 99 enrolled patients, the mean ± standard deviation (SD) amount of opioid consumption during the postoperative 24 h was 60.66 ± 23.84, 52.23 ± 22.43, and 66.70 ± 23.01 mg in the preemptive, preventive, and placebo groups, respectively (overall p = 0.043). A post hoc analysis revealed that the preventive group had significantly lower opioid consumption than the placebo group (p = 0.013). However, no significant differences between the groups were observed for the secondary outcomes. Conclusions: The preventive administration of scheduled IV acetaminophen reduces cumulative opioid consumption without increasing the incidence of drug-induced adverse events in pediatric and adolescent patients undergoing PSF.

Concurrently Occurring Spinal Cord Cross-Section and Aortic Injury After a Chalk-Stick Fracture and Dislocation in Patient with Ankylosing Spondylitis: Clinical Image.

A 74-year-old woman with ankylosing spondylitis presented with back pain and complete paraplegia after a fall. A radiologic finding of a bamboo spine, a characteristic feature of ankylosing spondylitis, was observed on computed tomography, along with a fracture-dislocation involving T10 and T11 (chalk-stick fracture) and compression of the descending thoracic aorta due to the caudal bony column. The patient underwent an open reduction and T8-L3 posterior fusion in the operating room. A complete cross-section of the spinal cord was observed during surgery. Post operation, a decrease in blood pressure led to a thoracotomy and thoracic endovascular aortic repair due to a crack in the descending aorta wall. Thoracolumbar fracture-dislocations, particularly in patients with ankylosing spondylitis, are characterized by instability and can be further complicated by concurrent vascular and spinal cord injuries. It is crucial therefore to recognize the potential for vascular and spinal cord injuries early on in such cases.

Exploring the impact of mild-to-moderate foraminal stenosis at L5-S1 on clinical outcomes following L4-5 posterior lumbar interbody fusion.

BACKGROUND CONTEXT: Patients scheduled for L4-5 PLIF often have FS at L5-S1. However, data on the clinical and radiographic outcomes of cases with mild-to-moderate L5-S1 FS are lacking, which may affect clinical outcomes or require additional surgery after L4-5 fusion. PURPOSE: To evaluate the clinical and radiographic outcomes of L4-5 PLIF in patients with and without mild-to-moderate L5-S1 FS, with a primary focus on the association between L5-S1 FS and postoperative clinical outcomes including back pain, leg pain, and scores on the oswestry disability index (ODI) and EuroQol 5-dimension (EQ-5D). STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective comparative study. PATIENT SAMPLE: A retrospective review of patients who underwent L4-5 PLIF from 2014 to 2018. The patients were divided according to the presence of mild-to-moderate FS at L5-S1. OUTCOME MEASURES: Clinical assessment included the pain visual analog scale (VAS), ODI, and EQ-5D score. Radiographic assessments included spinopelvic parameters and grades for central and foraminal stenosis. METHODS: Clinical outcomes were assessed using validated outcome measures at preoperative, 6-month, 12-month, and 36-month follow-up visits. Radiographic evaluations were performed using preoperative and postoperative radiographs. Foraminal stenosis was assessed qualitatively using MRI with a grading system from none to severe and quantitatively by measuring changes in the foraminal area on CT. RESULTS: Among 186 patients, 55 were categorized as the FS group and 131 as the non-FS group. The FS group was older (p=0.039) and had more severe central stenosis at L5-S1 (p=0.007) as well as more severe FS at both L4-5 and L5-S1 (both p<0.001). Preoperative disc height (p<0.001), C7-S1 sagittal vertical axis (p=0.003), lumbar lordosis (p=0.005), and pelvic incidence-lumbar lordosis mismatch (p=0.026) were more aggravated in the FS group. The FS group showed inferior clinical outcomes at the final follow-up in terms of back pain (p=.010) and ODI score (p=.003). CONCLUSION: The presence of mild-to-moderate FS at L5-S1 was associated with more aggravated sagittal balance in terms of smaller preoperative disc height, larger sagittal vertical axis, smaller lumbar lordosis, and larger pelvic incidence-lumbar lordosis mismatch. Patients with L5-S1 FS also had poorer clinical outcomes including back pain and ODI score after L4-5 PLIF. Patients with L5-S1 FS need to be carefully examined before L4-5 fusion considering their adverse outcomes due to underlying degenerative changes.

Connecting the S2 alar-iliac screw head to the satellite rod for surgical correction of degenerative sagittal imbalance.

PURPOSE: The S2AI screw technique has several advantages over the conventional iliac screw fixation technique. However, connecting the S2AI screw head to the main rod is difficult due to its medial entry point. We introduce a new technique for connecting the S2AI screw head to a satellite rod and compare it with the conventional method of connecting the S2AI screw to the main rod. METHODS: Seventy-four patients who underwent S2AI fixation for degenerative sagittal imbalance and were followed up for ≥ 2 years were included. All the patients underwent long fusion from T9 or T10 to the pelvis. The S2AI screw head was connected to the satellite rod (SS group) in 43 patients and the main rod (SM group) in 31 patients. In the SS group, the satellite rod was placed medial to the main rod and connected by the S2AI screw and domino connectors. In the SM group, the main rod was connected directly to the S2AI screw head and supported by accessory rods. Radiographic and clinical outcomes were evaluated in both groups. RESULTS: There were no significant differences in postoperative complications, including proximal junctional failure, proximal junctional kyphosis, rod breakage, screw loosening, wound problems, and infection between the two groups. Furthermore, the correction power of sagittal deformity and clinical results in the SS group were comparable to those in the SM group. CONCLUSION: Connecting the S2AI screw to the satellite rod is a convenient method comparable to the conventional S2AI connection method in terms of radiological and clinical outcomes.

Meta-Analysis on Efficacy and Complications of Bone Morphogenetic Protein-2 for Posterior Fusion of Cervical Spine.

OBJECTIVE: Recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 (rhBMP-2) is effective for promoting robust fusion for long-level cervical deformity and revision surgeries. However, only a few studies have reported its efficacy and complications in posterior cervical fusion (PCF). METHODS: Therefore we evaluated the efficacy and complications of rhBMP-2 application in PCF surgery by searching 3 electronic databases (PubMed, Cochrane Database, and EMBASE) for studies that evaluated the use of rhBMP-2 in PCF. Five studies (1 prospective and 4 retrospective) were included in the meta-analysis. RESULTS: The quality of each study was assessed, and data on pseudarthrosis, wound infection, neurologic, and immediate medical complications were extracted and analyzed. We found that the use of rhBMP-2 in PCF showed significant benefits in terms of pseudarthrosis and no significant increases in the risk for neurologic and immediate medical complications regardless of the dose. However, high-dose (>2.1 mg/level) rhBMP-2 was a risk factor for wound infection after PCF. CONCLUSIONS: Our meta-analysis of the currently available literature suggests that patients with PCF may benefit from BMP-2 usage without increasing the risk of complications. However, dose control and containment are important to ensure a low risk of complications.

Can We Control Lateral Shoulder Balance Through Proximal Thoracic Curve Correction in Lenke Type 2 Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis?

BACKGROUND: Proximal thoracic curve (PTC) correction has been considered to prevent lateral shoulder imbalance in Lenke Type 2 adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) patients; however, postoperative shoulder imbalance (PSI) commonly occurs despite these strategies with PTC correction. We investigated the hypothesis that PTC correction would not directly affect PSI in the majority of Lenke type 2 AIS cases. Furthermore, we investigated the risk factors for lateral PSI after corrective surgery. METHODS: This study examined the records for AIS patients with Lenke type 2 who underwent corrective surgery and followed up for >2 years. Patients were categorized into PSI (-); radiologic shoulder height (RSH)<15 mm, and PSI (+); RSH≥15 mm. Repeated measures analysis of variance was performed at preoperatively, postoperatively, 1 month, and final follow-up. Postoperative lateral shoulder imbalance was predicted by the identification of univariate analysis and multivariate analysis. RESULTS: Among the 151 patients reviewed, 29 (19.2%) showed PSI at final follow-up. Lateral shoulder balance parameters showed different directionalities between PSI (-) and (+) groups at postoperatively, 1 month, and final follow-up ( P <0.01 each). Preoperative PTC, middle thoracic curve (MTC) curve and MTC correction showed strong correlations with the RSH ( P =0.01, 0.03, and 0.04, respectively). However, PTC correction did not show a significant correlation with the RSH. Moreover, only a smaller MTC curve and larger MTC correction rate were related to lateral PSI in multivariate analysis. CONCLUSIONS: In Lenke type 2 AIS curves, the MTC curve and its correction predominantly influence lateral shoulder imbalance after corrective surgery, irrespective of the PTC correction extent. Consequently, overemphasizing the correction of the PTC curve may not necessarily lead to an improved lateral shoulder balance. When MTC curve is smaller, surgeons should be more careful for MCT overcorrection leading to a lateral shoulder imbalance. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level III.

Risk Factors for Postoperative Loss of Lordosis, Cervical Kyphosis, and Sagittal Imbalance After Cervical Laminoplasty.

OBJECTIVE: A retrospective cohort study was undertaken to elucidate the risk factors of loss of cervical lordosis (LCL), kyphotic deformity, and sagittal imbalance after cervical laminoplasty. METHODS: A total of 108 patients who underwent laminoplasty to treat cervical myelopathy and were followed for ≥2 years were included. Logistic regression analysis and multiple regression analysis were performed to identify preoperative risk factors of LCL, kyphotic deformity (cervical lordosis <0°), and sagittal imbalance (sagittal vertical axis >40 mm) at postoperative 2 years. RESULTS: Within multivariate multiple regression analysis, C2-C7 lordosis (P = 0.002), and C2-C7 extension capacity (P<0.001) showed significant association with LCL. Furthermore, age (P = 0.043) and C2-C7 lordosis (P = 0.038) were significantly associated with postoperative kyphosis. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis for postoperative kyphosis showed that preoperative C2-C7 lordosis of 10.5° had a sensitivity and specificity of 81.3% and 82.4%, respectively. Preoperative K-line tilt (P = 0.034) showed a significant association with postoperative cervical sagittal imbalance at postoperative 2 years. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis showed that a K-line tilt cutoff value of 12.5° had a sensitivity and specificity of 78.6% and 77.7%, respectively, for predicting postoperative sagittal imbalance. CONCLUSIONS: Higher preoperative C2-C7 lordosis and less preoperative cervical extension capacity were risk factors of LCL. Small preoperative C2-C7 lordosis <10.5° and younger age were risk factors of postoperative kyphosis. Furthermore, a greater K-line tilt would increase the risk of postoperative sagittal imbalance, with a cutoff value of 12.5°.

Atrophy of the Posterior Cricoarytenoid Muscle as an Indicator of a Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve Injury History Before Revision Anterior Cervical Spine Surgery.

STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective study. OBJECTIVES: In our recent study, we observed some cases of symptomatic normal vocal cord motility instead of asymptomatic vocal cord palsy (VCP) in preoperative laryngoscopy of a revision anterior cervical spine surgery (ACSS) cohort. We assumed the intrinsic muscle atrophy caused by recurrent laryngeal nerve injury could cause vocal cord-related symptoms. Thus, radiological examinations were reviewed in relation to the posterior cricoarytenoid (PCA) muscle, one of the intrinsic muscles. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed 64 patients who underwent a revision ACSS. Patients with vocal cord-related symptoms were classified as symptomatic group (group S, n = 11), and those without symptoms as asymptomatic group (group AS, n = 53). The bilateral size and signal intensity of the PCA muscles in these patients were measured in the axial view with preoperative computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) evaluations. Since the size and signal intensity values were different on each image, the ratios of the contralateral and ipsilateral muscle values were analyzed for each modality. RESULTS: There was no VCP on laryngoscopy study. However, the mean ratio of the PCA muscle size on CT was 1.40 ± .37 in group S and 1.02 ± .12 in group AS (P = .007). These values on the MRI were 1.49 ± .45 in group S and 1.02 ± .14 in group AS, which was also a significant difference (P = .008). CONCLUSIONS: Evaluating the size of the PCA muscle before revision ACSS may predict a previous recurrent laryngeal nerve injury. Careful planning for the appropriate approach should be undertaken if vocal cord-related symptoms and atrophy of PCA muscle are evident.

Vertebral Body Sliding Osteotomy as a Surgical Strategy for the Treatment of Cervical Myelopathy: Complications and Pitfalls.

OBJECTIVE: This retrospective cohort study has been aimed at evaluating the incidence of complications after vertebral body sliding osteotomy (VBSO) and analyzing some cases. Furthermore, the complications of VBSO were compared with those of anterior cervical corpectomy and fusion (ACCF). METHODS: This study included 154 patients who underwent VBSO (n = 109) or ACCF (n = 45) for cervical myelopathy and were followed up for > 2 years. Surgical complications, clinical and radiological outcomes were analyzed. RESULTS: The most common surgical complications after VBSO were dysphagia (n = 8, 7.3%) and significant subsidence (n = 6, 5.5%). There were 5 cases of C5 palsy (4.6%), followed by dysphonia (n = 4, 3.7%), implant failure (n = 3, 2.8%), pseudoarthrosis (n = 3, 2.8%), dural tears (n = 2, 1.8%), and reoperation (n = 2, 1.8%). C5 palsy and dysphagia did not require additional treatment and spontaneously resolved. The rates of reoperation (VBSO, 1.8%; ACCF, 11.1%; p = 0.02) and subsidence (VBSO, 5.5%; ACCF, 40%; p < 0.01) were significantly lower in VBSO than in ACCF. VBSO restored more C2-7 lordosis (VBSO, 13.9° ± 7.5°; ACCF, 10.1° ± 8.0°; p = 0.02) and segmental lordosis (VBSO, 15.7° ± 7.1°; ACCF, 6.6° ± 10.2°; p < 0.01) than ACCF. The clinical outcomes did not significantly differ between both groups. CONCLUSION: VBSO has advantages over ACCF in terms of low rate of surgical complications related to reoperation and significant subsidence. However, dural tears may still occur despite the lessened need for ossified posterior longitudinal ligament lesion manipulation in VBSO; hence, caution is warranted.

Fate of pseudarthrosis detected 2 years after anterior cervical discectomy and fusion: results of a minimum 5-year follow-up.

BACKGROUND CONTEXT: Prior study has shown that 70% of cervical pseudarthrosis after anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF) detected at 1 year will go on to fusion by 2 year. Pseudarthrosis detected 2 years after ACDF may have different bone healing potential compared to nonunion detected 1 year after surgery. Therefore, it might have a different clinical significance. PURPOSE: To examine the radiographic and clinical prognosis of pseudarthrosis detected 2 years after ACDF with a minimum follow-up of 5 years. STUDY DESIGN/SETTING: Retrospective cohort study. PATIENTS SAMPLE: A total of 249 patients who completed a 5-year follow-up after ACDF. OUTCOMES MEASURES: Clinical outcomes such as neck pain visual analogue scale (VAS), arm pain VAS, and neck disability index (NDI) and radiographic assessment such as X-ray, computed tomography (CT) scan. METHODS: A total of 249 patients who completed a 5-year follow-up after ACDF were retrospectively reviewed. Patients who were diagnosed with pseudarthrosis at 2 years postoperatively were included. Fusion, neck pain VAS, arm pain VAS, and NDI were assessed. The results were compared between the union group (patients who achieved union), and the nonunion group (patients with pseudarthrosis) at 5 years postoperatively. RESULTS: Among the patients who had pseudarthrosis at 2 years postoperatively, the fusion rate at 5 years was 32.6% (14/43). While the union group showed continued improvements in neck pain VAS, arm pain VAS, and NDI until 5 years, the nonunion group showed significant worsening of arm pain VAS and NDI at 5 years, with the values of neck pain VAS, arm pain VAS, and NDI being significantly worse than those of the union group at 5 years. CONCLUSION: The incidence of pseudarthrosis detected at 2 years postoperatively after ACDF was 67.4%, and it remained unfused at 5 years postoperatively. Nonunion identified 2 years after ACDF may be considered a poor prognostic factor because it has less potential to achieve fusion with further follow-up and a higher chance of worsening clinical symptoms. Therefore, the presence of fusion at the 2-year follow-up can be considered an indicator of the success of the surgery.