Structure, Dynamics, and Wettability of Water at Metal Interfaces.

The water/metal interface often governs important chemophysical processes in various technologies. Therefore, from scientific and engineering perspectives, the detailed molecular-level elucidation of the water/metal interface is of high priority, but the related research is limited. In experiments, the surface-science techniques, which can provide full structural details of the surface, are not easy to directly apply to the interfacial systems under ambient conditions, and the well-defined facets cannot be entirely free from contamination at the contact with water. To answer long-standing debates regarding the wettability, structure, and dynamics of water at metal interfaces, we here develop reliable first-principles-based multiscale simulations. Using the state-of-the-art simulations, we find that the clean metal surfaces are actually superhydrophilic and yield zero contact angles. Furthermore, we disclose an inadequacy of widespread ice-like bilayer model of the water adlayers on metal surfaces from both averaged structural and dynamic points of view. Our findings on the nature of water on metal surfaces provide new molecular level perspectives on the tuning and design of water/metal interfaces that are at the heart of many energy applications.

Transfer and Dynamic Inversion of Coassembled Supramolecular Chirality through 2D-Sheet to Rolled-Up Tubular Structure.

Transfer and inversion of supramolecular chirality from chiral calix[4]arene analogs (3D and 3L) with an alanine moiety to an achiral bipyridine derivative (1) with glycine moieties in a coassembled hydrogel are demonstrated. Molecular chirality of 3D and 3L could transfer supramolecular chirality to an achiral bipyridine derivative 1. Moreover, addition of 0.6 equiv of 3D or 3L to 1 induced supramolecular chirality inversion of 1. More interestingly, the 2D-sheet structure of the coassembled hydrogels formed with 0.2 equiv of 3D or 3L changed to a rolled-up tubular structure in the presence of 0.6 equiv of 3D or 3L. The chirality inversion and morphology change are mainly mediated by intermolecular hydrogen-bonding interactions between the achiral and chiral molecules, which might be induced by reorientations of the assembled molecules, confirmed by density functional theory calculations.

Dual inhibition of γ-oryzanol on cellular melanogenesis: inhibition of tyrosinase activity and reduction of melanogenic gene expression by a protein kinase A-dependent mechanism.

The in vitro effects on melanogenesis of γ-oryzanol (1), a rice bran-derived phytosterol, were investigated. The melanin content in B16F1 cells was significantly and dose-dependently reduced (-13% and -28% at 3 and 30 µM, respectively). Tyrosinase enzyme activity was inhibited by 1 both in a cell-free assay and when analyzed based on the measurement of cellular tyrosinase activity. Transcriptome analysis was performed to investigate the biological pathways altered by 1, and it was found that gene expression involving protein kinase A (PKA) signaling was markedly altered. Subsequent analyses revealed that 1 stimulation in B16 cells reduced cytosolic cAMP concentrations, PKA activity (-13% for cAMP levels and -40% for PKA activity), and phosphorylation of the cAMP-response element binding protein (-57%), which, in turn, downregulated the expression of microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF; -59% for mRNA and -64% for protein), a key melanogenic gene transcription factor. Accordingly, tyrosinase-related protein 1 (TRP-1; -69% for mRNA and -82% for protein) and dopachrome tautomerase (-51% for mRNA and -92% for protein) in 1-stimulated B16F1 cells were also downregulated. These results suggest that 1 has dual inhibitory activities for cellular melanogenesis by inhibiting tyrosinase enzyme activity and reducing MITF and target genes in the PKA-dependent pathway.

The antihypertensive effect of ethyl acetate extract of radish leaves in spontaneously hypertensive rats.

Radish (Raphanus sativus L.) is a cruciferous vegetable, and its leaves have antioxidant and anticancer properties. This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of ethyl acetate extracts from radish leaves on hypertension in 11-week-old spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs). The SHRs were randomly divided into 3 groups of 6 rats each on the basis of initial systolic blood pressure (SBP) and were treated with oral administration of radish leaf extract (0, 30, or 90 mg/kg body weight [bw], respectively) for 5 weeks. Six Wistar rats were used as normotensive controls. The amount of the radish leaf extract had no effect on body weight. The SBP of the SHRs showed a decreasing trend with the consumption of the radish leaf extract. In the third week, the SBP of the group fed 90 mg extract/kg bw reduced from 214 mmHg to 166 mmHg and was significantly lower than that of the normotensive and hypertensive controls. The extract did not show a significant effect on the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) activity in the serum, kidney, and lung. The extract increased the concentration of NO in serum and the activities of antioxidant enzymes such as glutathione peroxidase and catalase in red blood cells (RBCs). The serum concentrations of Na(+) and K(+) were not significantly different between all groups. However, the fecal concentrations of Na(+) and K(+) increased; the fecal concentrations of Na(+) and K(+) for the normotensive and hypertensive controls were not different. Urinary excretion of Na(+) was higher in the normotensive Wistar rats than in the SHRs, while that of K(+) was not significantly different. These findings indicate that consumption of radish leaves might have had antihypertensive effects in SHRs by increasing the serum concentration of NO and fecal concentration of Na(+) and enhancing antioxidant activities.

Momilactione B inhibits protein kinase A signaling and reduces tyrosinase-related proteins 1 and 2 expression in melanocytes.

Momilactone B (MB) is a terpenoid phytoalexin present in rice bran that exhibits several biological activities. MB reduced the melanin content in B16 melanocytes melanin content and inhibited tyrosinase activities. Using transcriptome analysis, the genes involved in protein kinase A (PKA) signaling were found to be markedly altered. B16 cells stimulated with MB had decreased concentrations of cAMP protein kinase A activity, and cAMP-response element-binding protein which is a key transcription factor for microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) expression. Accordingly, the expression of MITF and its target genes, which are essential for melanogenesis, were reduced. MB thus exhibits anti-melanogenic effects by repressing tyrosinase enzyme activity and inhibiting the PKA signaling pathway which, in turn, decreases melanogenic gene expression.

Radish (Raphanus sativus L. leaf) ethanol extract inhibits protein and mRNA expression of ErbB(2) and ErbB(3) in MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells.

In this study, we investigated the effects of the ethanol extract of aerial parts of Raphanus sativus L. (ERL) on breast cancer cell proliferation and gene expression associated with cell proliferation and apoptosis in MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells. The MDA-MB-231 cells were cultured in the presence or absence of various concentrations (100, 200, or 300 µg/mL) of ERL. ERL significantly decreased cell proliferation after 48 h of incubation (P < 0.05). The protein and mRNA expression of ErbB(2) were decreased significantly in a dose-dependent manner (P < 0.05). The protein expression of ErbB(3) was decreased significantly at an ERL concentration of 300 µg/mL (P < 0.05), and mRNA expression of ErbB(3) was decreased significantly in a dose-dependent manner (P < 0.05). The protein expression of Akt was decreased significantly at the ERL concentration of 200 µg/mL (P < 0.05), and the protein expression of pAkt was decreased significantly in a dose-dependent manner (P < 0.05). The mRNA expression of Akt was decreased significantly at the ERL concentration of 200 µg/mL ERL (P < 0.05). The protein and mRNA expression of Bax were increased significantly at ERL concentrations of 200 µg/mL or higher (P < 0.05). The protein expression of Bcl(2) was increased significantly at ERL concentrations of 100 µg/mL or higher (P < 0.05), and mRNA expression of Bcl(2) was increased significantly at an ERL concentration of 300 µg/mL (P < 0.05). In conclusion, we suggest that Raphanus sativus, L. inhibits cell proliferation via the ErbB-Akt pathway in MDA-MB-231 cells.

3,4,5-trihydroxybenzaldehyde from Geum japonicum has dual inhibitory effect on matrix metalloproteinase 9; inhibition of gelatinoytic activity as well as MMP-9 expression in TNF-alpha induced HASMC.

The matrix metalloproteinases (MMP-9 and MMP-2) production and smooth muscle cell (SMC) migration may play key roles in the pathogenesis of atherosclerotic lesions. In particular, the cancer cell invasion and SMC migration through vascular wall were shown to be directly associated with inducible MMP-9 expression. Previously, 3,4,5-trihydoroxybenzaldehyde (THBA) was purified from Geum japonicum and we demonstrated a direct inhibition effect of THBA on MMP-9 and MMP-2 activity in the supernatants of TNF-alpha-induced HASMCs. In addition, MMP-9 expression and migration was suppressed by THBA in the TNF-alpha-induced HASMCs. In this study, we also investigated whether TNF-alpha-induced MMP-9 expressions are involved with migrations of HASMCs by using cell signal inhibitors and MMP-9 inhibitors. An RT-PCR and luciferase-tagged promoter analysis revealed that THBA inhibits the transcription of MMP-9 mRNA. Moreover, an electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) exhibited that THBA also suppressed DNA binding of nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB and activator protein (AP)-1 transcription factors. Furthermore, Western blot analysis indicated TNF-alpha-induced phosphorylation of extracellular signal regulated kinase 1 and 2 (ERK1/2), p38 and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) were inhibited by THBA. Taken together, we suggest that THBA has inhibition effect to the migrations as well as MMP-2 and MMP-9 activities in HASMCs. Especially gelatinolytic activity was controlled by enzymatic inhibition of MMP-2 and MMP-9, and also down-regulated MMP-9 transcription via mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways in THBA treated HASMCs.

A fraction of methylene chloride from Geum japonicum Thunberg inhibits tumor metastatic and angiogenic potential.

The plant Geum japonicum Thunberg (GjT) has been used as a diuretic in traditional medicine. Herein, we report that the GjT extract blocks both the spread of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) on matrigel and the migration of B16 cells. We used various assays to test for cell attachment, spreading, wound healing and angiogenesis. A reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and a mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) assay were also carried out for the mechanistic study of GjT. Our results showed that a fraction of methylene chloride fraction from GjT inhibited B16 cells during cell attachment and migration and suppressed tube formation in a dose-dependent manner. An RT-PCR analysis showed that the methylene chloride extract decreased the mRNA expression of CD44 and TIMP-2. A Western blot analysis of the phosphorylation of MAPK kinases (ERK, JNK and p38) showed that the GjT fraction increased the expression of phospho-JNK, suggesting that GjT has the potential to alleviate metastatic and angiogenic activity, via a phospho-JNK signaling pathway.

Arabidopsis R2R3-MYB transcription factor AtMYB60 functions as a transcriptional repressor of anthocyanin biosynthesis in lettuce (Lactuca sativa).

The MYB transcription factors play important roles in the regulation of many secondary metabolites at the transcriptional level. We evaluated the possible roles of the Arabidopsis R2R3-MYB transcription factors in flavonoid biosynthesis because they are induced by UV-B irradiation but their associated phenotypes are largely unexplored. We isolated their genes by RACE-PCR, and performed transgenic approach and metabolite analyses in lettuce (Lactuca sativa). We found that one member of this protein family, AtMYB60, inhibits anthocyanin biosynthesis in the lettuce plant. Wild-type lettuce normally accumulates anthocyanin, predominantly cyanidin and traces of delphinidin, and develops a red pigmentation. However, the production and accumulation of anthocyanin pigments in AtMYB60-overexpressing lettuce was inhibited. Using RT-PCR analysis, we also identified the complete absence or reduction of dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (DFR) transcripts in AtMYB60- overexpressing lettuce (AtMYB60-117 and AtMYB60-112 lines). The correlation between the overexpression of AtMYB60 and the inhibition of anthocyanin accumulation suggests that the transcription factorAtMYB60 controls anthocyanin biosynthesis in the lettuce leaf. Clarification of the roles of the AtMYB60 transcription factor will facilitate further studies and provide genetic tools to better understand the regulation in plants of the genes controlled by the MYB-type transcription factors. Furthermore, the characterization of AtMYB60 has implications for the development of new varieties of lettuce and other commercially important plants with metabolic engineering approaches.

A comparison of the carotenoid accumulation in Capsicum varieties that show different ripening colours: deletion of the capsanthin-capsorubin synthase gene is not a prerequisite for the formation of a yellow pepper.

Ripe pepper (Capsicum sp.) fruits can display a range of colours from white to deep red. To understand better the regulatory mechanisms of the carotenoid biosynthetic pathways that underlie these ripening colours, Capsicum varieties that show seven different fully ripe colour types were analysed. The levels and composition of the carotenoid accumulation in these samples at different stages of ripening were measured, and the resulting data were analysed in conjunction with the expression patterns of the carotenoid biosynthetic genes. It was found that red peppers accumulate increasing levels of total carotenoids during ripening, whereas non-red peppers accumulate lower levels of total carotenoids of varying composition. The expression levels of the phytoene synthase, phytoene desaturase, and capsanthin-capsorubin synthase (Ccs) genes are high in peppers with high levels of total carotenoid, whereas one or two of these genes are not expressed in peppers with lower levels of total carotenoid. Surprisingly, it was found that the Ccs gene is present in two Capsicum varieties whose ripe colour is yellow. This gene has never previously been shown to be present in yellow peppers. Sequence analyses of the Ccs gene further revealed two structural mutations in yellow peppers that may result in either a premature stop-codon or a frame-shift. Taken together with the fact that the Ccs transcript is not detectable in yellow peppers, our current results suggest that nonsense-mediated transcriptional gene silencing of Ccs and not the deletion of this gene is responsible for yellow ripening in Capsicum.

Gastrodia elata Blume protects against stress-induced gastric mucosal lesions in mice.

Gastrodia elata Blume (GEB) is a traditional herbal plant that has been used in Asian countries for centuries as an anticonvulsant, analgesic, and also as a sedative for treating general paralysis, epilepsy, vertigo, and tetanus. Although numerous reports have addressed the effects of GEB against degenerative diseases, no previous study has examined the possible gastroprotective effects of GEB. Here, we examined the effects of pretreatment with GEB (0.02 ml/g, p.o.) in a mouse water immersion restraint (WIR) stress-induced gastric lesion model. Our results revealed that mice pretreated with GEB had significantly fewer gastric lesions than their respective controls. Moreover, GEB-treated mice showed significant decreases in serum and gastric nitric oxide (NO) levels to 50 and 28%, respectively. To examine one possible mechanism underlying this effect, we used reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) to examine NOS mRNA expression in gastric lesion tissues. Our results revealed that the mRNA expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) was reduced by approximately 50% in GEB-pretreated mice versus the controls, whereas the mRNA expression levels of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) remained unchanged. These findings collectively suggest that GEB significantly protects the gastric mucosa against WIR-induced gastric damage, at least in part by decreasing NO levels via suppression of iNOS mRNA expression.

Molecular and biochemical characterizations of dehydroascorbate reductase from sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) hairy root cultures.

Dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR) is a biotechnologically or physiologically important reducing enzyme in the ascorbate-glutathione recycling reaction for most higher plants. A DHAR cDNA was isolated from sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) hairy roots, and its structure and biochemical properties were characterized to provide some information about its expressional and biochemical profiles in the hairy root cultures. The cDNA contained a catalytic motif CXXS, which may be indicative of a thiol-dependent redox function. A fusion DHAR expressed in an Escherichia coli expression system was purified with four purification steps until a homogeneous single band signal was seen in an acrylamide gel, and its antibody was prepared for Western blot analyses. The biochemical results showed that the purified recombinant DHAR had an optimal pH of around 6.0, which was different from those (pH 7.8-8.2) of other plant species. The temperature optimal for the DHAR activity was in a relatively wide range of 30-60 degrees C. It was proved by a real-time RT-PCR technique that the transcription activity of the DHAR was about 2-5-fold higher during the first 3 week cultures than during the latter 3 week ones. The highest activity of the sesame DHAR was detected in the 4 week cultures of the hairy roots, after which its activity was rapidly decreased to approximately 80%, suggesting that the most active DHAR occurred in this culture period. Western blot analyses confirmed that the presence of DHAR enzyme was identified in both cultures of the fused E. coli and the sesame hairy roots.

Genes up-regulated during red coloration in UV-B irradiated lettuce leaves.

Molecular analysis of gene expression differences between green and red lettuce leaves was performed using the SSH method. BlastX comparisons of subtractive expressed sequence tags (ESTs) indicated that 7.6% of clones encoded enzymes involved in secondary metabolism. Such clones had a particularly high abundance of flavonoid-metabolism proteins (6.5%). Following SSH, 566 clones were rescreened for differential gene expression using dot-blot hybridization. Of these, 53 were found to overexpressed during red coloration. The up-regulated expression of six genes was confirmed by Northern blot analyses. The expression of chalcone synthase (CHS), flavanone 3-hydroxylase (F3H), and dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (DFR) genes showed a positive correlation with anthocyanin accumulation in UV-B-irradiated lettuce leaves; flavonoid 3',5'-hydroxylase (F3',5'H) and anthocyanidin synthase (ANS) were expressed continuously in both samples. These results indicated that the genes CHS, F3H, and DFR coincided with increases in anthocyanin accumulation during the red coloration of lettuce leaves. This study show a relationship between red coloration and the expression of up-regulated genes in lettuce. The subtractive cDNA library and EST database described in this study represent a valuable resource for further research for secondary metabolism in the vegetable crops.

Ribosome-inactivating activity and cDNA cloning of antiviral protein isoforms of Chenopodium album.

We have characterized a novel type I ribosome-inactivating protein (CAP30) from the leaves of Chenopodium album. Purified native CAP30 depurinated the ribosomes of Chenopodium, tomato, and tobacco leaves in vitro. To further characterize this protein, cDNA clones were isolated from a leaf cDNA library using a DNA probe derived from the N-terminal amino acid sequence. Two full-length cDNA clones, CAP30A and CAP30B, were isolated. The two clones were highly homologous (91.4% identity over 280 amino acids) at the deduced amino acid level. Both contain a putative signal peptide of 25 amino acid and a conserved domain commonly found in ribosome-inactivating proteins. This suggests that CAP30 is a single-chain ribosome-inactivating protein. Expression of CAP30 mRNA peaked twice, at 12 and 72 h, after tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) infection or wounding. Transformed Escherichia coli cells expressing pre- or mature CAP had greatly reduced growth rates. These results suggest that CAP30 functions as a broad-spectrum defense-related protein with both antiviral and anti-microbial activity.