Complete Genome Sequence of Sulfitobacter Phage ϕGT1, Isolated from a Tidal Flat.

The Sulfitobacter bacteria are ubiquitous and important players in organic sulfur cycling in marine environments. Here, we report the complete genome sequence of ϕGT1 infecting Sulfitobacter sp. HGT1, both of which were isolated from coastal sediment. ϕGT1 has a 40,019-bp genome containing 69 predicted protein-encoding genes.

Sandaracinobacter neustonicus sp. nov., isolated from the sea surface microlayer in the Southwestern Pacific Ocean, and emended description of the genus Sandaracinobacter.

A Gram-stain-negative, non-motile, facultatively anaerobic and rod-shaped bacterial strain, designated PAMC 28131T, was isolated from a sea surface microlayer sample in the open water of the Pacific Ocean. Phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequence of strain PAMC 28131T revealed an affiliation to the genus Sandaracinobacter with the closest species Sandaracinobacter sibiricus RB16-17T (sequence similarity of 98.2 %). Strain PAMC 28131T was able to grow optimally with 0.5-1.0 % NaCl and at pH 6.5-7.0 and 30 °C. The polar lipids were phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, two unidentified phospholipids, an unidentified aminolipid, an unidentified glycolipid and an unidentified lipid. The major cellular fatty acids (>10 %) were C18 : 1 ω6c and/or C18 : 1 ω7c, (42.6 %), C17 : 1 ω6c (19.3 %) and C16 : 1 ω6c and/or C16 : 1 ω7c (15.8 %), and the respiratory quinone was Q-10. The genomic DNA G+C content was 65.3 mol%. The phylogenetic, phenotypic and chemotaxonomic data showed that strain PAMC 28131T could be clearly distinguished from S. sibiricus RB16-17T. Thus, strain PAMC 28131T should be classified as representing a novel species in the genus Sandaracinobacter, for which the name Sandaracinobacter neustonicus sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is PAMC 28131T (=KCCM 43127T=JCM 30734T).

Aureimonas glaciistagni sp. nov., isolated from a melt pond on Arctic sea ice.

A Gram-staining-negative, motile, aerobic and rod-shaped bacterial strain, PAMC 27157T, was isolated from a melt pond on sea ice in the Chukchi Sea. Phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequence of strain PAMC 27157T revealed an affiliation to the genus Aureimonas with the closest sequence similarity (96.2 %) to that of Aureimonas phyllosphaerae. Strain PAMC 27157T grew optimally at 30 °C and pH 7.0 in the presence of 3.5 % (w/v) NaCl. The major polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylmonomethylethanolamine, sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerol and an unidentified aminolipid. The major cellular fatty acid was summed feature 8 (C18 : 1ω7c and/or C18 : 1ω6c, 83.1 %) and the major respiratory quinone was Q-10. The genomic DNA G+C content was 69.1 mol%. The combined phylogenetic, phenotypic and chemotaxonomic data showed that strain PAMC 27157T could be clearly distinguished from species of the genus Aureimonas with validly published names. Thus, strain PAMC 27157T should be classified as representing a novel species in the genus Aureimonas, for which the name Aureimonas glaciistagni sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is PAMC 27157T ( = KCCM 43049T = JCM 30183T).

Algibacter psychrophilus sp. nov., a psychrophilic bacterium isolated from marine sediment.

A Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, yellow-pigmented, flexirubin-negative, rod-shaped, non-motile and psychrophilic bacterial strain, PAMC 27237T, was isolated from marine sediment of the Ross Sea, Antarctica. Strain PAMC 27237T grew at 0-20 °C (optimally at 17 °C), at pH 5.0-9.5 (optimally at pH 7.0) and in the presence of 0-3.5 % (w/v) NaCl (optimally at 1.5-2.5 %). The major fatty acids (≥5 %) were iso-C17 : 0 3-OH, C17 : 0 2-OH, anteiso-C15 : 0, summed feature 3 (C16 : 1ω6c/C16 : 1ω7c), iso-C15 : 0 3-OH, anteiso-C17 : 1ω9c, anteiso-C15 : 1 A, iso-C16 : 0 3-OH and iso-C15 : 1 G. The major polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine, two unidentified aminolipids, four unidentified lipids and a glycolipid. The major respiratory quinone was MK-6. Phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence revealed that strain PAMC 27237T belongs to the genus Algibacter, showing high similarities with the type strains of Algibacter agarivorans (97.2 %), Algibacter agarilyticus (97.0 %) and Algibacter mikhailovii (96.4 %). Average nucleotide identity values between strain PAMC 27237T and the type strains of A. agarivorans and A. agarilyticuswere 83.1 and 84.2 %, respectively, and mean genome-to-genome distances were 22.4-24.2 %, indicating that strain PAMC 27237T is clearly distinguished from the most closely related species of the genus Algibacter. The genomic DNA G+C content calculated from genome sequences was 33.5 mol%. Based on the phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic data presented, strain PAMC 27237T is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Algibacter, for which the name Algibacter psychrophilus sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is PAMC 27237T ( = KCTC 42130T = JCM 30370T).

Sediminicola arcticus sp. nov., a psychrophilic bacterium isolated from deep-sea sediment, and emended description of the genus Sediminicola.

A Gram-stain-negative, rod-shaped and non-motile strain, designated PAMC 27266(T), was isolated from deep-sea sediment of the Arctic Ocean. Analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequence of strain PAMC 27266(T) showed closest affiliation with the genus Sediminicola . Phylogenetic analyses revealed that strain PAMC 27266(T) formed a robust clade with Sediminicola luteus CNI-3(T), with which it shared 98.9% 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity. Genomic relatedness analyses based on the average nucleotide identity and genome-to-genome distance showed that strain PAMC 27266(T) is clearly distinguished from S. luteus . Cells of strain PAMC 27266(T) grew optimally at 15 °C and pH 6.5-7.5 in the presence of 3.5% (w/v) sea salts. The major polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine, two unidentified aminophospholipids and two unidentified lipids. The only respiratory quinone was menaquinone-6. The major cellular fatty acids (>10%) were C16 : 1ω6c and/or C16 : 1ω7c and C15 : 0. The genomic DNA G+C content was 37.9 mol%. Based on the phylogenetic, genomic, chemotaxonomic and phenotypic data presented, we propose strain PAMC 27266(T) ( =KCCM 43038(T) =JCM 19894(T)) as the type strain of a novel species, with the name Sediminicola arcticus sp. nov.

Methane Oxidation and Molecular Characterization of Methanotrophs from a Former Mercury Mine Impoundment.

The Herman Pit, once a mercury mine, is an impoundment located in an active geothermal area. Its acidic waters are permeated by hundreds of gas seeps. One seep was sampled and found to be composed of mostly CO2 with some CH4 present. The δ(13)CH4 value suggested a complex origin for the methane: i.e., a thermogenic component plus a biological methanogenic portion. The relatively (12)C-enriched CO2 suggested a reworking of the ebullitive methane by methanotrophic bacteria. Therefore, we tested bottom sediments for their ability to consume methane by conducting aerobic incubations of slurried materials. Methane was removed from the headspace of live slurries, and subsequent additions of methane resulted in faster removal rates. This activity could be transferred to an artificial, acidic medium, indicating the presence of acidophilic or acid-tolerant methanotrophs, the latter reinforced by the observation of maximum activity at pH = 4.5 with incubated slurries. A successful extraction of sterol and hopanoid lipids characteristic of methanotrophs was achieved, and their abundances greatly increased with increased sediment methane consumption. DNA extracted from methane-oxidizing enrichment cultures was amplified and sequenced for pmoA genes that aligned with methanotrophic members of the Gammaproteobacteria. An enrichment culture was established that grew in an acidic (pH 4.5) medium via methane oxidation.

Lacinutrix jangbogonensis sp. nov., a psychrophilic bacterium isolated from Antarctic marine sediment and emended description of the genus Lacinutrix.

A Gram-negative, strictly aerobic, non-motile, rod-shaped and psychrophilic bacterial strain, PAMC 27137(T), was isolated from the marine sediment of the Ross Sea, Antarctica. Strain PAMC 27137(T) was observed to grow at 4-10 °C, at pH 6.5-7.5 and in the presence of 2.5-4.0 % (w/v) sea salts. Phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence indicated that strain PAMC 27137(T) belongs to the genus Lacinutrix showing the high similarities with Lacinutrix mariniflava JCM 13824(T) (97.6 %) and Lacinutrix algicola JCM 13825(T) (97.1 %). Genomic relatedness analyses based on the average nucleotide identity and the genome-to-genome distance showed that strain PAMC 27137(T) is clearly distinguished from the most closely related Lacinutrix species. The major fatty acids (>5 %) were identified as iso-C15:1 G (19.9 %), iso-C15:0 (19.3 %), iso-C17:0 3-OH (11.3 %), summed feature 9 (C16:0 10-methyl and/or iso-C17:1 ω9c as defined by MIDI, 9.1 %), iso-C15:0 3-OH (7.5 %), and anteiso-C15:1 A (5.8 %). The polar lipids were found to consist of phosphatidylethanolamine, an unidentified aminolipid, an unidentified aminophospholipid, and five unidentified phospholipids. The major respiratory quinone was identified as MK-6. The genomic DNA G+C content was determined to be 32.1 mol%. Based on the data from this polyphasic taxonomic study, strain PAMC 27137(T) is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Lacinutrix, for which the name Lacinutrix jangbogonensis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is PAMC 27137(T) (=KCTC 32573(T)=JCM 19883(T)).

Nocardioides salsibiostraticola sp. nov., isolated from biofilm formed in coastal seawater.

A Gram-staining-positive, non-motile, aerobic, non-spore-forming and short rod-shaped bacterial strain, PAMC 26527(T), was isolated from biofilm formed in coastal seawater of the Norwegian Sea. Analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequence of strain PAMC 26527(T) revealed a clear affiliation with the genus Nocardioides. Based on phylogenetic analysis, strain PAMC 26527(T) showed the closest phylogenetic relationship with Nocardioides caricicola YC6903(T) with 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity of 96.3 %. Strain PAMC 26527(T) grew in the presence of 0-5.0 % sea salts. The optimum temperature and pH for growth were 20 °C and pH 7.5. The major cellular fatty acids of strain PAMC 26527(T) were iso-C16 : 0, C17 : 1ω8c and C18 : 1ω9c and the major isoprenoid quinone was MK-8(H4). Cell-wall analysis showed that strain PAMC 26527(T) contained LL-diaminopimelic acid. The genomic DNA G+C content was 69.3 mol%. The combined phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic data showed that strain PAMC 26527(T) could be clearly distinguished from recognized members of the genus Nocardioides. Thus, strain PAMC 26527(T) should be classified as representing a novel species in the genus Nocardioides, for which the name Nocardioides salsibiostraticola sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is PAMC 26527(T) ( = KCTC 29158(T) = JCM 18743(T)).

Gracilimonas rosea sp. nov., isolated from tropical seawater, and emended description of the genus Gracilimonas.

A Gram-staining-negative, non-motile, spore-forming, rod-shaped, marine bacterial strain, CL-KR2(T), was isolated from tropical seawater near Kosrae, an island in the Federated States of Micronesia. Analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequence of strain CL-KR2(T) revealed a clear affiliation with the genus Gracilimonas. Based on phylogenetic analysis, strain CL-KR2(T) showed the closest phylogenetic relationship to Gracilimonas tropica CL-CB462(T), with 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity of 96.6 %. DNA-DNA relatedness between strain CL-KR2(T) and G. tropica CL-CB462(T) was 6.7 % (reciprocal 9.5 %). Strain CL-KR2(T) grew in the presence of 1-20 % sea salts and the optimal salt concentration was 3.5-5 %. The temperature and pH optima for growth were 35 °C and pH 7.5. The major cellular fatty acids (≥10.0 %) of strain CL-KR2(T) were iso-C15 : 0, summed feature 3 (iso-C15 : 0 2-OH and/or C16 : 1ω7c) and iso-C17 : 1ω9c and the only isoprenoid quinone was MK-7. The polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, an unidentified phospholipid, two unidentified glycolipids and two unidentified lipids. The genomic DNA G+C content of strain CL-KR2(T) was 43.2 mol%. The combined phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic data showed that strain CL-KR2(T) could be distinguished from the only member of the genus Gracilimonas with a validly published name. Thus, strain CL-KR2(T) should be assigned to a novel species in the genus Gracilimonas, for which the name Gracilimonas rosea sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is CL-KR2(T) ( = KCCM 90206(T) = JCM 18898(T)).

Pontimonas salivibrio gen. nov., sp. nov., a new member of the family Microbacteriaceae isolated from a seawater reservoir of a solar saltern.

A Gram-staining-positive, non-motile, strictly aerobic, non-spore-forming, vibrio-shaped bacterial strain, CL-TW6(T), was isolated from a reservoir seawater sample from a solar saltern in Korea. Analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequence of strain CL-TW6(T) revealed a clear affiliation with the family Microbacteriaceae. Strain CL-TW6(T) showed the closest phylogenetic relationships with the genera Yonghaparkia and Microcella, with 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity of 94.8-95.3%. The strain grew in the presence of 1-9% sea salts, at 15-35 °C and at pH 7.0-9.0. The major cellular fatty acids of strain CL-TW6(T) were anteiso-C15:0 (32.6%), iso-C16:0 (20.4%), iso-C15:0 (13.2%) and iso-C14:0 (11.8%) and the major menaquinones were MK-9 and MK-10. Cell-wall analysis showed that the peptidoglycan of strain CL-TW6(T) contained 2,4-diaminobutyric acid, alanine, glycine and glutamic acid. The major polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylglycerol. The genomic DNA G+C content of strain CL-TW6(T) was 60.0 mol%. The combined phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic data showed clearly that strain CL-TW6(T) could be distinguished from members of the family Microbacteriaceae with validly published names. Thus, strain CL-TW6(T) should be classified as representing a novel genus and species in the family Microbacteriaceae, for which the name Pontimonas salivibrio gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of Pontimonas salivibrio is CL-TW6(T) (=KCCM 90105(T) =JCM 18206(T)).

Nocardioides marinquilinus sp. nov., isolated from coastal seawater.

A Gram-stain-positive, non-motile, strictly aerobic, non-spore-forming and short rod-shaped bacterial strain, CL-GY44(T), was isolated from coastal seawater, Korea. Analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequence of strain CL-GY44(T) revealed a clear affiliation with the genus Nocardioides. Based on phylogenetic analysis, strain CL-GY44(T) showed the closest phylogenetic relationship with Nocardioides ginsengagri BX5-10(T) and Nocardioides plantarum NCIMB 12834(T). Strain CL-GY44(T) was not able to grow in the presence of NaCl but grew with 0-5.5 % sea salts. The optimum temperature and pH for growth were 30 °C and pH 7.0. The major cellular fatty acids of strain CL-GY44(T) were C17 : 1ω6c, iso-C16 : 0, C16 : 0 and iso-C15 : 0 and the major menaquinone was MK-8(H4). The cell-wall analysis showed that strain CL-GY44(T) contained ll-diaminopimelic acid. The genomic DNA G+C content was 71.6 mol%. The combined phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic data showed that strain CL-GY44(T) could be clearly distinguished from members of the genus Nocardioides. Thus, strain CL-GY44(T) should be classified as representing a novel species in the genus Nocardioides, for which the name Nocardioides marinquilinus sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is CL-GY44(T) ( = KCCM 90109(T) = JCM 18459(T)).